SHERYL L PIERCE V CITY OF LANSING
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
SHERYL L. PIERCE and HERMAN M. PIERCE,
Plaintiffs-Appellees,
V
FOR PUBLICATION
February 10, 2005
9:00 a.m.
No. 250124
Ingham Circuit Court
LC No. 02-000855-NO
CITY OF LANSING,
Defendant-Appellant,
and
Official Reported Version
OTIS ELEVATOR COMPANY,
Defendant.
Before: Markey, P.J., and Murphy and O'Connell, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Defendant city of Lansing1 appeals by right the trial court's order denying its motion for
summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7) and (10). We affirm.
Plaintiffs commenced this action, alleging that plaintiff Sheryl Pierce was injured when
she fell while entering an elevator at a city-owned parking structure. Plaintiff2 alleged that she
fell when she failed to notice that the floor of the elevator was not even with the floor on which
she was standing. According to a witness, the floor levels were uneven because the elevator was
bouncing up and down when the doors opened.
1
Plaintiffs also named Otis Elevator Company as a defendant. Because Otis Elevator Company
is not a party to this appeal, as used in this opinion, the term "defendant" refers to the city of
Lansing only.
2
Plaintiff Herman Pierce alleged a derivative claim for loss of consortium. The singular term
"plaintiff" is used in this opinion to refer to plaintiff Sheryl Pierce only.
-1-
Defendant moved for summary disposition on the basis of governmental immunity and
claimed that the parking structure where plaintiff fell was not a public building for purposes of
the public building exception to governmental immunity, MCL 691.1406. The trial court denied
the motion and additionally rejected defendant's alternative argument that it could not be liable
for plaintiff 's injuries because the allegedly dangerous condition of the elevator was open and
obvious.
Defendant first argues that the trial court erred in finding that the parking structure where
plaintiff was injured qualifies as a public building.
Governmental immunity is a question of law that is reviewed de novo. Mack v Detroit,
467 Mich 186, 193; 649 NW2d 47 (2002). Also, a trial court's decision on a motion for
summary disposition is reviewed de novo. Maiden v Rozwood, 461 Mich 109, 118; 597 NW2d
817 (1999). When reviewing a motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7), all
well-pleaded allegations must be accepted as true and construed in favor of the nonmoving party,
unless contradicted by any affidavits, depositions, admissions, or other documentary evidence
submitted by the parties. Id. at 119. If no facts are in dispute, or if reasonable minds could not
differ regarding the legal effect of the facts, the question whether the claim is barred by
governmental immunity is an issue of law. Id. at 120-122.
The public building exception to governmental immunity, MCL 691.1406, provides:
Governmental agencies have the obligation to repair and maintain public
buildings under their control when open for use by members of the public.
Governmental agencies are liable for bodily injury and property damage
resulting from a dangerous or defective condition of a public building if the
governmental agency had actual or constructive knowledge of the defect and, for
a reasonable time after acquiring knowledge, failed to remedy the condition or to
take action reasonably necessary to protect the public against the condition.
Knowledge of the dangerous and defective condition of the public building and
time to repair the same shall be conclusively presumed when such defect existed
so as to be readily apparent to an ordinary observant person for a period of 90
days or longer before the injury took place. . . . [Emphasis added.]
A plaintiff seeking to invoke the public building exception must prove:
"(1) a governmental agency is involved, (2) the public building in question
is open for use by members of the public, (3) a dangerous or defective condition
of the public building itself exists, (4) the governmental agency had actual or
constructive knowledge of the alleged defect, and (5) the governmental agency
failed to remedy the alleged defective condition after a reasonable period of time
or failed to take action reasonably necessary to protect the public against the
condition after a reasonable period." [Fane v Detroit Library Comm, 465 Mich
68, 75; 631 NW2d 678 (2001), quoting Kerbersky v Northern Michigan Univ, 458
Mich 525, 529; 582 NW2d 828 (1998).]
-2-
Our Supreme Court has held that in order to be covered by the public building exception "the
injury must be occasioned by the dangerous or defective physical condition of the building itself.
As long as the danger of injury is presented by a physical condition of the building, it little
matters that the condition arose because of improper design, faulty construction, or absence of
safety devices." Reardon v Dep't of Mental Health, 430 Mich 398, 410; 424 NW2d 248 (1988).
Because MCL 691.1406 does not define the term "building," appellate courts will "give it
its plain and ordinary meaning, and consult dictionary definitions." Ali v Detroit, 218 Mich App
581, 584; 554 NW2d 384 (1996). As this Court observed in Ali, supra at 584-585:
"Building" is defined as a "relatively permanent, essentially boxlike
construction having a roof and used for any of a wide variety of activities, as
living, entertaining, or manufacturing," The Random House College Dictionary:
Revised Edition (1984), and a "structure designed for habitation, shelter, storage,
trade, manufacturing, religion, business, education and the like. A structure or
edifice enclosing a space within its walls, and usually, but not necessarily[,]
covered with a roof." Black's Law Dictionary (5th ed).
