KAREN O RITTERSHAUS V TERRY O RITTERSHAUS
Annotate this Case
Download PDF
STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
KAREN O. RITTERSHAUS,
FOR PUBLICATION
January 4, 2007
9:00 a.m.
Plaintiff/Counter-DefendantAppellee,
v
No. 269052
Wayne Circuit Court
LC No. 02-204486-DM
TERRY O. RITTERSHAUS,
Defendant/Counter-PlaintiffAppellant.
Official Reported Version
Before: Wilder, P.J., and Kelly and Borrello, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Defendant appeals as of right the trial court's order granting plaintiff 's motion to change
the domicile of the party's minor children from Michigan to Texas and denying his motion to
change the standing custody order to award him sole physical custody. With respect to the trial
court's order granting plaintiff 's motion to change the domicile of the minor children, we remand
for the trial court to make findings and a determination regarding whether an established
custodial environment existed with respect to defendant. If the trial court finds that an
established custodial environment existed with respect to defendant, then the trial court must
conduct an inquiry into whether a change in domicile is in the minor children's best interests,
MCL 722.23. With respect to the trial court's order denying defendant's motion to change
custody, we likewise remand to the trial court to consider the best-interest factors of MCL
722.23. On remand, the trial court shall decide whether the existing record is sufficient to permit
it to make these determinations or whether an additional evidentiary hearing will be conducted.
Plaintiff and defendant were divorced in February 2003, following a 13-year marriage.
The parties met and married in plaintiff 's hometown of Garland, Texas, but they moved to
Michigan to accommodate defendant's employment. The parties had two children during their
marriage: Carly Sue Rittershaus, born on May 24, 1995, and Clayton Aubrey Rittershaus, born
on September 19, 1996. The judgment of divorce awarded the parties joint legal custody of the
children, awarded plaintiff physical custody of the children, and awarded defendant significant
parenting time. The divorce was amicable, and the parties attempted to reconcile for nearly two
years following the entry of the divorce judgment. When the reconciliation attempts ended,
however, plaintiff wanted to return to Texas with the children. She filed a motion to change the
-1-
children's domicile, arguing that she had more opportunities to find a teaching position in Texas.
Defendant challenged the motion and sought to change the custody award to grant him sole
physical custody. Defendant contended that plaintiff should find work locally and argued that
the move would significantly impair his relationship with the children. The trial court
considered these motions at a joint hearing. Thereafter, the court granted plaintiff 's motion to
move with the children to Texas. It denied defendant's motion to change the custody order and
modified the parenting time schedule. This appeal followed.
Defendant first challenges the trial court's order granting plaintiff 's motion to change the
children's domicile. Generally, we review a trial court's determination regarding a motion to
change the domicile of minor children under the "preponderance of the evidence" standard.
Brown v Loveman, 260 Mich App 576, 594, 600; 680 NW2d 432 (2004).
This Court reviews a trial court's findings in applying the D'Onofrio[1] test
under the great weight of the evidence standard. This Court reviews a trial court's
decision on a petition to change the domicile of a minor child for abuse of
discretion. "An abuse of discretion is found only in extreme cases in which the
result is so palpably and grossly violative of fact and logic that it evidences a
perversity of will or the exercise of passion or bias." [Brown, supra at 600-601
(internal citations omitted).]
Change of a child's domicile following a judgment of divorce is governed by the
D'Onofrio factors, which are codified at MCL 722.31(4). When a parent wishes to move with a
minor child to a location more than 100 miles away, and the parent does not have sole legal
custody, the trial court must consider the following factors, keeping the child as its primary
focus:
(a) Whether the legal residence change has the capacity to improve the
quality of life for both the child and the relocating parent.
(b) The degree to which each parent has complied with, and utilized his or
her time under, a court order governing parenting time with the child, and
whether the parent's plan to change the child's legal residence is inspired by that
parent's desire to defeat or frustrate the parenting time schedule.
(c) The degree to which the court is satisfied that, if the court permits the
legal residence change, it is possible to order a modification of the parenting time
1
D'Onofrio v D'Onofrio, 144 NJ Super 200, 206-207; 365 A2d 27 (1976), adopted by the courts
of this state in Dick v Dick, 147 Mich App 513, 517; 383 NW2d 240 (1985). See Brown, supra
at 579 n 2. The New Jersey courts have since modified the test for determining whether a
change in domicile should be granted. See Holder v Polanski, 111 NJ 344, 349-354; 544 A2d
852 (1988).
