PEOPLE OF MI V PAUL CLARK
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,
FOR PUBLICATION
February 13, 2007
9:00 a.m.
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v
No. 265776
Wayne Circuit Court
LC No. 87-008305
PAUL CLARK,
Defendant-Appellee.
Official Reported Version
Before: Kelly, P.J., and Davis and Servitto, JJ.
KELLY, P.J.
The prosecution appeals by leave granted the trial court's order granting defendant's
motion for relief from judgment pursuant to MCR 6.508(D)(3). We reverse.
I. Facts
This case arises from the armed robbery and shooting of a 55-year-old man in 1987.
Defendant was charged with felony-murder, MCL 750.316(1)(b), and possession of a firearm
during the commission of a felony, MCL 750.227b, for which he was convicted and received a
sentence of life in prison and two years in prison. On appeal as of right, this Court affirmed
defendant's conviction. Subsequently, defendant appeared in propria persona and filed two
separate motions for relief from judgment, which the trial court denied in turn. It is undisputed
that defendant never asserted that his jury instructions were improper in his appeal or in either
motion for relief from judgment.
Later, defendant filed a third motion for relief from judgment in which he argued for the
first time that the trial court failed to properly instruct the jury on the elements of the necessarily
included offense of second-degree murder and that counsel rendered ineffective assistance by
failure to object to the instructions given.1 At the hearing on this motion, the trial court found
that the instructions were inadequate and that defendant suffered actual prejudice because, if
properly instructed, the jury could have found him guilty of a lesser offense. The prosecution
1
Defendant raised other issues, but the trial court denied the motion with respect to those issues.
Defendant has not cross-appealed that denial.
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argued that defendant was required to show good cause, under MCR 6.508(D)(3), for not raising
these claims in his prior appeal and motions for relief from judgment. The trial court ruled that
defendant fulfilled the good cause requirement because his trial and appellate counsel were
ineffective for failing to raise the instructional issue before. The prosecution then argued that
defendant was also required to show good cause for not raising the instructional issue in his two
prior motions for relief from judgment filed in propria persona. But defendant argued, "Judge, I
don't think you have to rule on that. He's asking you to rule on a negative. I think if you adopt
the arguments that I made that that's sufficient for the record." Agreeing with defendant, the trial
court granted defendant's motion.
II. Analysis
The prosecution contends that the trial court erred in granting defendant's motion for
relief from judgment pursuant to MCR 6.508(D)(3). We agree. "It is well established that we
review a trial court's grant of relief from judgment for an abuse of discretion and that we review
a trial court's findings of fact supporting its ruling for clear error." People v McSwain, 259 Mich
App 654, 681; 676 NW2d 236 (2003). "The interpretation of Court rules is a question of law
that this Court reviews de novo." People v Walters, 266 Mich App 341, 346; 700 NW2d 424
(2005).
A. Good Cause
The first issue we must address is whether MCR 6.508(D)(3) requires a defendant, who
has filed both an appeal and prior motions for relief from judgment and asserts a new claim in a
subsequent motion for relief from judgment, to show good cause for not raising the claim in both
the appeal and his or her prior motions. We hold that it does.
MCL 6.508(D) provides in pertinent part:
The defendant has the burden of establishing entitlement to the relief
requested. The court may not grant relief to the defendant if the motion
(1) seeks relief from a judgment of conviction and sentence that still is
subject to challenge on appeal pursuant to subchapter 7.200 or subchapter 7.300;
(2) alleges grounds for relief which were decided against the defendant in
a prior appeal or proceeding under this subchapter, unless the defendant
establishes that a retroactive change in the law has undermined the prior decision;
(3) alleges grounds for relief, other than jurisdictional defects, which could
have been raised on appeal from the conviction and sentence or in a prior motion
under this subchapter, unless the defendant demonstrates
(a) good cause for failure to raise such grounds on appeal or in the prior
motion, and
(b) actual prejudice from the alleged irregularities that support the claim
for relief. As used in this subrule, "actual prejudice" means that,
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(i) in a conviction following a trial, but for the alleged error, the defendant
would have had a reasonably likely chance of acquittal;
* * *
The court may waive the "good cause" requirement of subrule (D)(3)(a) if
it concludes that there is a significant possibility that the defendant is innocent of
the crime. [Emphasis added.]
Resolution of this issue requires us to interpret the language of the court rule. "The same
principles of statutory interpretation govern when interpreting and applying a court rule."
