ST CLAIR MEDICAL PC V CHRISTOPHER BORGIEL
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
ST. CLAIR MEDICAL, P.C.,
UNPUBLISHED
January 19, 2006
APPROVED FOR
PUBLICATION
March 14, 2006
9:10 a.m.
Plaintiff/Counter-DefendantAppellee,
v
No. 256217
St. Clair Circuit Court
LC No. 03-001990-CK
CHRISTOPHER BORGIEL,
Defendant/Counter-PlaintiffAppellant.
Official Reported Version
Before: Cavanagh, P.J., and Hoekstra and Markey, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Defendant appeals by right the trial court's order granting summary disposition in favor
of plaintiff in this contract action involving a covenant not to compete. We affirm.
Defendant Christopher Borgiel, M.D., began working for plaintiff on October 15, 2001,
and signed an employment contract that provided in relevant part:
1. Employment for professional services. The Employer hereby employs
the Employee and the employee accepts such employment as a physician to
perform services at Greater Yale Medical Clinic and Mitchell Medical Center.
* * *
7. Restricted Covenant. The employee shall agree not to embark on
medical practice within 7 (seven) miles of either office for at least one (1) year
after this Employer-Employee relationship has ended. The employee shall
reimburse the corporation $40,000.00 if these terms are breached.
From October 2001 through July 2003, defendant worked almost exclusively at the
Greater Yale Medical Clinic in Yale, Michigan; he also worked approximately six hours during
the 20-month employment period at the Mitchell Medical Center in Port Huron, Michigan. On
June 18, 2003, defendant submitted a letter of resignation advising plaintiff that he was
terminating his employment on July 2, 2003. Further, he stated his intent to work for Physician's
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Health Care Network in Fort Gratiot, which is located within seven miles of the Mitchell
Medical Center.
Plaintiff filed a complaint alleging that defendant was in violation of the restrictive
covenant and requested that defendant pay liquidated damages in the amount of $40,000 for
breach of contract. Defendant filed a counterclaim for a declaratory judgment that the restrictive
covenant and liquidated damages clause were void and unenforceable. Plaintiff filed a motion
for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10) on its claim for breach of contract and
defendant's complaint for declaratory judgment. Defendant filed a cross-motion for summary
disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(I)(2). The circuit court granted plaintiff 's motion, finding
that the restrictive covenant was enforceable, that defendant violated the covenant by working
within seven miles of plaintiff 's Port Huron office, and that the liquidated damages clause was
enforceable. The court subsequently issued an order awarding plaintiff $40,000, plus interest,
offset by $3,300 that plaintiff still owed defendant. The court granted defendant's motion to stay
enforcement of the judgment pending appeal.
Defendant argues on appeal that the covenant did not restrict him from practicing
medicine within seven miles of the Mitchell Medical Center, so he did not violate it. We
disagree.
A trial court's decision on a motion for summary disposition is reviewed de novo.
Maiden v Rozwood, 461 Mich 109, 118; 597 NW2d 817 (1999). A motion for summary
disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10) tests the factual sufficiency of the complaint. Maiden,
supra at 120. The moving party must specifically identify the matters that it believes have no
disputed factual issues. Id.; MCR 2.116(G)(4). The moving party must support its position with
affidavits, depositions, admissions, or other documentary evidence. Quinto v Cross & Peters Co,
451 Mich 358, 362; 547 NW2d 314 (1996); MCR 2.116(G)(5). Once the moving party has met
this burden, the burden shifts to the opposing party to show that a genuine issue of material fact
exists. Quinto, supra at 362. When the burden of proof at trial falls on the party opposing the
motion, that party may not rest on mere allegations or denials in the pleadings, but must, by
documentary evidence, set forth specific facts to show that there is a genuine issue for trial. Id.;
Maiden, supra at 121.
The construction and interpretation of a contract present questions of law that we review
de novo. Henderson v State Farm Fire & Cas Co, 460 Mich 348, 353; 596 NW2d 190 (1999).