-2-
schedule and other arrangements governing the child's schedule in a manner that
can provide an adequate basis for preserving and fostering the parental
relationship between the child and each parent; and whether each parent is likely
to comply with the modification.
(d) The extent to which the parent opposing the legal residence change is
motivated by a desire to secure a financial advantage with respect to a support
obligation.
(e) Domestic violence, regardless of whether the violence was directed
against or witnessed by the child. [MCL 722.31(4).]
The trial court properly considered the D'Onofrio factors as codified at MCL 722.31(4)
when deciding plaintiff 's motion to change the children's domicile in this case. The trial court's
determination that the move to Texas had "the capacity to improve the quality of life for"
plaintiff and the children, as provided in MCL 722.31(4)(a), comported with the evidence
presented at the hearing. Having worked part-time jobs since the divorce, plaintiff remained
unable to find full-time employment with health benefits. During that time, plaintiff had been
offered only one full-time position, which was that of art teacher in the Detroit Public School
system. Plaintiff asserted that she declined the offer because she could not find dependable child
care within the 24-hour period she was given to accept or decline the position. Although
defendant testified that he would have adjusted his work schedule to provide morning child care,
such an arrangement appears impossible from defendant's own record testimony regarding his
work schedule. Defendant also contends that plaintiff never provided concrete evidence that she
had actually been offered a full-time teaching position in Texas. In response to this argument,
the trial court conditioned its order on plaintiff 's obtaining full-time employment in Texas.
However, defendant never brought a motion to the trial court arguing that plaintiff had not met
this requirement before moving out of state and, therefore, there is no record evidence that
plaintiff violated the court's order.
It is well established that the relocating parent's increased earning potential may improve
a child's quality of life, see Brown, supra at 602, and the trial court so concluded in this case.
The trial court also found that the children would be benefited by the presence of plaintiff 's
extended family in Texas. The children's grandparents, great-grandparents, aunts, uncle, and
cousins all live in Rockwall, Texas, where plaintiff planned to move (and has since moved). The
proximity of these relatives would be instrumental to plaintiff in securing child care when
needed. The evidence also supports the trial court's determination that Carly, who has a learning
disability, would benefit from additional programs provided in the Rockwall School District.
With respect to MCL 722.31(4)(b), the evidence supports the trial court's findings that
the parties had cooperated with regard to parenting time and that plaintiff 's move to Texas was
not "inspired by [her] desire to defeat or frustrate the parenting time schedule." Defendant
admitted that plaintiff allowed him to visit without notice at any time. The parties both indicated
that they readily traded parenting time to work around each other's schedules. Plaintiff accuses
defendant of failing to utilize his full parenting time. However, such a characterization is unfair
and inaccurate given the facts presented to us for consideration. The parties both testified that
-3-
they attempted to reconcile between March 2003 and the end of 2004. During that time,
defendant did not take the children for the school holidays and summer vacation time that he had
been awarded because the family continued to celebrate holidays together and continued to take
family vacations. After the reconciliation failed, defendant took the children on a ten-day
vacation in August 2005 and increased his time alone with the children. It is also clear that
plaintiff was not motivated by a desire to interfere with defendant's parenting time. The parties'
relationship soured after plaintiff filed her motion to change the children's domicile. Plaintiff
began accusing defendant of abuse, and defendant began accusing plaintiff of alcoholism.
However, the parties were continually civil before the filing of that motion. There is simply no
record of animosity on plaintiff 's part before defendant challenged her attempt to move out of
state.
Given the parties' past cooperation in relation to parenting time, the trial court also
properly determined that the parties would comply with the modified parenting time order
pursuant to MCL 722.31(4)(c). Plaintiff 's father, Earl Hatten, testified that defendant had visited
him twice in the past year while in Texas on business. Hatten admitted that his relationship with
defendant had become strained during these proceedings, but testified that he would welcome
defendant into his home at any time. There is no evidence that plaintiff would deny defendant
access to the children any time he visited Texas given her past cooperation regarding visitation.