Walters, supra at 346. "Statutory language should be construed reasonably, keeping in mind the
purpose of the act." People v Hock Shop, Inc, 261 Mich App 521, 527-528; 681 NW2d 669
(2004). "Nothing should be read into a statute that is not within the manifest intention of the
Legislature as derived from the language of the statute itself." Id. at 528. "The Legislature is
presumed to be familiar with the rules of statutory construction, and when it is promulgating new
laws it is presumed to be aware of the consequences of its use or omission of statutory
language." Id. However, if statutory language is ambiguous, the court may go beyond the words
of the statute to ascertain legislative intent. People v Gatski, 260 Mich App 360, 365; 677 NW2d
357 (2004). An ambiguity may be found only if the language, as used in its particular context,
has more than one common and accepted meaning. Id.
As in Gatski, the issue in this case focuses on the use of the word "or." In Gatski, this
Court stated, "It is well-established that the word 'or' is often misused in statutes and it gives rise
to an ambiguity in the statute because it can be read as meaning either 'and' or 'or.'" Id. This
Court further cautioned that although "or" is generally a disjunctive term, "the popular use of the
word is frequently inaccurate and this misuse has infected statutory enactments." Id. Because
we agree that the term "or" in this case renders MCR 6.508(D)(3)(a) somewhat ambiguous, we
are permitted to go beyond the words of the court rule to ascertain the intent of the drafter. See
id.
Our Supreme Court, the drafter of the court rules, has held that "MCL 6.508 protects
unremedied manifest injustice, preserves professional independence, conserves judicial
resources, and enhances the finality of judgments." People v Reed, 449 Mich 375, 378-79; 535
NW2d 496 (1995) (Boyle, J.).2 While discussing MCR 6.508, the Court stated, "Neither the
guarantee of a fair trial nor a direct appeal entitles a defendant to as many attacks on a final
conviction as ingenuity may devise." Reed, supra at 389-390.
Keeping in mind the purpose of MCR 6.508, we conclude that, in MCR 6.508(D)(3), the
phrase "good cause for failure to raise such grounds on appeal or in a prior motion" requires a
defendant to show good cause for failure to raise a claim in an appeal if one is filed, or in a prior
motion if one is filed, or in both if both are filed. To conclude otherwise would impermissibly
2
Justices Cavanagh and Mallett concurred in this portion of Justice Boyle's opinion, but
dissented on other grounds.
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result in absurdity and frustrate the purpose of the rule. Morris & Doherty, PC v Lockwood, 259
Mich App 38, 44; 672 NW2d 884 (2003). If we were to read the rule to require a showing of
good cause in either an appeal or a prior motion for relief from judgment, regardless of whether
both were filed, defendants could always avoid the good-cause requirement simply by filing
both.
Additionally, we note that the trial court, though not explicitly saying so, appeared to
believe that if a defendant files a prior motion for relief from judgment in propria persona, he or
she need not show just cause for failing to raise an issue in that motion. However, MCR
6.508(D)(3) makes no such exception. And, as stated above, "[n]othing should be read into a
statute that is not within the manifest intention of the Legislature as derived from the language of
the statue itself." Hock Shop, supra at 528. Because the court rule itself does not make an
exception for motions filed in propria persona, we will not read one into the rule. Furthermore,
it would frustrate the purpose of the rule to allow defendants acting without legal representation
to file unchecked an unlimited number of motions for relief from judgment devising new bases
for overturning their convictions. Reed, supra at 378-379, 389-390. Therefore, we conclude that
regardless of whether a defendant files a prior motion in propria persona or with representation,
he or she is required to fulfill the good cause requirement in MCR 6.508(D)(3).3
We next apply MCR 6.508(D)(3)(a) to this case. Initially, we note that the trial court did
not waive the "good cause" requirement by concluding that there was a "significant possibility
that defendant [was] innocent of the crime." Accordingly, under the circumstances of this case,
the trial court was required to apply MCR 6.508(D)(3). Defendant filed both an appeal and two
prior motions for relief from judgment, but he failed to show good cause why he did not raise the
instructional and ineffective assistance of counsel issues in his appeal of right and in his prior
motions for relief. MCR 6.508(D)(3)(a); Gatski, supra at 366. The trial court erred in granting
defendant's motion for relief from judgment without requiring defendant to show good cause for
failing to raise the asserted claims in his appeal and his previous motions for relief from
judgment.
B. Actual Prejudice
We will not remand for another "good cause" determination, however, because the trial
court also erred in ruling that defendant fulfilled the other requirement of showing actual
prejudice, MCR 6.508(D)(3)(b). Defendant cannot demonstrate actual prejudice because his
claims of instructional error and ineffective assistance of counsel are wholly without merit.