In Ali, the Court concluded that, in light of the ordinary and commonly accepted meaning of the
word "building," a bus passenger shelter that was described as "a walled structure made of
plexiglas and steel and was designed to protect people from inclement weather" was a building
within the meaning of the statute. Id. at 585.
Conversely, in Freedman v Oak Park, 170 Mich App 349, 353; 427 NW2d 557 (1988),
this Court held that, although a covered park bench was a man-made structure open to the public,
it was not a public building. The Court in Freedman reasoned that because the purpose of the
covered park bench was merely to "provide[] a place to sit or a place to seek refuge from
inclement weather," it was not a public building. Id. In reaching this conclusion, the Court
relied on Bush v Oscoda Area Schools, 405 Mich 716; 275 NW2d 268 (1979). In that case,
however, our Supreme Court stated that "whether a part of a building . . . is dangerous or
defective is to be determined in light of the 'uses or activities' for which it is 'specifically
assigned.'" Id. at 731. The Court held that it was for the trier of fact to determine whether a
classroom, in light of its use as a science laboratory, was defective because of a lack of
appropriate safety features. Id. at 731-732. Thus, while the purpose of a building may be
relevant to the determination whether part of a building is dangerous or defective, we do not
believe it is dispositive of whether the structure itself is part of a building.
As in Ali, the present case involves a relatively permanent, essentially box-like structure
made of concrete. The parking structure has a roof and is enclosed on all sides by half-walls.
The structure is owned by defendant and is open to the public for off-street vehicular parking. It
has an old section with five levels plus roof parking and a newer section with six levels plus roof
parking. Pedestrians have access to the various levels of the structure by means of fully enclosed
elevators and stairwells. The structure has running water and electricity, houses some city
offices that are heated and air conditioned, and where approximately thirty to forty people work.
We conclude that the trial court properly found that the parking structure in this case is a "public
building" within the meaning of MCL 691.1406.
-3-
Defendant notes that cases have uniformly held that ordinary street-level parking lots are
not public buildings and argues that the structure at issue here is nothing more than a series of
parking lots stacked on top of one another. Yet, the cases defendant cites hold that parking lots
are not part of a public building. See Puroll v Madison Hts, 187 Mich App 672, 673-674; 468
NW2d 52 (1991); Merritt v Dep't of Social Services, 184 Mich App 522, 523-524; 459 NW2d 10
(1990); Abrams v Schoolcraft Community College, 178 Mich App 668, 669-671; 444 NW2d 533
(1989). Plaintiff here was not injured in a parking lot, but in an allegedly defective elevator that
is part of a public parking structure. None of the cases defendant cites involves a structure, as
here, that itself is a public building.
We also agree with plaintiff that in accordance with Reardon, the elevator where she fell
qualifies as a fixture, and that her injury therefore was "occasioned by the physical condition of
the building itself." Reardon, supra at 413. A "fixture" is defined as an item that has "a possible
existence apart from the realty, but which may, by annexation, be assimilated into realty." Fane,
supra at 78 (citation omitted). "An item is a fixture if (1) it is annexed to realty, (2) its
adaptation or application to the realty is appropriate, and (3) it was intended as a permanent
accession to the realty." Id. (holding that a raised stone terrace between the sidewalk and the
building entrance was part of a public building, but a portable ramp was not); see, also, Velmer v
Baraga Area Schools, 430 Mich 385, 393-396; 424 NW2d 770 (1988) (holding that a one-ton
milling machine is a fixture of a public building).
In the present case, it is undisputed that the elevator is located within the four half-walls
of the parking structure. The elevator is bolted to the structure. Photographs show that the
elevator shaft is constructed into the building. Thus, the elevator is physically attached to and
annexed to the realty; it is not intended to be removed. Therefore, the elevator is clearly a
fixture, and its allegedly defective condition is considered to be a condition "of a public
building" within the meaning of the statute.
Defendant argues that even if the parking structure is a public building and the elevator is
a fixture, there is no liability under the statute because the elevator malfunction was a transitory
condition. Our Supreme Court has held that transitory maintenance issues, such as the
accumulation of a slippery substance on the floor, are not considered to be a defect in the
physical condition of a public building. Wade v Dep't of Corrections, 439 Mich 158, 160-161;
483 NW2d 26 (1992). The present case, however, does not involve a spill or a similar
maintenance-related danger. Rather, it involves an alleged mechanical defect to a physical
structure. Additionally, plaintiff presented evidence of longstanding mechanical problems with
the particular elevator of which defendant was aware. This evidence would support a finding
that the alleged elevator malfunction was not a transitory condition falling outside the scope of
the public building exception.
Defendant alternatively argues that even if the parking structure is a public building, it is
entitled to summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10) because the conditions that caused
plaintiff 's injury were open and obvious; therefore, there can be no finding of liability. We
disagree. When reviewing a motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10), a court
must examine the documentary evidence presented below and, drawing all reasonable inferences
in favor of the nonmoving party, determine whether a genuine issue of material fact exists.
Quinto v Cross & Peters Co, 451 Mich 358, 362; 547 NW2d 314 (1996).
