KRISTA FISHER V SHANNON BELCHER
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
KRISTA FISHER,
FOR PUBLICATION
December 15, 2005
9:05 a.m.
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v
No. 263083
46th Circuit Trial Court
Crawford Family Division
LC No. 04-006532-DS
SHANNON BELCHER,
Defendant-Appellee.
Official Reported Version
Before: Donofrio, P.J., and Zahra and Kelly, JJ.
DONOFRIO, P.J.
Plaintiff, Krista Fisher, appeals as of right an order of dismissal predicated on a finding
that Michigan did not have jurisdiction to determine child custody and acknowledging that the
child custody determination would proceed in Missouri, where defendant, Shannon Belcher, had
previously filed a child custody proceeding. Because the trial court did not abuse its discretion
when it elected not to hear oral argument before rendering a decision on jurisdiction, did not err
when it dismissed the Michigan child custody proceeding after communication with the sister
state's trial court pursuant to the relevant provision of the Uniform Child-Custody Jurisdiction
and Enforcement Act, MCL 722.1206(2), and appropriately set aside its child custody order, we
affirm.
I. Substantive Facts and Procedure
This appeal challenges a child custody jurisdictional determination involving Michigan
and Missouri regarding a minor child, Emma Belcher, born April 30, 2004. Before Emma's
birth, the parties resided together in Missouri, and they continued to reside together after her
birth until plaintiff moved with Emma to Michigan on July 30, 2004. Since arriving in Michigan
on August 1, 2004, plaintiff and Emma have continued to reside here. On September 23, 2004,
plaintiff filed a complaint in Michigan for child support only pursuant to the Uniform Interstate
Family Support Act (UIFSA), MCL 552.1101 et seq., against defendant. Plaintiff provided
neither an affidavit of paternity nor an acknowledgement of paternity with her complaint. Also,
plaintiff did not seek a determination of paternity, custody, or parenting time. Apparently, on
October 11, 2004, defendant was served with plaintiff 's child support complaint. On October
26, 2004, defendant filed a petition in Missouri to establish paternity of Emma and for custody
conditioned on paternity. On November 1, 2004, defendant filed a special appearance and
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motion to dismiss plaintiff 's child support complaint, arguing that Missouri had jurisdiction and
that Michigan lacked personal jurisdiction.
On December 13, 2004, plaintiff filed a motion in Missouri to dismiss for lack of subjectmatter jurisdiction, which motion was later denied. On January 14, 2005, plaintiff filed a
petition in Michigan for temporary custody, parenting time, and child support. The petition
included a supporting affidavit as required by the Uniform Child-Custody Jurisdiction and
Enforcement Act (UCCJEA), MCL 722.1101 et seq., in which plaintiff acknowledged
defendant's pending custody petition in Missouri. On February 2, 2005, defendant filed a motion
to stay the Michigan proceeding pending the paternity test and the resolution of whether
Missouri or Michigan had jurisdiction over the child custody determination. Defendant noted
that he had filed a petition for custody in Missouri before plaintiff filed her January 14, 2005,
petition. On February 4, 2005, the Friend of the Court filed a notice regarding plaintiff 's petition
for temporary custody, parenting time, and child support, and a referee hearing was scheduled
for March 10, 2005. The notice provided that a party would waive the right to object and have a
hearing before a judge if the party failed to appear at the hearing. The notice also stated that an
order would be entered immediately following the hearing.
On March 8, 2005, the Missouri court conferred with the Michigan court regarding
proper jurisdiction and stated that jurisdiction could not be determined at that time because
additional information was needed. The Missouri court ordered the parties to file with that court,
and the Michigan court, a list of witnesses and anticipated exhibits. Similarly, on March 10,
2005, the Michigan court ordered the parties to file with that court, and the Missouri court, a list
of witnesses and anticipated exhibits. On March 16, 2005, the report of the referee's findings and
recommendations was filed, which recommended that plaintiff be granted sole legal and physical
custody of Emma, noting that defendant had failed to appear at the hearing. The Michigan court
adopted the referee's findings and granted plaintiff custody on March 16, 2005. On March 18,
2005, plaintiff objected to the Michigan court's finding that she had filed her custody petition in
January 2005. Plaintiff argued that the custody issue related back to her initial pleading for child
support because the Family Support Act (FSA), MCL 552.451 et seq., provides for custody in
specific instances.