We agree with the trial court that it is "possible to order a modification of the parenting
time schedule" in this case and adequately preserve and foster the parent-child relationship.
MCL 722.31(4)(c). It is true that the change in domicile from Michigan to Texas will seriously
impair defendant's ability to see his children several times a week as he now does. However, the
children will come to Michigan for two extended visits each year—for one school holiday break
and for half of the summer vacation. Defendant has been awarded unlimited parenting time with
his children whenever he visits Texas. Furthermore, the separation can be diminished by the use
of modern communication technology. Defendant will be able to e-mail his children and share
photographs over the Internet. Defendant can see his children's faces while they communicate
using a web cam and defendant and the children can telephone each other on a daily basis.
The trial court made no finding regarding whether defendant's opposition to plaintiff 's
motion was motivated by "a desire to secure a financial advantage with respect to a support
obligation" pursuant to MCL 722.31(4)(d). However, there is no evidence of such a motive on
defendant's part. Moreover, plaintiff has never alleged that defendant challenged her attempts to
move to Texas to avoid paying a larger amount of child support. In fact, defendant admitted that
he was willing to continue paying alimony if plaintiff agreed to stay in Michigan.
The trial court noted that there was no "compelling evidence" of domestic violence or
alcohol abuse between the parties and we agree that the record supports this finding. There is
absolutely no evidence that plaintiff abused alcohol besides defendant's unsupported allegation.
Plaintiff presented the testimony of several witnesses that defendant had an "unpleasant"
personality. However, one of these character witnesses regularly allowed her children to visit
with the parties' children at defendant's house, provoking the trial court's comment that the
witness's testimony could not be completely truthful. Furthermore, plaintiff 's willingness to
-4-
attempt reconciliation with defendant for almost two years undermines her allegations regarding
defendant's abusive behavior.
Moreover, we conclude that, contrary to defendant's contention, the trial court did focus
its deliberations on the children. It is true that the trial court's findings were based primarily on
plaintiff 's job offer in Texas. However, a parent rarely moves across the country solely for the
children's best interests. In this case, plaintiff found employment in an area where her extended
family lived and where Carly could participate in an innovative program for students with
dyslexia. Plaintiff was not attempting to move to a distant location with no additional benefits to
her children. Accordingly, the trial court did not inappropriately shift its focus.
We conclude that the trial court properly analyzed the D'Onofrio factors as codified at
MCL 722.31(4) in considering the change of domicile issue. However, we hold that the trial
court erred in failing to determine whether granting plaintiff 's motion for a change of domicile
would result in a change of an established custodial environment, thus requiring the trial court to
also address and analyze the best-interest factors.2 In granting plaintiff 's motion to change the
children's domicile, the trial court stated on the record that its focus was on the children's best
interests. However, the trial court failed to articulate or analyze the best-interest factors as
outlined in MCL 722.23. According to defendant, the order permitting plaintiff to move to
Texas with the children and the modification of the parenting time order resulted in a change in
the children's established custodial environment and, therefore, necessitated the trial court's
consideration of the best-interest factors. Defendant is correct that
once the trial court granted [plaintiff] permission to remove the minor child[ren]
from the state, and it became clear that [the] proposed parenting time schedule
would effectively result in a change in the child's established custodial
environment with both parties, it should have engaged in an analysis of the best
interest factors, MCL 722.23, to determine whether [plaintiff] could prove, by
clear and convincing evidence, that the removal and consequent change in
established custodial environment and parenting time was in the child[ren]'s best
interest. [Brown, supra at 583.]
We reiterate that the trial court is not required to consider the best-interest factors until it
first determines that the modification actually changes the children's established custodial
environment.
A custodial environment is established if
2
In so holding, we are mindful that any change in custodial environment, if it did occur, did not
arise until after the trial court ruled on plaintiff 's change-of-domicile motion. Brown, supra at
591 ("The subsequent change of the established custodial environment . . . did not arise until
after the trial court had ruled on the change of domicile motion.").
-5-
"over an appreciable time the child naturally looks to the custodian in that
environment for guidance, discipline, the necessities of life, and parental comfort.
The age of the child, the physical environment, and the inclination of the
custodian and the child as to permanency of the relationship shall also be
considered." [Brown, supra at 595, quoting MCL 722.27(1)(c).]
