CZYMBOR'S TIMBER INC V CITY OF SAGINAW
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
CZYMBOR'S TIMBER, INC. and MICHAEL
CZYMBOR,
FOR PUBLICATION
January 26, 2006
9:00 a.m.
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v
No. 263505
Saginaw Circuit Court
LC No. 03-050339-CH
CITY OF SAGINAW,
Defendant-Appellee,
and
Official Reported Version
SAGINAW CITY COUNCIL and DEBORAH
KIMBLE,
Defendants.
Before: Bandstra, P.J., and Fitzgerald and White, JJ.
FITZGERALD, J.
Plaintiffs filed this action for declaratory relief to challenge the validity of two ordinances
that prohibit the discharge of firearms and the discharge of projectiles by bows, slingshots, and
similar devices within the city limits of Saginaw. Neither ordinance contains an exception for
hunting. Plaintiffs alleged that the ordinances are preempted by MCL 324.41901. Defendant
city of Saginaw moved for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8) and (10),
contending that the ordinances were enacted as a valid exercise of the city's police power and
that § 41901 did not preempt the ordinances. The trial court granted defendant's motion and
subsequently denied plaintiffs' motion for reconsideration. Plaintiffs appeal as of right. We
affirm.
This lawsuit concerns two Saginaw city ordinances. Saginaw City Ordinances, tit 10, §
130.02, states:
No person shall discharge or propel any arrow, metal ball, pellet, or other
projectile by use of any bow, long bow, cross bow, slingshot, or similar device
within the City limits.
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Saginaw City Ordinances, tit 10, § 130.03(D), states:
(1) Discharge Prohibited. It shall be unlawful for any person to discharge
a firearm in the City.
(2) Exceptions. It shall not be a violation of this section to discharge a
firearm under the following conditions:
(a) In the protection of life;
(b) Law enforcement officers in the performance of their duties;
(c) An established and lawfully permitted educational program properly
supervised;
(d) Military functions, such as parades, funerals, firing blank charges.
Plaintiffs agree that the enactment of ordinances restricting the discharge of firearms and
bows and arrows1 within city limits is a proper subject of police power legislation.2 But
plaintiffs contend that the ordinances are invalid to the extent that the ordinances interfere with
lawful hunting activities because the regulation of hunting is a field preempted by state statute
and regulation by the Department of Natural Resources (DNR). Plaintiffs assert that defendant
must comply with part 419 of the Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Act
(NREPA), MCL 324.41901,3 before restricting or banning the discharge of firearms or bows and
arrows. Defendant contends that regulation of firearms is distinct from regulation of hunting and
therefore defendant had no obligation to comply with § 41901 before enacting the ordinances
restricting the discharge of firearms and bows and arrows within city limits.
Under § 41901(1), the DNR may, in the interest of public safety and the general welfare,
"regulate and prohibit hunting, and the discharge of firearms and bow and arrow, . . . on those
areas established under this part where hunting or the discharge of firearms or bow and arrow
may or is likely to kill, injure, or disturb persons . . . ." Section 41901(1) also sets forth a
procedure by which a "governing body of any political subdivision" may request the DNR to
recommend closure of an area if the governing body "determines that the safety and well-being
1
Use of the term "bows and arrows" in this opinion includes all the projectiles included in
Saginaw City Ordinances, § 130.02.
2
Home rule cities, including Saginaw, have specific authority to enact ordinances in order to
advance the interests of the city, including public peace and the health and the safety of persons
and property. See Const 1963, art 7, § 22 and the Home Rule City Act, MCL 117.1 et seq.
3
Part 419 is captioned, "Hunting Area Control."
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of persons or property are endangered by hunters or discharge of firearms or bow and
arrows . . . ."4
The trial court rejected plaintiffs' challenge to the validity of Saginaw City Ordinances, tit
10, §§ 130.02 and 130.03(D), holding in pertinent part:
Although the DNR retains power and may regulate and prohibit hunting in
the interest of public safety and the general welfare, pursuant to MCL []
324.41901, that is not the issue here. Firearm control is a subject distinct from the
field of hunting, and the DNR Act does not preempt the local ordinances enacted
by the City of Saginaw.