-4-
As a preliminary matter, we note that while MCR 7.202(6)(v)3 provides that "[a]n order
denying governmental immunity to a governmental party, including a governmental agency,
official, or employee" is appealable by right, MCR 7.203(A)(1) provides that "[a]n appeal from
an order described in MCR 7.202(7)(a)(iii)-(v) is limited to the portion of the order with respect
to which there is an appeal of right." (Emphasis added.) Where the language of a court rule is
clear and unambiguous, it must be enforced as written. In re KH, 469 Mich 621, 628; 677 NW2d
800 (2004). We therefore conclude that in an appeal by right from an order denying a
defendant's claim of governmental immunity, such as this one, this Court does not have the
authority to consider issues beyond the portion of the trial court's order denying the defendant's
claim of governmental immunity. To conclude otherwise would render part of the court rule
nugatory.4 Nevertheless, in the interest of judicial economy, we will consider the open and
obvious issue as on leave granted.
In Jones v Enertel, Inc, 467 Mich 266, 267; 650 NW2d 334 (2002), our Supreme Court
held that "the open and obvious doctrine of common-law premises liability is inapplicable to a
claim that a municipality violated its statutory duty to maintain a sidewalk on a public highway
in reasonable repair." See also Haas v Ionia, 214 Mich App 361; 543 NW2d 21 (1995). The
Court noted that the common-law duty of care imposed on ordinary invitors, to protect invitees
from unreasonable risks of harm caused by dangerous conditions on the land, does not generally
include "open and obvious conditions because, absent special aspects, such conditions are not
unreasonably dangerous precisely because they are open and obvious." Jones, supra at 269. But
the same reasoning "cannot be applied to the statutory duty of a municipality to maintain
sidewalks on public highways because [MCL 691.1402(1)] requires the sidewalks to be kept in
'reasonable repair.'" Jones, supra at 269.
3
This subsection was formerly (7) but effective May 1, 2004 was renumbered (6). See 469 Mich
clxxxi. MCR 7.203(A)(1) still refers to this subsection as MCR 7.202(7).
4
In Newton v Michigan State Police, 263 Mich App 251, 256-259; 688 NW2d 94 (2004), a panel
of this Court held that, where the trial court denies a governmental defendant's motion for
summary disposition on grounds other than governmental immunity, this Court does not have the
authority to decide the defendant's appeal by right even though the issue of governmental
immunity was raised below and on appeal. The present case is distinguishable, however,
because the trial court reached both the issue of governmental immunity and the open and
obvious doctrine. Two other panels have disagreed with Newton, but this Court has declined to
convene a special conflict panel to resolve the issue. See Costa v Community Emergency
Medical Services Inc, 263 Mich App 572, 581-585; 689 NW2d 712 (2004) (holding that other
issues can be considered if raised on cross-appeal), lv pending; see also Walsh v Taylor, 263
Mich App 618, 621-626; 689 NW2d 506 (2004), request for special panel denied 263 Mich App
801 (2004) (considering other issues as if on leave granted). In McDowell v Detroit, 264 Mich
App 337, 343-345; 690 NW2d 513 (2004), lv pending, this Court agreed with Walsh that issues
reviewable on cross-appeal are not similarly limited by the court rule, but assumed, in obiter
dictum, that, in order for this Court to consider issues other than the question of governmental
immunity raised on direct appeal, the defendant would also have to file an application for leave
to appeal.
-5-
The Court in Jones noted that MCL 691.1403, which requires knowledge and a
reasonable time to repair but establishes a conclusive presumption of knowledge if a readily
observable defect has existed for thirty days or longer, contemplates that, in appropriate
circumstances, a city may be held liable for defects in a highway that are "readily apparent to an
ordinarily observant person," in other words, are open and obvious. Id. at 270. The Court found
that this statute reflected a judgment "that the Legislature did not intend to allow a municipality
to invoke the open and obvious doctrine in this context." Id. This "reinforce[d] the conclusion
that the open and obvious doctrine is inapplicable to a claim that a municipality has violated its
duty to maintain a highway (including a sidewalk on a highway)." Id. Last, the Jones Court
noted that the specific statutory duty imposed upon municipalities, that is, to keep highways and
attendant sidewalks in reasonable repair, prevails over the more general statute, MCL 691.1412,
which makes available to municipalities all defenses that are available to private parties. Id. at
270-271.
Similarly to MCL 691.1402(1), which was at issue in Jones, MCL 691.1406 imposes on
governmental agencies the "obligation to repair and maintain public buildings under their control
. . . ." Additionally, as in Jones, although the statute requires knowledge and a reasonable time
to repair, it establishes a conclusive presumption of knowledge if the defect has existed for
ninety days or longer before the injury. Nothing in the statute absolves an agency of the duty to
repair open and obvious defects in the physical condition of a public building. Applying Jones
by analogy, we conclude that the open and obvious doctrine does not apply to claims brought
under the public building exception to governmental immunity. Accordingly, we need not
address plaintiff 's argument that the defects alleged in this case present "special aspects" or
circumstances making the elevator unreasonably dangerous despite the open and obvious nature
of the condition.
We affirm.
/s/ Jane E. Markey
/s/ William B. Murphy
/s/ Peter D. O'Connell
-6-
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