TOM BRIGGS V OAKLAND COUNTY
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
TOM BRIGGS, Personal Representative of the
Estate of THOMAS M. BRIGGS, Deceased,
FOR PUBLICATION
July 31, 2007
9:00 a.m.
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v
OAKLAND COUNTY, SUPERVISOR DEVITA,
SERGEANT CLARK, DEPUTY HUBBLE,
DEPUTY RYNDRESS, and DEPUTY JONES,
Defendants,
No. 268730
Oakland Circuit Court
LC No. 04-062242-NO
Official Reported Version
and
DEPUTY SZYDLOWSKI, DEPUTY VASQUEZ,
SANDY STETZ, R.N., DEBBIE TIPTON, R.N.,
and CONNIE ZAMORA,
Defendants-Appellees.
Before: Bandstra, P.J., and Zahra and Fort Hood, JJ.
BANDSTRA, P.J.
Plaintiff appeals as of right the trial court's order granting defendants' motions for
summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(7) and (10). We conclude that the medical care
exception to governmental immunity, MCL 691.1407(4), applies here and that, therefore,
defendants may be subject to liability in this medical malpractice case. We reverse.
Background Facts and Proceedings Below
Plaintiff 's decedent was detained at the Oakland County jail and was injured when he fell
from an upper bunk. Some time later, allegedly as a result of that injury, plaintiff 's decedent
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died in the jail clinic. Plaintiff alleges that the actions or inactions of the defendants1
proximately caused that death.
Defendants moved for summary disposition following discovery, claiming that they were
protected from any liability under the governmental immunity statute, MCL 691.1407(1) and (2).
Specifically, they argued that two exceptions to that statutory immunity do not apply here. First,
defendants argued that the exception for medical care does not apply under the facts of this case.
See MCL 691.1407(4). Further, defendants claimed that there is no factual support for plaintiff 's
claim that defendants acted with "gross negligence" or that such negligence proximately caused
the decedent's injuries. See MCL 691.1407(2)(c). The trial court accepted these arguments and
entered an order summarily dismissing plaintiff 's claims
Analysis
We review de novo the trial court's grant of summary disposition. Dressel v Ameribank,
468 Mich 557, 561; 664 NW2d 151 (2003); Maiden v Rozwood, 461 Mich 109, 118-119; 597
NW2d 817 (1999). The applicability of governmental immunity is a question of law, which we
also review de novo. Davis v Detroit, 269 Mich App 376, 378; 711 NW2d 462 (2005); Herman
v Detroit, 261 Mich App 141, 143; 680 NW2d 71 (2004).
MCL 691.1407(4) provides that the statute "does not grant immunity to a governmental
agency or an employee or agent of a governmental agency with respect to providing medical care
or treatment to a patient . . . ."2 We must, of course, give effect to the intent of the Legislature as
expressed by this plain language. Feyz v Mercy Memorial Hosp, 475 Mich 663, 672; 719 NW2d
1 (2006). In so doing, we conclude that this case clearly falls within the exception. Defendants
raise no challenge to the facts that they are "employee[s] or agent[s] of a governmental agency"
or that they were "providing medical care or treatment to" the decedent, as a "patient," before his
death. Accordingly, the statute simply "does not grant immunity" to defendants under the facts
of this case and, if plaintiff succeeds on the merits, liability may be imposed.3
1
Plaintiff conceded that the dismissal of its claims against defendants Oakland County,
Supervisor Jeffrey Devita, Sergeant Jeffrey Clark, Deputy Richard Hubble, Deputy Theodore
Ryndress, and Deputy Jeffrey Jones was proper. Accordingly, plaintiff only challenges the
dismissal of its claims against Deputy David Szydlowski, Deputy Benito Vasquez, Nurse Sandy
Stetz, Nurse Debbie Tipton, and Nurse Connie Zamora on appeal.
2
There are exceptions to this exception, but none of them applies here. There is no contention
that the jail clinic where the decedent was provided care and treatment is "a hospital owned or
operated by the department of community health or a hospital owned or operated by the
department of corrections," or that decedent's care or treatment was provided by "an
uncompensated search and rescue operation medical assistant or tactical operation medical
assistant." See MCL 691.1407(4).
3
For purposes of the present appeal, we assume that all defendants were engaged in the
provision of medical care or treatment to the decedent under the statutory exception. Individual
defendants, especially Deputy Szydlowski and Deputy Vasquez, who are not medical
(continued…)
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To avoid that result, defendants argue that the current language of the statute, enacted in a
2000 amendment, was not intended to broaden the exception found in the previous language.