4
Specifically, MCL 324.41901 states:
(1) In addition to all of the department powers, in the interest of public
safety and the general welfare, the department may regulate and prohibit hunting,
and the discharge of firearms and bow and arrow, as provided in this part, on
those areas established under this part where hunting or the discharge of firearms
or bow and arrow may or is likely to kill, injure, or disturb persons who can
reasonably be expected to be present in the areas or to destroy or damage
buildings or personal property situated or customarily situated in the areas or will
impair the general safety and welfare. In addition, the department may determine
and define the boundaries of the areas. Areas or parts of areas may be closed
throughout the year. The department, in furtherance of safety, may designate
areas where hunting is permitted only by prescribed methods and weapons that
are not inconsistent with law. Whenever the governing body of any political
subdivision determines that the safety and well-being of persons or property are
endangered by hunters or discharge of firearms or bow and arrows, by resolution
it may request the department to recommend closure of the area as may be
required to relieve the problem. Upon receipt of a certified resolution, the
department shall establish a date for a public hearing in the political subdivision,
and the requesting political authority shall arrange for suitable quarters for the
hearing. The department shall receive testimony on the nature of the problems
resulting from hunting activities and firearms use from all interested parties on the
type, extent, and nature of the closure, regulations, or controls desired locally to
remedy these problems.
(2) Upon completion of the public hearing, the department shall cause
such investigations and studies to be made of the area as it considers appropriate
and shall then make a statement of the facts of the situation as found at the
hearing and as a result of its investigations. The department shall then prescribe
regulations as are necessary to alleviate or correct the problems found. [Emphasis
added.]
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The issue on appeal, as framed by the parties, concerns whether defendant's ordinances
are invalid because they are preempted by MCL 324.41901. This Court reviews de novo a trial
court's order granting or denying summary disposition. Straus v Governor, 459 Mich 526, 533;
592 NW2d 53 (1999). The issue of preemption is a legal question that this Court reviews de
novo. Thomas v United Parcel Service, 241 Mich App 171, 174; 614 NW2d 707 (2000).
State law preempts a municipal ordinance in two situations: (1) where the ordinance
directly conflicts with a state statute or (2) where the statute completely occupies the field that
the ordinance attempts to regulate. Rental Prop Owners Ass'n of Kent Co v Grand Rapids, 455
Mich 246, 257; 566 NW2d 514 (1997). A direct conflict exists when the ordinance permits what
the statute prohibits or the ordinance prohibits what the statute permits. People v Llewellyn, 401
Mich 314, 322 n 4; 257 NW2d 902 (1977). Although plaintiffs argue on appeal that the
ordinances are in direct conflict with state hunting laws, this argument is directly contrary to
their position in the trial courts.5 "'A party may not take a position in the trial court and
subsequently seek redress in an appellate court that is based on a position contrary to that taken
in the trial court.'" Blazer Foods Inc v Restaurant Properties, Inc, 259 Mich App 241, 252; 673
NW2d 805 (2003) (citation omitted).
No published decisions address the preemptive effect of § 41901 on municipal firearm
regulation ordinances, but this Court addressed the issue under a prior version of § 41901 in
Michigan United Conversation Clubs v City of Cadillac, 51 Mich App 299; 214 NW2d 736
(1974) (MUCC). In MUCC, this Court considered an ordinance making it unlawful "for any
person to discharge any firearm . . . or shoot a bow and arrow, within the city limits except in
lawful defense of his person or property." Id. at 300. The plaintiffs argued that the enforcement
of the ordinance against persons hunting during open season was invalid because 1967 PA 159,
as amended (codified at 1970 CL 317.331 et seq.) controlled hunting areas and preempted city
regulation. The version of MCL 317.332 in effect at the time of that decision is substantially
similar to § 41901.
This Court affirmed the trial court's ruling that the ordinance was valid and evidently
adopted the trial court's opinion as its own. The trial court reasoned that "Act 159" did not
preempt the ordinance for several reasons. First, the field of hunting regulation is distinct from
firearm control. MUCC, supra at 301. Second, the Legislature specifically granted the city of
Cadillac the authority to regulate the discharge of firearms when the city was first incorporated
by local act in 1877. Id. at 301. Third, "Act 159" is inapplicable to cities. MUCC, supra at 302303. The Court stated:
"That conclusion from the language of the act is consistent with the prior
legislative grant of express police powers to the City of Cadillac to regulate the
discharge of firearms. In the absence of express statement of repeal, it is not to be
5
In response to defendant's motion for summary disposition, plaintiffs stated, "Defendant and
Plaintiffs agree that the ordinance, by not mentioning 'hunting' is not in 'direct conflict' with the
hunting control act statute."