On April 21, 2005, plaintiff filed a brief arguing that Michigan had jurisdiction and that
Michigan was the more convenient forum. On April 27, 2005, the Michigan court ordered a
hearing to show cause regarding why its March 16, 2005, custody order should not be set aside.
At the show cause hearing on May 4, 2005, the court stated that its custody order had
inadvertently decided which state had jurisdiction. The court also stated that it was not fair to
defendant to grant plaintiff custody and to foreclose the issue of jurisdiction simply because
defendant defaulted. On May 9, 2005, the Michigan court set aside its March 16, 2005, custody
order. On May 12, 2005, the Michigan court and the Missouri court conferred by telephone.
Both courts agreed that neither state was the child's home state and determined that Missouri was
the proper state of jurisdiction. On May 16, 2005, the Michigan court entered an order declining
jurisdiction to determine child custody and stating that the matter would proceed in Missouri.
On May 20, 2005, the Missouri court entered an order determining that Missouri was the proper
state of jurisdiction.
II. Analysis
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A
Plaintiff first argues that the trial court abused its discretion when it elected not to hear
oral argument before rendering a decision on proper jurisdiction. A court may, in its discretion,
omit or limit oral argument regarding a motion. MCR 2.119(E)(3). Oral argument, when
allowed, should assist the court beyond the briefing. The decision to omit or limit oral argument
is reviewed on appeal for an abuse of discretion. American Transmission, Inc v Channel 7 of
Detroit, Inc, 239 Mich App 695, 709; 609 NW2d 607 (2000). An abuse of discretion occurs
only when the result is so palpably and grossly violative of fact and logic that it evidences a
perversity of will, a defiance of judgment, or the exercise of passion or bias. Flint City Council v
Michigan, 253 Mich App 378, 397; 655 NW2d 604 (2002).
Although defendant failed to submit a brief, the Michigan trial court was satisfied that
plaintiff had thoroughly briefed the jurisdictional issue. The Michigan trial court elected not to
hear oral argument, but did confer with the Missouri trial court regarding proper jurisdiction
before rendering its decision. See MCL 722.1110 and 722.1206(2). Without defendant's
argument, plaintiff 's position required no further elaboration. The trial court did not abuse its
discretion in omitting oral argument. American Transmission, Inc, supra at 709.
B
Plaintiff argues that the trial court erred in its jurisdictional analysis and in ultimately
declining jurisdiction. Whether a court has subject-matter jurisdiction to hear a particular matter
is an issue of law that is reviewed de novo. Young v Punturo, 252 Mich App 47, 54; 651 NW2d
122 (2002). Once jurisdiction is established, a trial court's decision concerning whether to
exercise jurisdiction in a custody proceeding is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Id.
At the time this dispute arose, Michigan had adopted the UCCJEA,1 but Missouri was
still acting, and continues to act, under the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction Act.2 Plaintiff
argues that the trial court clearly erred when it applied a balancing test resulting in a finding that
Michigan did not have jurisdiction to hear the matter under MCL 722.1201(1)(b), and also erred
when it found that plaintiff and the minor child did not have a "significant connection" with
Michigan. Plaintiff assigns error to the trial court's analysis pursuant to MCL 722.12013
1
The Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction Act, former MCL 600.651 et seq., was repealed
effective April 1, 2002. MCL 722.1406. It was replaced by the UCCJEA, which Michigan
adopted on December 27, 2001. See 2001 PA 195.
2
Mo Rev Stat 452.440 to 452.550.
3
MCL 722.1201(1) provides, in pertinent part, that a Michigan court
has jurisdiction to make an initial child-custody determination only in the
following situations:
(a) This state is the home state of the child on the date of the
commencement of the proceeding, or was the home state of the child within 6
(continued…)
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regarding when a Michigan court has jurisdiction to make an initial child custody determination.
