BARBARA WLOSINSKI V STEVEN COHN
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
BARBARA WLOSINSKI, Personal
Representative of the Estate of MICHAEL
WROBEL, Deceased,
FOR PUBLICATION
December 20, 2005
9:15 a.m.
Plaintiff-Appellee,
and
BLUE CROSS BLUE SHIELD OF MICHIGAN
and BLUE CARE NETWORK OF MICHIGAN,
Intervening Plaintiffs,
v
No. 253286
Oakland Circuit Court
LC No. 2001-033241-NH
STEVEN COHN, M.D., and WILLIAM
BEAUMONT HOSPITAL,
Defendants-Appellants.
Official Reported Version
Before: O'Connell, P.J., and Schuette and Borrello, JJ.
O'CONNELL, P.J.
In this medical malpractice wrongful death case, defendants appeal as of right a judgment
in favor of plaintiff. We reverse the trial court's denial of defendants' motion for summary
disposition on plaintiff 's claim of lack of informed consent, vacate the trial court's judgment, and
remand for a new trial.
In May 1998, the decedent, Michael Wrobel, was diagnosed with kidney failure. At the
time of diagnosis, he was a senior in high school. Medical testing confirmed that plaintiff, the
decedent's mother, would be a suitable kidney donor. The decedent and his mother researched
various hospitals and discovered that defendant William Beaumont Hospital had a high success
rate for kidney transplants according to mandatory reports that were posted on the website of a
national organization. They visited the hospital and were introduced to defendant Dr. Steven
Cohn, who explained the procedure. On July 14, 1999, Dr. Cohn transplanted one of plaintiff 's
kidneys to the decedent. The decedent suffered severe postoperative complications, including a
blood clot in the blood vessel feeding the transplanted kidney. Dr. Cohn removed the clot, but
the transplanted kidney ultimately failed anyway. Doctors removed the failed kidney, and the
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decedent resumed kidney dialysis. The decedent's health continued to decline over the next year,
and he ultimately elected to withdraw from kidney dialysis and entered a hospice program. He
died on September 24, 2000.
On July 13, 2001, plaintiff filed a medical malpractice wrongful death action against
defendants. Plaintiff 's original complaint alleged that defendants committed several errors
related to the blood clot that appeared after the operation. Plaintiff amended the complaint to
include a count for defendants' failure to garner plaintiff 's and the decedent's informed consent.
Plaintiff based this count on an alleged discrepancy between the hospital's reported success rate
for kidney transplants, which she apparently found while researching hospitals, and its actual
success rate. She also alleged a discrepancy between the personal success rate Dr. Cohn reported
to her and his actual success rate. Plaintiff did not support this amended complaint with an
affidavit of merit. Nevertheless, plaintiff again moved to amend her complaint, and the proposed
amendments alleged that the negligent use of drugs that suppressed the decedent's immune
system led to an infection that caused the kidney to fail. The trial court allowed the amendment,
but insisted that plaintiff include an affidavit of merit for the additional counts.
The version of the amended complaint that plaintiff filed differed from the version she
attached to her motion to amend. It included additional allegations regarding the negligent use of
mesh in the decedent's blood clot operation to hasten healing of the surgical wound. It alleged
that the use of mesh led to an infection that compromised the kidney. Plaintiff presented an
affidavit of merit from her expert, Raymond Pollak, M.D., who confirmed that defendants'
management of the original surgery, their discovery of the blood clot, and its removal failed to
conform to the standard of care. Dr. Pollak also ventured his opinion that defendants made the
following nontechnical omissions:
i. Failure to address deficiencies in the transplant department . . . and to
correct whatever disagreements there were between the transplant team . . . so as
to insure proper communications between them and appropriate treatment of the
Plaintiff 's decedent . . . [.]
j. Failure to investigate/retrain/dismiss incompetent transplant
physicians/surgeons . . . which may have prevented the adverse outcomes that
occurred . . . [.]
k. Failure to investigate Dr. Cohn's higher than average transplant surgical
failure rate in a timely manner and to inform the Plaintiffs of the same [.]
Defendants moved for summary disposition, claiming that plaintiff failed to substantiate
any of her claims. Defendants specifically argued that plaintiff 's claim of lack of informed
consent lacked any factual support because plaintiff 's deposition testimony indicated that she
was informed of the risks associated with the transplant procedure. The trial court denied the
motion, stating that defendants had failed to counter the statement in Dr. Pollak's affidavit that
the statistical information withheld from plaintiff and decedent failed to conform to the standard
of care. The case proceeded to trial.
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At trial, the court allowed plaintiff to present the evidence of Dr. Lawrence Greenberg,
who was not certified in Dr. Cohn's specialty, but who repeatedly denigrated Dr. Cohn's surgical
abilities primarily on the basis of a string of failed transplants. Dr. Greenberg's testimony harped
on Dr. Cohn's failure rate leading up to the decedent's surgery. Dr. Greenberg testified that five
out of seven of Dr. Cohn's kidney transplants had failed in the months before the decedent's
surgery. When the defense tried to shed some light on the circumstances surrounding the failed
transplants, the trial court correctly ruled that privilege precluded plaintiff from obtaining and
presenting details of Dr. Cohn's failures, so it would not allow the evidence. Under these
circumstances, the statistics remained raw numbers without any factual development that might
suggest a correlation between the other failed transplants and the decedent's transplant.