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presumed that one act repeals another unless a clear intent to do so is found from
the nature and content of the subsequent act. Act 159 nowhere states or clearly
implies such an intent to repeal the police power grant previously given the City
of Cadillac, or other cities.
"And that conclusion is consistent also with common sense. There is a
difference between incorporated cities and unincorporated township areas as to
the problems, hazards and nuisances of hunting therein. It is no accident that
there have been no city area closings under Act 159, or that there were no local
acts closing cities to hunting prior thereto. That experience does not demonstrate
a common experience that hunting in urban areas is safer and more widely
accepted than in rural unincorporated townships. Rather, it reflects the contrary
and the further assumption that the police powers of the cities have always been
sufficient in Michigan to permit cities to deal with such problems locally."
[MUCC, supra at 303-304, quoting the trial court's opinion.]
MUCC squarely addressed the issue presented in this case. Although the statutes on
which MUCC was based were repealed, a comparison of the former MCL 317.332 and the
current version of MCL 324.41901 shows that the statutes are very similar. Indeed, by enacting
the NREPA in 1994, "the Legislature reorganized, without fundamentally altering, the scattered
array of existing legislation related to the environment in one all-inclusive statute." Howell Twp
v Rooto Corp, 258 Mich App 470, 479; 670 NW2d 713 (2003). The reorganization continued in
1995 when the Legislature amended the NREPA by 1995 PA 57. The statutes that are codified
at MCL 324.41091 et seq., were enacted as part of Act 57. The Senate Fiscal Agency Bill
Analysis, HB 4348-4385, April 6, 1995, suggests that no substantive change with respect to the
applicability of the provisions concerning hunting control was intended.6 And the language
prescribing the power to regulate in MCL 317.332(1) was virtually unchanged in subsection
41901(1).7 With the exception of MUCC's holding that the former statutes did not apply to
6
The Bill Analysis notes that "the bills would delete references to—and, in some instances,
repeal—various natural resources acts that created certain committees, boards, and commissions.
Further House Bill 4385 would transfer the powers and duties of these committees, boards, and
commissions to the Department of Natural Resources (DNR)."
7
MCL 317.332(1) provided in part:
In the interest of public safety and the general welfare, the committee is
empowered to regulate and prohibit hunting, and the discharge of firearms and
bow and arrow, as herein provided, on those areas established under the
provisions of this act where hunting or the discharge of firearms or bow and arrow
may or is likely to kill, injure or disturb persons who can reasonably be expected
to be present in such areas or to destroy or damage buildings or personal property
situated or customarily situated in such areas or will impair the general safety and
welfare.
MCL 324.41901(1) provides in part:
(continued…)
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cities, the MUCC decision remains good law under the revised statutes.8 As noted earlier, home
rule cities like defendant are still granted the authority to take measures to assure public peace
and safety. See n 2. That authority includes the prohibition of weapon discharges within city
limits, and that authority has not been repealed by § 41901. Plaintiffs have not presented a
persuasive reason for this Court to distinguish MUCC's holding that firearm control is a subject
distinct from the field of hunting control. We therefore conclude that § 41901 does not preempt
Saginaw City Ordinances, tit 10, §§ 130.02 and 130.03(D).
Affirmed.
/s/ E. Thomas Fitzgerald
/s/ Richard A. Bandstra
/s/ Helene N. White
(…continued)
In addition to all of the department powers, in the interest of public safety
and the general welfare, the department may regulate and prohibit hunting, and
the discharge of firearms and bow and arrow, as provided in this part, on those
areas established under this part where hunting or the discharge of firearms or
bow and arrow may or is likely to kill, injure, or disturb persons who can
reasonably be expected to be present in the areas or to destroy or damage
buildings or personal property situated or customarily situated in the areas or will
impair the general safety and welfare.
Plaintiffs also argue that MCL 123.1104, a statute cited by the trial court, should not be
interpreted to allow cities to enact ordinances that effectively ban hunting. MCL 123.1104 is
part of an act that restricts local units of government from imposing certain restrictions involving
firearms and states that the act "does not prohibit a city or a charter township from prohibiting
the discharge of a pistol or other firearm within the jurisdiction of that city or charter township."
But whether an ordinance that prohibits the discharge of firearms and effectively bans hunting
must be enacted pursuant to the procedure in MCL 324.41901 and MCL 324.41902 is a distinct
issue upon which MCL 123.1104 does not shed any light.
8
Defendant concedes in its brief on appeal that the revised statutes apply to all municipalities.
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