Before a Michigan court makes an initial child custody determination, its determination is
subject to whether an out-of-state child custody proceeding has already commenced.
Specifically, MCL 722.1206 provides, in pertinent part:
(1) Except as otherwise provided in section 204, a court of this state may
not exercise its jurisdiction under this article if, at the time of the commencement
of the proceeding, a child-custody proceeding has been commenced in a court of
another state having jurisdiction substantially in conformity with this act, unless
the proceeding has been terminated or is stayed by the court of the other state
because a court of this state is a more convenient forum under section 207.
(2) Except as otherwise provided in section 204, before hearing a childcustody proceeding, a court of this state shall examine the court documents and
other information supplied by the parties as required by section 209. If the court
determines that, at the time of the commencement of the proceeding, a childcustody proceeding has been commenced in a court in another state having
jurisdiction substantially in accordance with this act, the court of this state shall
stay its proceeding and communicate with the court of the other state. If the court
of the state having jurisdiction substantially in accordance with this act does not
determine that the court of this state is a more appropriate forum, the court of this
state shall dismiss the child-custody proceeding.
(…continued)
months before the commencement of the proceeding and the child is absent from
this state but a parent or person acting as a parent continues to live in this state.
(b) A court of another state does not have jurisdiction under subdivision
(a), or a court of the home state of the child has declined to exercise jurisdiction
on the ground that this state is the more appropriate forum under section 207 or
208, and the court finds both of the following:
(i) The child and the child's parents, or the child and at least 1 parent or a
person acting as a parent, have a significant connection with this state other than
mere physical presence.
(ii) Substantial evidence is available in this state concerning the child's
care, protection, training, and personal relationships.
(c) All courts having jurisdiction under subdivision (a) or (b) have
declined to exercise jurisdiction on the grounds that a court of this state is the
more appropriate forum to determine the custody of the child under section 207 or
208.
(d) No court of another state would have jurisdiction under subdivision
(a), (b), or (c).
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This section requires a court of this state to dismiss its proceeding if certain criteria are
satisfied. First, a child custody proceeding in the court of another state having jurisdiction
substantially in conformity with the act must have already been commenced. The Missouri court
has jurisdiction substantially in conformance with Michigan's version of the UCCJEA. Compare
MCL 722.1201(1) with Mo Rev Stat 452.450. Moreover, neither party contests the compatibility
of each state's custody act.
Next, a court of this state is required to examine the information supplied by the parties
under MCL 722.1209. MCL 722.1209(1)(b) provides that a party's pleadings must state whether
the party knows of another pending custody proceeding. In her child custody petition, plaintiff
acknowledged that defendant had previously filed for custody in Missouri. Finally, if a
Michigan court determines that a child custody proceeding has already been commenced in
another state, the Michigan court must confer with the court of the other state. Further, the act
specifically allows courts of this state to confer with courts of another state to determine proper
jurisdiction if the need arises. MCL 722.1110. Here, both trial courts conferred and agreed that
Missouri had jurisdiction to entertain the child custody dispute in Missouri and that Michigan did
not. Essentially, the courts concluded that the Missouri court was the more appropriate forum.
So the sole issue becomes whether plaintiff 's child support complaint filed on September 23,
2004, gave rise to a child custody proceeding as defined in the UCCJEA because the statute
mandates dismissal if an earlier child custody proceeding has begun and all the requirements are
met. MCL 722.1206(1).
Defendant's position is that plaintiff 's child support complaint did not give rise to a child
custody proceeding for purposes of the UCCJEA, but plaintiff argues to the contrary. A
statutory provision cannot be interpreted apart from other sections of the statute without constant
reference to the whole. Empire Iron Mining Partnership v Orhanen, 455 Mich 410, 425; 565
NW2d 844 (1997). The primary goal of statutory interpretation is to ascertain and give effect to
the intent of the Legislature, and the Legislature is presumed to have intended the meaning it
plainly expressed. Linsell v Applied Handling, Inc, 266 Mich App 1, 15; 697 NW2d 913 (2005).