The goal of contract construction is to determine and enforce the parties' intent on the basis of
the plain language of the contract itself. Old Kent Bank v Sobczak, 243 Mich App 57, 63; 620
NW2d 663 (2000). "It is axiomatic that if a word or phrase is unambiguous and no reasonable
person could differ with respect to application of the term or phrase to undisputed material facts,
then the court should grant summary disposition to the proper party pursuant to MCR
2.116(C)(10)." Henderson, supra at 353. "Conversely, if reasonable minds could disagree about
the conclusions to be drawn from the facts, a question for the factfinder exists." Id.
Here, the contract unambiguously prohibited defendant from engaging in medical
practice within seven miles of either the Yale Medical Clinic or the Mitchell Medical Center.
Defendant's effort to read the covenant to prohibit the practice of medicine within seven miles of
a clinic where he actually provided the majority of his services is unconvincing. The clause
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clearly prohibits practice within seven miles of either clinic, without regard to where the services
were performed. Moreover, defendant readily admits that he provided limited services at the
Mitchell Medical Center, and defendant does not dispute that his new position is within seven
miles of the Mitchell Medical Center. Thus, the trial court did not err when it concluded that the
contract was unambiguous and defendant had breached it.
Next, defendant argues that the covenant not to compete is unreasonable and violates the
Michigan Antitrust Reform Act (MARA), MCL 445.771 et seq. We disagree.
"A contract . . . between 2 or more persons in restraint of, or to monopolize, trade or
commerce in a relevant market is unlawful." MCL 445.772. But, agreements not to compete are
authorized by § 4a(1) of the MARA, MCL 445.774a(1), which provides:
An employer may obtain from an employee an agreement or covenant
which protects an employer's reasonable competitive business interests and
expressly prohibits an employee from engaging in employment or a line of
business after termination of employment if the agreement or covenant is
reasonable as to its duration, geographical area, and the type of employment or
line of business. To the extent any such agreement or covenant is found to be
unreasonable in any respect, a court may limit the agreement in order to render it
reasonable in light of the circumstances in which it was made and specifically
enforce the agreement as limited.
This Court recently concluded that § 4a(1) represents a codification of the common-law rule
"that the enforceability of noncompetition agreements depends on their reasonableness." Bristol
Window and Door, Inc v Hoogenstyn, 250 Mich App 478, 495; 650 NW2d 670 (2002).
At common law, a covenant not to compete was enforceable if it met four
standards established by Hubbard v Miller, 27 Mich 15, 19; 15 Am Rep 153
(1873). First, the covenant must be for an honest and just purpose. Second, it
must be established for the protection of the legitimate interest of the party in
whose favor it is imposed. Third, it must be reasonable as between the parties to
the contract. Finally, it must not be specially injurious to the public. Id.
[Cardiology Assoc of Southwestern Michigan, PC v Zencka, 155 Mich App 632,
636; 400 NW2d 606 (1985).]
Thus, a restrictive covenant must protect an employer's reasonable competitive business
interests, but its protection in terms of duration, geographical scope, and the type of employment
or line of business must be reasonable. Additionally, a restrictive covenant must be reasonable
as between the parties, and it must not be specially injurious to the public.
Because the prohibition on all competition is in restraint of trade, an employer's business
interest justifying a restrictive covenant must be greater than merely preventing competition.
United Rentals (North America), Inc v Keizer, 202 F Supp 2d 727, 740 (WD Mich, 2002). To be
reasonable in relation to an employer's competitive business interest, a restrictive covenant must
protect against the employee's gaining some unfair advantage in competition with the employer,
but not prohibit the employee from using general knowledge or skill. Id.; Follmer, Rudzewicz &
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Co, PC v Kosco, 420 Mich 394, 402-404, 362 NW2d 676 (1984). In a medical setting, a
restrictive covenant can protect against unfair competition by preventing the loss of patients to
departing physicians, protecting an employer's investment in specialized training of a physician,
or protecting an employer's confidential business information or patient lists. Community Hosp
Group, Inc v More, 183 NJ 36, 58; 869 A 2d 884 (2005); Berg, Judicial enforcement of
covenants not to compete between physicians: Protecting doctors' interests at patients' expense,
