CONNIE LOU MOORE V KIMBERLY CREGEUR
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
CONNIE LOU MOORE,
FOR PUBLICATION
May 24, 2005
9:25 a.m.
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v
No. 260846
Montcalm Circuit Court
LC No. 04-002708-NI
KIMBERLY CREGEUR and DEBRA
CREGEUR,
Defendants-Appellees.
Official Reported Version
Before: Murphy, P.J., and White and Smolenski, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Plaintiff brought an action for recovery of damages for noneconomic loss under the nofault statute, MCL 500.3135. The trial court granted defendants' motion for summary disposition
pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10). Plaintiff appeals as of right, and we reverse in part and remand.
This opinion is being decided without oral argument pursuant to MCR 7.214(E).
Plaintiff was involved in an automobile accident with defendants. She suffered a number
of injuries, including multiple rib fractures and a collapsed right lung. These injuries healed, but
plaintiff continued to suffer neck and back pain. In addition, she was subsequently diagnosed
with detached retinas in her eyes, which her treating physician concluded had resulted from the
trauma to her head caused by the accident. Plaintiff underwent surgery, with accompanying
short-term pain and movement restrictions. The surgery to repair plaintiff 's left eye was
successful, but complications developed from the surgery on her right eye and they resulted in
permanent loss of visual acuity, a deterioration in her vision to 20/60, and a partial loss of
peripheral vision.
Plaintiff filed suit asserting that her injuries constituted a serious impairment of body
function. The trial court found that plaintiff had failed to present sufficient evidence that the
injuries affected her general ability to lead her normal life, and granted summary disposition to
defendants.
This Court reviews de novo the grant or denial of summary disposition to determine if the
moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Maiden v Rozwood, 461 Mich 109, 118;
597 NW2d 817 (1999).
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A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(10) tests the factual sufficiency of the
complaint. In evaluating a motion for summary disposition brought under this
subsection, a trial court considers affidavits, pleadings, depositions, admissions,
and other evidence submitted by the parties, MCR 2.116(G)(5), in the light most
favorable to the party opposing the motion. Where the proffered evidence fails to
establish a genuine issue regarding any material fact, the moving party is entitled
to judgment as a matter of law. [Id. at 120.]
Under MCL 500.3135(1), a person is subject to tort liability for noneconomic loss caused
by his or her "use of a motor vehicle only if the injured person has suffered death, serious
impairment of body function, or permanent serious disfigurement." As used in this section,
"serious impairment of body function" is defined as "an objectively manifested impairment of an
important body function that affects the person's general ability to lead his or her normal life."
MCL 500.3135(7).
Our Supreme Court has provided a framework to use for determining whether a plaintiff
meets the serious impairment threshold. Kreiner v Fischer, 471 Mich 109, 131-134; 683 NW2d
611 (2004). First, a court is to determine whether a factual dispute exists "concerning the nature
and extent of the person's injuries; or if there is a factual dispute, that it is not material to the
determination whether the person has suffered a serious impairment of body function." Id. at
131-132. If there are material factual disputes, a court may not decide the issue as a matter of
law. If no material question of fact exists regarding the nature and extent of the plaintiff 's
injuries, whether plaintiff 's injuries constitute a serious impairment of body function is a matter
of law. MCL 500.3135(2)(a); Kreiner, supra at 132.
When a court decides that the issue is a matter of law, it must then go to the second step
in the analysis and determine whether "an 'important body function' of the plaintiff has been
impaired." Kreiner, supra at 132. When a court finds an objectively manifested impairment of
an important body function, "it then must determine if the impairment affects the plaintiff 's
general ability to lead his or her normal life." Id. This involves an examination of the plaintiff 's
life before and after the accident. The court should objectively determine whether any change in
his or her lifestyle "has actually affected the plaintiff 's 'general ability' to conduct the course of
his life." Id. at 132-133. "Merely 'any effect' on the plaintiff 's life is insufficient because a de
minimus effect would not, as objectively viewed, affect the plaintiff 's 'general ability' to lead his
life." Id. at 133. The Kreiner Court provided a nonexclusive list of objective factors that may be
used in making this determination. These factors include "(a) the nature and extent of the
impairment, (b) the type and length of treatment required, (c) the duration of the impairment, (d)
the extent of any residual impairment, and (e) the prognosis for eventual recovery." Id. at 133.
With regard to residual impairments, the Kreiner Court noted, "Self-imposed restrictions, as
opposed to physician-imposed restrictions, based on real or perceived pain do not establish this
point." Id. at 133 n 17.