Plaintiff 's experts made further comments about Dr. Cohn's failure rate, and plaintiff 's counsel
emphasized the sequence of failed transplants in his closing arguments. The jury awarded
plaintiff $1.475 million in damages, and the trial court, after making relatively minor
adjustments, entered judgment for roughly $1.5 million.
Defendants contend that the trial court erred in denying their motions for summary
disposition and judgment notwithstanding the verdict on plaintiff 's claim that Dr. Cohn failed to
obtain the decedent's informed consent before surgery. According to defendants, a physician has
no duty to disclose to a patient the physician's success rates for a particular medical procedure,
and Dr. Cohn's failure to advise the decedent of his success rates could not, as a matter of law,
taint the patient's consent. We agree. We review de novo a trial court's decision to grant
summary disposition. Maiden v Rozwood, 461 Mich 109, 118; 597 NW2d 817 (1999).
The doctrine of informed consent requires a physician to warn a patient of the risks and
consequences of a medical procedure. Lincoln v Gupta, 142 Mich App 615, 625; 370 NW2d 312
(1985). By itself, Dr. Cohn's success rate was not a risk related to the medical procedure. Id. In
fact, none of the affidavits of merit accompanying plaintiff 's complaints indicates that disclosure
of Dr. Cohn's particular success rate was necessary to obtain informed consent according to the
standard of care. As a matter of law, we hold that a physician's raw success rates do not
constitute risk information reasonably related to a patient's medical procedure.1
The other jurisdictions that have addressed similar issues agree. See Howard v Univ of
Medicine & Dentistry of New Jersey, 172 NJ 537, 553-554; 800 A2d 73 (2002), and the cases it
cites. Although many jurisdictions recognize only deceit-based claims or no claim at all, see
Duttry v Patterson, 565 Pa 130, 136-137; 771 A2d 1255 (2001); Ditto v McCurdy, 86 Hawaii 84,
90-91; 947 P2d 952 (1997), some jurisdictions have allowed evidence about a doctor's
inexperience, but only in cases in which the doctor asserted his or her experience and
1
Our holding is limited to the disclosure of statistical data regarding past treatment and other
background information that has no concrete bearing on the actual risks of a given procedure.
Certainly if a surgeon unfailingly faints at the sight of blood, a reasonable patient might want to
know this and explore other treatment options. Between these poles, however, lies a world of
scenarios that requires trial courts to remain vigilant in their roles as evidentiary gatekeepers.
MRE 702. The trial court did not exercise that role in this case.
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competence; see Howard, supra at 558-559; Johnson v Kokemoor, 199 Wis 2d 615, 624; 545
NW2d 495 (1996). Even those jurisdictions do not require wholesale statistical disclosure, but
approach a doctor's qualifications as they relate to the procedure's particular risks, an ordinary
patient's willingness to accept those risks in light of the alternatives, and the causal connection
between the disclosure and the actual harm. Howard, supra; Johnson, supra. For example,
although the Wisconsin court in Johnson allowed the statistical evidence to stand, it specifically
warned against the adoption of a standard of care that universally required statistical disclosure.
Johnson, supra at 645-646. Moreover, the New Jersey court in Howard did not automatically
sanction a probe into the doctor's experience, but remanded the case so that the trial court could
perform its "gatekeeper function," which it defined as a "significant" role assigned "to prevent
insubstantial claims . . . from proceeding to a jury." Howard, supra at 558. Emphasizing the
causation standard, the court stated, "We contemplate that misrepresented or exaggerated
physician experience would have to significantly increase a risk of a procedure in order for it to
affect the judgment of a reasonably prudent patient in an informed consent case." Id. The court
specifically noted that New Jersey has never placed a duty on doctors "to detail [their]
background[s] and experience[s] as part of the required informed consent disclosure . . . ." Id. at
554.
In this case, plaintiff 's deposition reflected that Dr. Cohn vaguely represented his
transplant history as "good,"2 and that he otherwise informed plaintiff and the decedent of the
medical risks that were directly related to the surgery. Therefore, we do not even approach the
type of misrepresentation that may urge a contrary result. Also, unlike the cases involving
misrepresented experience, this case lacks any hint of a relationship between Dr. Cohn's previous
failed transplants and the failure of the decedent's new kidney.3 Without a compelling case
before us, we simply hold that defendants, as a matter of law, did not have a duty to disclose Dr.
Cohn's statistical history of transplant failures to obtain the decedent's informed consent.