45 Rutgers L R 1, 17-18 (1992).
We agree with defendant that material issues of fact remain regarding whether the
covenant was protecting plaintiff 's confidential patient lists and business information or
plaintiff 's investment in defendant's training. The lower court record is contradictory regarding
whether defendant had access to confidential business information or patient lists. Plaintiff
suggested that defendant had access to confidential information; however, defendant averred that
during the course of his employment he was "unaware of potentially confidential information
concerning operation of St. Clair Medical as a business such as patient lists, price lists, or the
existence or content of any other possibly confidential business information." Accordingly, there
are issues of disputed fact regarding whether plaintiff was protecting itself from defendant's use
of confidential information or patient lists. Plaintiff also asserted that it "expended substantial
resources in training [defendant] to be a successful practitioner, including providing casual
advice from other more experienced physicians, access to professional training and seminars, and
working knowledge of how a successful practice is run on a day-to-day basis." In Follmer, our
Supreme Court concluded that "'general knowledge, skill, or facility acquired through training or
experience . . . acquired or developed during the employment does not, by itself, give the
employer a sufficient interest to support a restraining covenant . . . .'" Follmer, supra at 402 n 4,
quoting Blake, Employment agreements not to compete, 73 Harv L R 625, 652 (1960). Here,
plaintiff has failed to offer any evidence indicating that defendant benefited from specialized
training that he could then use to unfairly compete with plaintiff. Accordingly, we also conclude
that there are disputed issues of fact regarding whether plaintiff provided defendant anything
other than general training and experience.
We conclude, nevertheless, that the restrictive covenant was protecting plaintiff 's
competitive business interest in retaining patients, that it provided plaintiff with time to regain
goodwill with its patients, and that it prevented defendant from using patient contacts gained
during the course of his employment to unfair advantage in competition with plaintiff. A
physician who establishes patient contacts and relationships as the result of the goodwill of his
employer's medical practice is in a position to unfairly appropriate that goodwill and thus
unfairly compete with a former employer upon departure. See Weber v Tillman, 259 Kan 457,
467-469; 913 P2d 84 (1996); Berg, supra at 17-18. This risk of unfair competition in this
context does not result from access to patient lists, but from the risk that patients will seek to
follow a departing physician. Where the physician-patient relationship was facilitated by a
physician's association with his employer or resulted from advertising dollars expended by that
employer, a physician can unfairly take advantage of the employer's investments in advertising
and goodwill when competing with the former employer to retain patients. Here, plaintiff
operated clinics located in the cities of Yale, St. Clair, and Port Huron, which drew patients
residing throughout St. Clair County. Plaintiff expended funds to advertise its services in these
cities. Defendant practiced medicine for plaintiff for approximately 20 months and took
advantage of plaintiff 's goodwill in the community and advertising expenditures to attract
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patients. We conclude that the covenant protected plaintiff from unfair competition by defendant
and therefore protected a reasonable competitive business interest as required by MCL
445.774a(1).
Defendant next argues that the restrictive covenant is unenforceable because the
geographic restriction is unreasonable in relation to plaintiff 's competitive interest, i.e.,
defendant provided the overwhelming majority of his services at the Clinic that was more than
twenty miles from the location of his new employment. We conclude that the restrictive
covenant is modest in geographical scope and is not unreasonable in relation to plaintiff 's
competitive business interests. The principal shareholder and president of plaintiff corporation
stated, "When [defendant] was hired by St. Clair Medical, it was anticipated that he would see
patients at both the Greater Yale Medical Clinic and the Mitchell Medical Center." Although
defendant worked primarily at one location, there is no evidence that his patients were only
drawn from within seven miles of that location. Plaintiff 's clinics drew patients residing
throughout St. Clair County. Indeed, since defendant's departure, some patients previously
scheduled for plaintiff 's Yale office have visited plaintiff 's Port Huron office. We conclude that
a prohibition on practice extending for seven miles around two of plaintiff 's offices where it was
anticipated that defendant would work is not unreasonable and protects plaintiff 's interest in
retaining patient goodwill.