If statutory language is clear and unambiguous, then judicial construction is neither necessary
nor permitted, and a court is required to apply the statute as written; however, if the language is
ambiguous, judicial interpretation is permissible. Id. Under Michigan's version of the UCCJEA,
"[c]hild-custody proceeding" means a proceeding in which legal custody, physical
custody, or parenting time with respect to a child is an issue. Child-custody
proceeding includes a proceeding for divorce, separate maintenance, separation,
neglect, abuse, dependency, guardianship, paternity, termination of parental
rights, and protection from domestic violence, in which the issue may appear. . . .
[MCL 722.1102(d).]
Also, the Legislature has defined "child-custody determination" as not including an order relating
to child support or other monetary obligation of an individual. MCL 722.1102(c) states:
"Child-custody determination" means a judgment, decree, or other court
order providing for legal custody, physical custody, or parenting time with respect
to a child. Child-custody determination includes a permanent, temporary, initial,
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and modification order. Child-custody determination does not include an order
relating to child support or other monetary obligation of an individual.
If the Legislature had intended to include a child support complaint as giving rise to a
child custody proceeding, it would have chosen to include the phrase "child support complaint"
in the definition, especially considering that the term "child support" was used in an earlier
definition. See MCL 722.1102(c). The Legislature's intent is clear given its particular choice of
phraseology. Defendant filed his child custody petition on October 26, 2004, but plaintiff had
filed her child support complaint on September 23, 2004, and later filed a child custody petition
on January 14, 2005. On the basis of the plain language of MCL 722.1102(d), plaintiff 's child
support complaint did not give rise to a child custody proceeding for purposes of determining
jurisdiction under the UCCJEA.
Plaintiff argues that custody was necessarily at issue because the FSA requires a
noncustodial parent to provide support for the custodial parent, and a court must include
provisions for custody and parenting time if there is no dispute. MCL 552.451 and 552.452(3).
Particularly, plaintiff points out that MCL 552.451 uses the term "noncustodial parent." While
plaintiff makes this argument on appeal, plaintiff did not bring her complaint under the FSA, but
instead brought it pursuant to the UIFSA, specifically citing MCL 552.1201. Plaintiff 's reliance
on the FSA on appeal is irrelevant because she did not bring the action under the provisions of
the FSA. Further, plaintiff may not avail herself of the provisions of the FSA to bring a
complaint in the circuit court because she is neither a married parent nor a custodial parent of a
legitimate, legitimated, or lawfully adopted minor child. MCL 552.451 and 552.451a. Because
plaintiff does not meet the threshold requirements of MCL 552.451 or MCL 552.451a, the trial
court was not empowered to address matters relating to custody and parenting time.
Plaintiff 's argument, citing the FSA, that a court ordering support will fix custody and
establish parenting time and, therefore, custody was necessarily at issue is not meritorious under
the UIFSA. There is no provision in the UIFSA allowing the court ordering support to fix
custody or establish parenting time. Thus, plaintiff similarly cannot rely on the UIFSA to
support her argument that the proceeding is a custody proceeding. Additionally, even if we were
to consider plaintiff 's initial filing pursuant to the UIFSA as a "first-filed" proceeding for
purposes of the UCCJEA, the action could not go forward for want of jurisdiction. First, none of
the subsections of MCL 552.12014 is satisfied for this state to exercise personal jurisdiction over
4
MCL 552.1201 provides:
In a proceeding to establish, enforce, or modify a support order or to
determine parentage, a tribunal of this state may exercise personal jurisdiction
over a nonresident individual or the individual's guardian or conservator if any of
the following are true:
(a) The individual is personally served with citation, summons, or notice
within this state.
(continued…)
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the nonresident defendant. Second, while a Michigan court may exercise jurisdiction pursuant to
MCL 552.1223(1) of the UIFSA under limited circumstances, the Michigan court shall not
exercise jurisdiction if the sister state in which a comparable action is pending is the child's
"home state." See MCL 552.1223(2). "Home state" is defined as
the state in which a child lived with a parent or a person acting as parent for at
least 6 consecutive months immediately preceding the time of petitioning for
support or, if a child is less than 6 months old, the state in which the child lived
from birth with a parent or a person acting as parent. A period of temporary
absence of any of them is counted as part of the 6-month period or other period.