Defendant contends that the children had an established custodial environment with both
plaintiff and defendant at the time of the evidentiary hearing. It is true that a custodial
environment can be established in more than one home. Mogle v Scriver, 241 Mich App 192,
197-198; 614 NW2d 696 (2000). The trial court did not make a finding regarding whether an
established custodial environment existed with respect to plaintiff or defendant, or both.
Whether an established custodial environment exists is a question of fact. Foskett v Foskett, 247
Mich App 1, 8; 634 NW2d 363 (2001). However, "'[w]here a trial court fails to make a finding
regarding the existence of a custodial environment, this Court will remand for a finding unless
there is sufficient information in the record for this Court to make its own determination of this
issue by de novo review.'" Jack v Jack, 239 Mich App 668, 670; 610 NW2d 231 (2000), quoting
Thames v Thames, 191 Mich App 299, 304; 477 NW2d 496 (1991). On the record before us, we
decline to determine whether an established custodial environment existed with respect to
defendant and we remand for the trial court to make this determination. Because defendant
concedes the existence of an established custodial environment with respect to plaintiff, who had
physical custody of the children, the trial court need not, on remand, make a determination
regarding the existence of an established custodial environment with respect to plaintiff. If the
trial court determines that the existing record is sufficient to permit it to make a determination
regarding the existence of an established custodial environment with respect to defendant, it shall
make a decision based on the existing record. If the record is not sufficient, however, the trial
court shall hold an evidentiary hearing. If the trial court determines that an established custodial
environment existed with respect to defendant, then the evidentiary standard will be higher,
requiring plaintiff to prove by clear and convincing evidence that a change of domicile to Texas
is in the children's best interests.3 If the trial court determines that an established custodial
environment does not exist with respect to defendant, however, the trial court need not apply the
higher evidentiary standard or conduct an analysis of the best-interest factors when ruling on
plaintiff 's motion.
Defendant also challenges the trial court's denial of his motion to change custody without
any consideration of the best-interest factors of MCL 722.23. We agree that the court should
have reviewed the factors before denying defendant's countermotion. A trial court's resolution of
a custody dispute "'shall be affirmed on appeal unless the trial judge made findings of fact
against the great weight of evidence or committed a palpable abuse of discretion or a clear legal
error on a major issue.'" Harvey v Harvey, 257 Mich App 278, 283; 668 NW2d 187 (2003),
3
MCL 722.23, which articulates the best-interest factors, is quoted later in the body of this
opinion.
-6-
aff 'd and clarified 470 Mich 186 (2004), quoting MCL 722.28. The "great weight of the
evidence" standard has been described as follows:
[A] reviewing court should not substitute its judgment on questions of fact
unless they "'clearly preponderate in the opposite direction.'" The court should
review "the record in order to determine whether the verdict is so contrary to the
great weight of the evidence as to disclose an unwarranted finding, or whether the
verdict is so plainly a miscarriage of justice as to call for a new trial . . . ."
[Fletcher v Fletcher, 447 Mich 871, 878; 526 NW2d 889 (1994) (internal
citations omitted).]
A trial court may modify a custody award when the moving party establishes that a
"change of circumstances" has occurred. MCL 722.27(1)(c); Phillips v Jordan, 241 Mich App
17, 24; 614 NW2d 183 (2000). To establish a "change of circumstances," the moving party
"must prove that, since the entry of the last custody order, the conditions surrounding custody of
the child, which have or could have a significant effect on the child's well-being, have materially
changed." Vodvarka v Grasmeyer, 259 Mich App 499, 513; 675 NW2d 847 (2003) (emphasis in
original). "[W]hen a modification of custody would change the established custodial
environment of a child, the moving party must show by clear and convincing evidence that it is
in the child's best interest." Phillips, supra at 25. Plaintiff 's cross-country move with the
children amounted to "a change in circumstances sufficient to reopen a custody matter." Sehlke
v VanDerMaas, 268 Mich App 262, 263; 707 NW2d 603 (2005), rev'd in part on other grounds
474 Mich 1053 (2006).4 In fact, this Court has held that an in-state move in excess of 100 miles
was sufficient to reopen a custody matter. Id.; see also MCL 722.31. Because the children have
an established custodial environment with plaintiff, defendant was required to show "by clear
and convincing evidence" that his suggested change of custody would be in the children's best
interests. Phillips, supra at 25.