Defendant also argues that the covenant is unreasonable in light of the Principles of
Medical Ethics issued by the American Medical Association, which provide:
Covenants-not-to-compete restrict competition, disrupt continuity of care,
and potentially deprive the public of medical services. The Council on Ethical
and Judicial Affairs discourages any agreement which restricts the right of a
physician to practice medicine for a specified period of time or in a specified area
upon termination of an employment, partnership, or corporate agreement.
Restrictive covenants are unethical if they are excessive in geographic scope or
duration in the circumstances presented, or if they fail to make reasonable
accommodation of patients' choice of physician. [AMA, E-9.02: Restrictive
Covenants and the Practice of Medicine.]
We conclude that this standard merely reflects the common-law rule of reasonableness and states
that restrictive covenants are unethical only if they are excessive in geographical scope or
duration. As previously concluded, this restrictive covenant is not excessive in geographical
scope. Defendant does not challenge its duration. Moreover, patients' choice of physician is
protected by the modest geographical scope of the covenant and the liquidated damages clause.
Finally, this modest geographical restriction is not specially injurious to the public. Cf.
Community Hosp, supra at 61-62 (concluding that a restrictive covenant covering a 30-mile
radius is injurious to the public where it would prohibit a neurosurgeon from practicing in an
area were there was a shortage of neurosurgeons). Here, defendant can continue patient
relationships by merely practicing outside a modest geographic restriction or by practicing within
the restricted area and simply paying the liquidated damages provided for in the contract.
Next, defendant argues that the liquidated damages clause bears no reasonable
relationship to the actual damages plaintiff suffered and is an unconscionable windfall. We
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disagree. The issue whether a liquidated damages provision is valid and enforceable is a matter
of law that this Court reviews de novo. UAW-GM Human Resource Ctr v KSL Recreation Corp,
228 Mich App 486, 508; 579 NW2d 411 (1998). A liquidated damages provision is simply an
agreement by the parties fixing the amount of damages in the event of a breach and is
enforceable if the amount is reasonable with relation to the possible injury suffered and not
unconscionable or excessive. Id. Such a provision is particularly appropriate "where actual
damages are uncertain and difficult to ascertain or are of a purely speculative nature . . . ." Papo
v Aglo Restaurants of San Jose, Inc, 149 Mich App 285, 294; 386 NW2d 177 (1986). Here, we
conclude that the amount of damages is reasonable in relation to the possible injury suffered.
Plaintiff stated that the clause was included in the contract because damages associated with a
physician's departure are difficult to calculate. Accordingly, a liquidated damages provision is
particularly appropriate. The $40,000 in liquidated damages does not strike this Court as
unconscionable or excessive in relation to potential patient loss; consequently, the trial court did
not err in enforcing the parties' agreement.
Next, defendant argues that summary disposition was prematurely granted. We disagree.
A motion for summary under MCR 2.116(C)(10) is premature if discovery has not closed, unless
there is no fair likelihood that further discovery would yield support for the nonmoving party's
position. Ensink v Mecosta Co Gen Hosp, 262 Mich App 518, 540; 687 NW2d 143 (2004). A
party opposing summary disposition cannot simply state that summary disposition is premature
without identifying a disputed issue and supporting that issue with independent evidence. Hyde
v Univ of Michigan Bd of Regents, 226 Mich App 511, 519; 575 NW2d 36 (1997). Here,
defendant did no more than state the position that discovery should be extended if the trial court
disagreed with him, but failed to identify any specific facts or independent evidence that he
anticipated discovering to support his position. Accordingly, we conclude that summary
disposition was not prematurely granted.
Finally, defendant argues that the trial court inappropriately premised its conclusion on
this issue on erroneous findings of fact. Defendant's arguments in this regard merely challenge
conclusions of law already addressed by this Court and, thus, have no merit.
We affirm.
/s/ Mark J. Cavanagh
/s/ Joel P. Hoekstra
/s/ Jane E. Markey
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