[MCL 552.1102(e).]
Emma was born on April 30, 2004, and lived in Missouri until she moved to Michigan with
plaintiff on July 30, 2004. Plaintiff filed her initial action on September 23, 2004. At the time of
filing, the child had not lived with plaintiff for at least six consecutive months in Michigan.
Because the child was less than six months old, the state in which the child lived from birth with
a parent is the home state, namely Missouri.
Plaintiff also argues that the child support complaint commenced a child custody
proceeding because it was the first pleading filed in the matter. Indeed, Michigan's version of
the UCCJEA defines "commencement" as "the filing of the first pleading in a proceeding."
MCL 722.1102(e). Plaintiff relies on an obverse interpretation of MCL 722.1206(1), which
provides that this state must not exercise its jurisdiction if, at the time of the commencement of
the proceeding, another state has commenced a child custody proceeding. By claiming that the
(…continued)
(b) The individual submits to the jurisdiction of this state by consent, by
entering a general appearance, or by filing a responsive document having the
effect of waiving a contest to personal jurisdiction.
(c) The individual resided with the child in this state.
(d) The individual resided in this state and provided prenatal expenses or
support for the child.
(e) The child resides in this state as a result of the individual's acts or
directives.
(f) The individual engaged in sexual intercourse in this state and the child
may have been conceived by that act of intercourse.
(g) The individual asserted parentage in the parentage registry maintained
in this state.
(h) There is another basis consistent with the constitutions of this state and
the United States for the exercise of personal jurisdiction.
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child support complaint commenced a child custody proceeding, and having filed the child
support complaint first, plaintiff asserts that the statute requires this state to exercise jurisdiction.
However, the commencement of a proceeding refers to a child custody petition. The title of the
UCCJEA states that the act prescribes "the powers and duties of the court in a child-custody
proceeding involving this state and a proceeding or party outside of this state . . . ." As stated
earlier, plaintiff 's initial pleadings were not custodial in nature. See MCL 722.1102(d). After
analyzing the language and requirements under MCL 722.1206(2), we conclude that the
Michigan trial court was required to dismiss its proceeding because Missouri had already
commenced a child custody proceeding at the time plaintiff filed her custody petition and, after
the sister courts conferred, neither found the Michigan forum more appropriate.
Finally, notwithstanding the trial courts' statements concerning the child's "home state,"5
MCL 722.1201(2) provides that MCL 722.1201(1) "is exclusive jurisdictional basis for making a
child-custody determination by a court of this state." MCL 722.1201(1) provides in pertinent
part:
[A] court of this state has jurisdiction to make an initial child-custody
determination only in the following situations:
(a) This state is the home state of the child on the date of the
commencement of the proceeding, or was the home state of the child within 6
months before the commencement of the proceeding and the child is absent from
this state but a parent or person acting as a parent continues to live in this state.
(b) A court of another state does not have jurisdiction under subdivision
(a), or a court of the home state of the child has declined to exercise jurisdiction
on the ground that this state is the more appropriate forum under section 207 or
208, and the court finds both of the following:
(i) The child and the child's parents, or the child and at least 1 parent or a
person acting as a parent, have a significant connection with this state other than
mere physical presence.
(ii) Substantial evidence is available in this state concerning the child's
care, protection, training, and personal relationships.
5
For purposes of the UCCJEA,
"[h]ome state" means the state in which a child lived with a parent or a person
acting as a parent for at least 6 consecutive months immediately before the
commencement of a child-custody proceeding. In the case of a child less than 6
months of age, the term means the state in which the child lived from birth with a
parent or person acting as a parent. A period of temporary absence of a parent or
person acting as a parent is included as part of the period. [MCL 722.1102(g).]
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(c) All courts having jurisdiction under subdivision (a) or (b) have
declined to exercise jurisdiction on the grounds that a court of this state is the
more appropriate forum to determine the custody of the child under section 207 or
208.
(d) No court of another state would have jurisdiction under subdivision
(a), (b), or (c).