Regarding plaintiff 's other uses of this statistical evidence, our courts have long
recognized the distinction between a doctor's negligence and a treatment's failure. Roberts v
Young, 369 Mich 133, 138; 119 NW2d 627 (1963). "[T]he bare fact that full recovery does not
result, or that a surgical operation is not entirely successful, is not in itself evidence of
negligence." Id., quoting Zoterell v Repp, 187 Mich 319, 330; 153 NW 692 (1915). Therefore,
bare numerical success rates are not, in themselves, evidence that a doctor did anything wrong.
For example, it is absolutely unknown, and unknowable, whether the preceding kidney
transplants performed by Dr. Cohn failed because of health complications that rendered those
2
In fact, the evidence reflects that at the time of these statements, Dr. Cohn's success rate was
very good.
3
On this point, it should be noted that the clearest definition of a "failed" transplant, which
underlay the controversial statistic, was the loss of the transplanted organ, for any reason, within
a year. As defendants pointed out below, "any reason" might include a car accident or some
other totally unrelated happenstance. Therefore, the bare statistics were totally unrelated to the
risks of transplant surgery and could never satisfy the criterion of actually causing the injury
here.
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patients "high risk" patients.4 We will not permit an inference of negligence to flow from
unsuccessful treatment alone. Roberts, supra at 138. Yet, by allowing the limited inclusion of
the mere existence of these transplant failures, the court allowed the jury to conclude that Dr.
Cohn had a proclivity to fail. Because the bald statistics are not valid evidence of negligence
either by Dr. Cohn or by the hospital, and because they are not relevant to informed consent,5 we
fail to see what purpose they serve other than as prohibited character evidence. MRE 404(b)(1).
There can be no doubt that plaintiff 's counsel paraded the statistics before the jury to
show that Dr. Cohn had a propensity to botch transplants. Propensity evidence is barred because
it diverts a jury's attention from the facts of the case being tried and focuses it on the probability
that the defendant, who has made so many mistakes before, made one again. Cf. People v
Matthews, 17 Mich App 48, 51-52; 169 NW2d 138 (1969). In other words, it punishes a
defendant for his misfortune rather than his fault. The ploy worked especially well in this case,
because the details and circumstances of the previous surgeries were kept from the jury, and the
jury was not instructed to limit its use of the invalid evidence. This evidence fatally tainted the
jury's verdict, and a new trial is in order. MRE 103.
Defendants also raise several challenges to plaintiff 's experts, but because we remand for
a new trial, it is unnecessary to resolve all these issues here. Nevertheless, we agree with
defendants that the trial court failed to perform its gatekeeping mission under Craig v Oakwood
Hosp, 471 Mich 67, 78-81; 684 NW2d 296 (2004), and MRE 702. On remand, the court should
hold a hearing and evaluate the factual and medical underpinnings of Dr. Pollak's anticipated
testimony. We also note that neither Dr. Greenberg nor Dr. Evan Morton was qualified to testify
against Dr. Cohn regarding the standard of care because they were not board-certified in the
same specialty as Dr. Cohn. MCL 600.2169. Their evidence should be limited accordingly.
The trial court must also examine the relevance of Dr. Greenberg's testimony apart from the
invalid statistical information he provided at trial and carefully review it for probative value and
relevance to the decedent's surgery. It should go without saying, however, that we do not bar Dr.
Greenberg from providing other, admissible testimony. Similarly, Dr. Morton's testimony did
not exclusively relate to whether Dr. Cohn breached the standard of care; it also related to a
Doppler ultrasound performed on the night of the transplant. Expert testimony is admissible
under MRE 702 if (1) the expert is qualified, (2) the testimony assists the trier of fact to
understand the evidence or determine a fact in issue, and (3) the testimony is derived from
recognized scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge. Craig, supra at 78-79. Without
4
We note that one of the foreseeable consequences of requiring doctors, especially surgeons, to
disclose their success rates as a condition to our deeming a patient's consent "informed" is that it
would encourage doctors to treat only those patients who will likely boost their success rates,
rather than the frail, "high risk" patients who truly and desperately need the specialized care that
doctors offer.
5
Pennsylvania recognizes that facts failing to support a claim of lack of informed consent might
support a claim of fraud, Duttry, supra at 137, but neither the pleadings nor the particulars of this
case support a fraud claim here, so we do not examine this as an alternative.
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deciding the issue, it appears to us that Dr. Morton's testimony may be relevant to plaintiff 's
theory of the case.
Finally, defendants argue that the trial court erred in refusing to cap plaintiff 's monetary
award for wrongful death damages regarding the decedent's funeral and burial expenses and
plaintiff 's loss of society and companionship. Because we are remanding for a new trial, we
merely note that "the medical malpractice noneconomic damages cap does apply to wrongful
death actions where the underlying claim is medical malpractice . . . ." Jenkins v Patel, 471
Mich 158, 161; 684 NW2d 346 (2004). The parties should approach the case accordingly.
Denial of summary disposition reversed in part, judgment vacated, and case remanded for
new trial. We do not retain jurisdiction.
/s/ Peter D. O'Connell
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