Before the 2000 amendment, the MCL 691.1407(4) exception applied only to "a governmental
agency with respect to the ownership or operation of a hospital or county medical care
facility . . . ." See Vargo v Sauer, 457 Mich 49, 52 n 2; 576 NW2d 656 (1998). Under that
previous language, the exception to immunity would not have applied to this case because the
jail clinic is not a hospital or county medical care facility. Defendants claim that there is nothing
in the legislative history of the 2000 amendment to suggest that there was any legislative intent
to extend liability to jail clinics or other venues other than hospitals or county medical care
facilities.
It appears from the legislative analyses that defendants have presented that this is, in fact,
true. The only purpose evidenced by those documents was the Legislature's intent to address an
apparent inequity in the operation of the previous statute, whereby doctors at Michigan State
University were afforded immunity (because they provided care and treatment in private
hospitals) while doctors from other state universities were subject to liability (because they
provided care and treatment in hospitals owned or operated by the universities). See, id. at 5964. Clearly, amending the statute to allow liability for medical care and treatment provided in a
wide variety of venues, including jail clinics as in this case, had nothing to do with that purpose
and intent.
Nonetheless, we must give effect to the legislative intent of the statute as gathered from
the plain language of the statute itself. Cameron v Auto Club Ins Ass'n, 476 Mich 55, 63; 718
NW2d 784 (2006) ("[w]e must assume that the thing the Legislature wants is best understood by
reading what is said."). "'If the language of the statute is unambiguous, the Legislature must
have intended the meaning clearly expressed, and the statute must be enforced as written.'" 46th
Circuit Court v Crawford Co, 476 Mich 131, 157; 719 NW2d 553 (2006), quoting Sun Valley
Foods Co v Ward, 460 Mich 230, 237; 596 NW2d 119 (1999). In other words, because the
statute's language is unambiguous, we must presume that the intent is what has been clearly
expressed and "no further judicial construction is . . . permitted." People v Cleveland Williams,
475 Mich 245, 250; 716 NW2d 208 (2006). More specifically in response to defendants'
argument, "[a]bsent an ambiguity in the statute, we must forgo . . . an examination of legislative
history." Taylor v Lansing Bd of Water & Light, 272 Mich App 200, 207; 725 NW2d 84 (2006).
Because the "medical care" exception to governmental immunity clearly applies here, we reverse
the trial court's decision to grant defendants summary disposition under the governmental
immunity statute.
(…continued)
professionals, may well argue on remand that this assumption is without factual support with
respect to them. The trial court was not presented with this question, but, instead, decided
broadly and incorrectly that the "medical care" exception was inapplicable to all defendants.
Thus, the record pertaining to factual distinctions between the defendants with regard to this
issue may not have been adequately developed and, in any event, this fact-specific determination
should be made initially by the trial court.
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Plaintiff also claims that the trial court erred by concluding that there was insufficient
evidence that defendants acted with gross negligence that proximately caused the decedent's
injuries under the MCL 691.1407(2)(c) exception to immunity.4 Our disposition of the issue
relating to the "medical care" exception probably renders that argument moot. Yet, we briefly
consider it in case it might again become an issue on remand; for example, one or more of the
defendants might successfully argue that, with respect to them, the "medical care" exception is
inapplicable. See n 3, supra. The determination whether a governmental employee's conduct
constituted gross negligence that proximately caused the complained-of injury under MCL
691.1407 is generally a question of fact, but, if reasonable minds could not differ, a court may
grant summary disposition. Tarlea v Crabtree, 263 Mich App 80, 88, 93-94; 687 NW2d 333
(2004). Having fully reviewed the record regarding defendants Debbie Tipton, Sandy Stetz,
Benito Vasquez, and David Szydlowski, we affirm the trial court's conclusion that there was no
genuine issue of fact that they did not act with gross negligence. Further, although there was
sufficient evidence to create a factual issue regarding whether defendant Connie Zamora acted
with gross negligence, there was insufficient evidence to create any factual dispute concerning
whether her actions "proximately caused" the decedent's injuries. Accordingly, we affirm the
trial court's conclusion that the "gross negligence" exception to immunity does not apply to the
facts of this case.
We reverse in part, affirm in part, and remand for further proceedings consistent with this
opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.
/s/ Richard A. Bandstra
/s/ Brian K. Zahra
/s/ Karen M. Fort Hood
4
Plaintiff also raises an argument about the statutory cap on damages, an issue not ripe for our
review as it has not been addressed by the trial court.
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