The best-interest factors are set forth in MCL 722.23:
As used in this act, "best interests of the child" means the sum total of the
following factors to be considered, evaluated, and determined by the court:
(a) The love, affection, and other emotional ties existing between the
parties involved and the child.
(b) The capacity and disposition of the parties involved to give the child
love, affection, and guidance and to continue the education and raising of the
child in his or her religion or creed, if any.
4
This Court had previously ruled that an intrastate move did not amount to a "change of
circumstances" sufficient to reopen a custody action. Vodvarka, supra at 509-510.
-7-
(c) The capacity and disposition of the parties involved to provide the
child with food, clothing, medical care or other remedial care recognized and
permitted under the laws of this state in place of medical care, and other material
needs.
(d) The length of time the child has lived in a stable, satisfactory
environment, and the desirability of maintaining continuity.
(e) The permanence, as a family unit, of the existing or proposed custodial
home or homes.
(f) The moral fitness of the parties involved.
(g) The mental and physical health of the parties involved.
(h) The home, school, and community record of the child.
(i) The reasonable preference of the child, if the court considers the child
to be of sufficient age to express preference.
(j) The willingness and ability of each of the parties to facilitate and
encourage a close and continuing parent-child relationship between the child and
the other parent or the child and the parents.
(k) Domestic violence, regardless of whether the violence was directed
against or witnessed by the child.
(l) Any other factor considered by the court to be relevant to a particular
child custody dispute.
We agree with defendant that the trial court improperly denied his motion for a change in
custody without making the required findings of fact on the record.
In rendering his or her custody determination, the finder of fact must state
his or her factual findings and conclusions under each best interest factor.
[Foskett, supra at 9.] These findings and conclusions need not include
consideration of every piece of evidence entered and argument raised by the
parties. [Id. at 12, citing MCR 2.517(A)(2), and Fletcher, supra at 883. See also
LaFleche v Ybarra, 242 Mich App 692, 700; 619 NW2d 738 (2000).] However,
the record must be sufficient for this Court to determine whether the evidence
clearly preponderates against the trial court's findings. [Foskett, supra at 5,
quoting LaFleche, supra at 695.] [MacIntyre v MacIntyre, 267 Mich App 449,
451-452; 705 NW2d 144 (2005).]
The trial court made no findings in relation to the best-interest factors and simply denied
defendant's motion to change the custody order with no explanation. Contrary to plaintiff 's
assertion on appeal, the proper remedy when the trial court fails to make findings of fact
-8-
regarding the best-interest factors is not merely to allow the trial court to enter a written opinion.
"Where a trial court fails to consider custody issues in accordance with the mandates set forth in
MCL 722.23 'and make reviewable findings of fact, the proper remedy is to remand for a new
child custody hearing.'" Foskett, supra at 12 (emphasis added), quoting Bowers v Bowers, 190
Mich App 51, 56; 475 NW2d 394 (1991). In Foskett, this Court found that because there was an
insufficient evidentiary record to support the trial court's findings, the proper remedy was to
remand the matter for a new hearing. Id. at 12-13. In the present case, we remand to the trial
court to make a determination whether the current record is sufficient to make the proper
evidentiary findings. If, in the opinion of the trial court, the current record is insufficient to
make such findings, then it shall conduct a new hearing.
If the trial court finds that the change of domicile changes an established custodial
environment with respect to defendant, and the trial court is therefore also required to conduct a
best-interest analysis in considering plaintiff 's change of domicile motion, it need not conduct
two separate hearings to render these decisions. Because defendant is entitled to a new review of
the evidence regarding his motion for a change of custody, his assertion that the trial court
improperly held a joint hearing regarding the separate motions filed by plaintiff and him has
been rendered moot. See Attorney General v Pub Service Comm, 269 Mich App 473, 484; 713
NW2d 290 (2006).
Remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
jurisdiction.
We do not retain
/s/ Kurtis T. Wilder
/s/ Kirsten Frank Kelly
/s/ Stephen L. Borrello
-9-
Some case metadata and case summaries were written with the help of AI, which can produce inaccuracies. You should read the full case before relying on it for legal research purposes.
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.