Because plaintiff and Emma had not resided in Michigan for at least six months before the filing
of plaintiff 's initial petition, Michigan is not a "home state" as defined in MCL 722.1102(g).
MCL 722.1201(1)(a). Similarly, by definition, Missouri is the child's home state because Emma
was less than six months of age at the time plaintiff 's initial petition was filed and the child lived
from birth with a parent in Missouri. MCL 722.1102(g) and 722.1201(1)(a). Because Missouri
had jurisdiction and agreed to exercise jurisdiction, further analysis under MCL 722.1201(1)(b)
to (d) is unnecessary. Therefore, the Michigan trial court's end result in allowing the Missouri
court to proceed on the custody issue was proper.
In sum, defendant was first to commence a child custody proceeding in Missouri because
he was first to petition for custody. Therefore, the Michigan trial court was required by MCL
722.1206(2) to dismiss its proceedings.
C
Plaintiff argues that the Michigan trial court abused its discretion in electing to set aside
its March 16, 2005, order granting plaintiff sole legal custody. Plaintiff contends that defendant
had an opportunity to challenge jurisdiction before the custody order but failed to do so. This
Court reviews for an abuse of discretion a trial court's decision to grant relief from an order.
Detroit Free Press, Inc v Dep't of State Police, 233 Mich App 554, 556; 593 NW2d 200 (1999).
A court may set aside an order on a number of grounds, including mistake, inadvertence,
surprise, or excusable neglect. MCR 2.612(C)(1)(a). A party may be relieved from a final
judgment, order, or proceeding on the basis of mistake, which mistake may be by the trial court.
Altman v Nelson, 197 Mich App 467, 477; 495 NW2d 826 (1992). Here, the Michigan trial court
readily admitted that it had inadvertently reached the merits regarding jurisdiction by granting
plaintiff custody administratively. The court initially granted plaintiff sole legal custody of
Emma and adopted the referee's recommendations after defendant failed to show at the referee
hearing. However, at the hearing to show cause why the custody order should not be set aside,
the trial court stated that it had inadvertently decided the jurisdictional issue in its March 16,
2005, order and that the decision was not fair to defendant. The court also noted that defendant
had contested jurisdiction from the onset of the proceedings. The record clearly indicates that
the trial court inadvertently decided the issue of jurisdiction. Therefore, we conclude that the
court did not abuse its discretion in setting aside its order because the two state courts had not
adequately examined the issue of proper jurisdiction.
But regardless of whether the court inadvertently entered its custody order, the Michigan
trial court was required to dismiss its child custody proceeding because defendant had filed for
custody earlier in Missouri. MCL 722.1206(2). This Court has recently held that a trial court
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may, on its own initiative, correct an error arising from an oversight if the court failed to comply
with a statutory requirement. Delamielleure v Belote, 267 Mich App 337, 344; 704 NW2d 746
(2005). Because MCL 722.1206(2) required the Michigan trial court to dismiss its child custody
proceeding when it was satisfied concerning the appropriateness of the Missouri court to decide
the matter, the Michigan trial court did not err in setting aside its child custody order.
Additionally, because the trial court did not have jurisdiction to entertain the child custody
proceeding, the trial court was required to set aside the child custody order because the order was
void for lack of jurisdiction. MCR 2.612(C)(1)(d).
III. Conclusion
The trial court did not abuse its discretion when it elected not to hear oral argument
before rendering a decision on proper jurisdiction. The Michigan trial court did not err when it
determined that Michigan lacked jurisdiction to make a child custody determination because a
child custody proceeding had initially commenced in Missouri since defendant was first to file
for custody. Therefore, under the plain language of MCL 722.1206(2), the Michigan trial court
was required to dismiss its child custody proceeding because the Missouri trial court had
determined that Missouri was a more appropriate forum. Finally, in accordance with MCL
722.1206, the Michigan trial court did not abuse its discretion in setting aside its own order
because defendant was first to file a child custody proceeding in Missouri.
Affirmed.
/s/ Pat M. Donofrio
/s/ Brian K. Zahra
/s/ Kirsten Frank Kelly
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