In this case, objective medical evidence exists to show that plaintiff suffered multiple
injuries from the accident. The injuries affected several of plaintiff 's important body functions,
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including plaintiff 's vision.1 Hence, the only remaining question is whether those injuries
affected plaintiff 's general ability to lead her normal life, as required by MCL 500.3135(7).
Plaintiff failed to present sufficient evidence to show that her rib injuries, fractures, and
collapsed lung affected her general ability to lead her normal life as defined in Kreiner.
Therefore, these injuries do not meet the threshold requirement under MCL 500.3135(1).
However, we disagree with the trial court's assessment of plaintiff 's vision loss.
Plaintiff 's physician testified at his deposition that a sheet of gliotic tissue had formed on
the surface of the retina of plaintiff 's right eye. Gliotic tissue causes images to appear distorted
and out of focus through that eye. Plaintiff 's physician further testified that glasses could not
correct the condition and that surgical intervention risked permanent blindness. In addition,
plaintiff permanently lost some peripheral vision affecting her ability to see her feet while
looking straight ahead. During the deposition, plaintiff 's physician stated that her deteriorated
vision probably affected her general ability to lead her normal life. Specifically he stated, "You
have two conflicting images. If you've ever put something that would fog or deform the vision
in one eye, and the other eye is seeing normal [sic], your brain somehow has to fuse those
images. And for most . . . people, it's very disturbing." Although defendants correctly note that,
even with her vision loss, plaintiff can still perform virtually every activity that she performed
before the accident, it is also self-evident that plaintiff 's vision loss will affect every aspect of
her waking life to some extent. While plaintiff acknowledged at her deposition that she has
adjusted to her vision loss, she also stated that there are a lot of things that are now difficult to
do. She testified that even routine things, such as reading a book, are frustrating as a result of the
injury. When asked about the level of frustration that plaintiff experiences in her day-to-day
activities, plaintiff 's physician characterized it as "the difference of being able to walk from here
to your car unimpeded versus walking from here to your car with the use of a crutch."
Furthermore, plaintiff stated that she has trouble taking pictures, cross-stitching, and can no
longer hunt.2
Defendants suggest that, because plaintiff can still pursue all these activities, albeit with
the aid of devices such as magnifiers and special lighting, or with retraining, the injuries do not
rise to the level of affecting plaintiff 's general ability to lead her normal life. We reject this
application of the Kreiner standard. Although "minor changes in how a person performs a
specific activity may not change the fact that the person may still 'generally' be able to perform
1
We note that, although defendants conceded that there is no factual dispute concerning the
nature and extent of plaintiff 's injuries, defendants' brief suggests that plaintiff 's retinal
detachments might not have been caused by the accident. However, for the purpose of this
appeal, we must consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the party opposing the
motion. Maiden, supra at 120. Because plaintiff 's physician opined that her retinal detachments
were probably caused by the accident, for the purpose of this appeal we shall assume this to be
the case.
2
At the January 27, 2005, motion hearing, the trial court minimized the effect of plaintiff 's
vision loss on her ability to hunt, stating, "Even the deer hunting she could probably do [if] she
were to train herself to use her left eye as she has to do now when sighting in the camera."
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that activity," Kreiner, supra at 131, we do not believe that plaintiff 's inability to perform the
activities she performed before the accident without the aid of special devices and significant
retraining constitutes a "minor change" in how plaintiff performs those activities. By this
standard, plaintiff could have lost her right eye entirely and the loss still would not have affected
her general ability to lead her normal life because she could learn to perform the same activities
with just one eye. The fact that plaintiff has had to take special steps to pursue the activities she
routinely pursued in the past is clear evidence that her vision loss has affected her general ability
to lead her normal life.
Even if the effect on any one activity, such as hunting or cross-stitching, did not by itself
constitute a serious impairment of a body function, we must consider plaintiff 's whole life in
determining whether the threshold has been met. Id. at 133 n 16. Plaintiff 's vision loss will
affect every aspect of her life to some degree and will affect certain specific activities, such as
hunting, even more. Taking these effects in the aggregate, we conclude that plaintiff 's vision
loss affects her general ability to lead her normal life, and, therefore, plaintiff 's vision loss is, as
a matter of law, "a serious impairment of body function." MCL 500.3135(2)(a).
Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded. We do not retain jurisdiction.
/s/ William B. Murphy
/s/ Helene N. White
/s/ Michael R. Smolenski
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