"Claims of instructional error are reviewed de novo." People v Milton, 257 Mich App
467, 475; 668 NW2d 387 (2003).
3
In other words, if a defendant filed a prior motion for relief from judgment in propria persona,
the good cause requirement is not waived, nor is there an automatic finding of good cause.
Rather, the trial court may exercise its discretion in determining whether good cause exists under
the circumstances of the particular case. However, the trial court must articulate on the record
that it found good cause and identify what the good cause is.
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In reviewing claims of error in jury instructions, we examine the
instructions in their entirety. Jury instructions must include all the elements of the
charged offense and must not exclude material issues, defenses, and theories if the
evidence supports them. Even if the instructions are imperfect, there is no error if
they fairly represented the issues to be tried and sufficiently protected the
defendant's rights. [Id.; citations and punctuation omitted.]
Defendant was charged with first-degree felony murder. The trial court informed the jury
that the court was required to provide an instruction on second-degree murder and that the jury
had the option of finding defendant guilty of the lesser offense of second-degree murder, rather
than the charged offense, if the evidence supported that finding.4 The court further instructed the
jury that to find defendant guilty of first-degree felony murder, the prosecution must establish
that the deceased died from a gunshot wound caused by defendant with the required intent while
he was committing or attempting to commit armed robbery. The trial court then instructed the
jury on the elements necessary to support a showing of armed robbery. When the court
instructed the jury on second-degree murder, it stated:
The difference between first-degree felony murder and second-degree
murder is that for second-degree murder the defendant need not have been
attempting to commit armed robbery. In other words, the felony isn't there. That
causes the distinction between first-degree felony murder and second-degree
murder. You may consider the nature of the underlying felony of armed robbery
and the circumstances surrounding its commission but the concept of malice
which is necessary for first degree murder cannot be found simply from an intent
to commit the armed robbery. Malice can be found if you are satisfied there was
an intent to kill or the intent to do great bodily harm or wanton and willful
disregard of the likelihood that the natural tendency of one's behavior would
cause death or great bodily harm. That's left to you to draw, if possible, from the
circumstances available to you.
Now because there are two—in count one there's a charge of felony
murder and a lesser offense, I want to make sure that you appreciate that you have
to make—after you give consideration of the greater offense, you can turn to the
lesser offense either if you find the defendant not guilty of the greater or if you're
unable to agree on whether the defendant is guilty of the greater or not guilty. In
other words, it's for you to decide if, having failed to reach an agreement on guilt
or innocence of the greater, you want to spend more time in trying to reach a
unanimous decision or you want to turn to the lesser offense of second degree. In
other words, there is no order of deliberations just because it's called lesser
offense or something of that nature.
4
It is undisputed that at the time of his trial and conviction, People v Jenkins, 395 Mich 440,
442; 236 NW2d 503 (1975), rev'd People v Cornell, 466 Mich 335, was in effect and required
that a second-degree murder jury instruction be given in first-degree murder cases.
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The instruction comports with our Supreme Court's statement of the law in People v
Carter, 395 Mich 434, 437-438; 236 NW2d 500 (1975):
[T]here are lesser included offenses to first-degree felony-murder.
Second-degree murder is always a lesser included offense of first-degree murder.
First-degree murder is second-degree (common law) murder plus an element, viz.,
either premeditation or the perpetration or attempt to perpetrate an enumerated
felony.
Conversely, second-degree murder is first-degree murder minus
premeditation or the enumerated felony. [Citation omitted.]
Thus, although the second-degree murder instruction the trial court gave was short, read in
context, it was correct and adequately set forth the elements of first-degree felony murder and
second-degree murder. Even if the trial court's instructions were somewhat imperfect, they fairly
presented the applicable law, and sufficiently protected defendant's rights. Because "[c]ounsel is
not ineffective for failing 'to advocate a meritless position,'" People v Mack, 265 Mich App 122,
130; 695 NW2d 342 (2005), quoting People v Snider, 239 Mich App 393, 425; 608 NW2d 502
(2000), defense counsel was not constitutionally ineffective for failing to object to the jury
instructions given. Therefore, defendant cannot demonstrate any error, let alone an error that
caused him actual prejudice.
Because defendant failed to show both good cause for not raising his claim of
instructional error in both his appeal and his prior motions for relief from judgment and failed to
show actual prejudice, the trial court erred in granting his motion for relief from judgment.
Reversed.
/s/ Kirsten Frank Kelly
/s/ Alton T. Davis
/s/ Deborah A. Servitto
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