INDIANA INSURANCE CO V AUTO-OWNERS INSUR CO
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
INDIANA INSURANCE COMPANY,
FOR PUBLICATION
February 19, 2004
9:10 a.m.
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v
o. 241171
N
Kalamazoo Circuit Court
LC No. 01-000353-CK
AUTO-OWNERS INSURANCE COMPANY,
Defendant-Appellant.
Updated Copy
May 7, 2004
Before: Griffin, P.J., and Neff and Murray, JJ.
MURRAY, J.
In this declaratory judgment action, defendant Auto-Owners Insurance Company appeals
as of right from the circuit court's order granting plaintiff Indiana Insurance Company's motion
for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10). We affirm.
The main issue in this appeal is whether Auto-Owners is contractually responsible for
half of the settlement and legal costs paid on behalf of plaintiff and defendant's insured for
injuries sustained by two students kidnapped while being discharged from the insured's school
bus.1 We conclude that Auto-Owners, the insured's automobile liability carrier, is responsible
for these costs.
I. Material Facts And Proceedings
The facts from the underlying suit that are material to this case are undisputed. They are
also tragic. Two elementary school-aged girls, ages nine and six, respectively, attended school
in a Michigan school district. The school district had two bus routes for its students, one for the
gray bus and the other for the red bus. The girls were assigned to the gray bus route.
1
We note that there is no dispute that all the insured's costs resulting from the underlying
litigation will be covered by these insurance carriers. The parties stipulated in the final judgment
that if the trial court's ruling was upheld on appeal, Auto-Owners would reimburse Indiana for
half the costs (plus taxable costs and interest).
-1-
On March 21, 1997, three male adults, named Ron, Lee, and Ricky, who several weeks
earlier decided to abduct the girls, drove to the school district's bus garage where one of them
gave a note to Lewis, who was the director of transportation for the school district and the driver
of the gray bus on that day. The note requested that the girls be transferred to the red bus so that
they could be dropped off at their babysitter's house.2 Without any contact with the school
office, Lewis took the girls to the red bus and instructed Earl, the red bus driver, to drop the girls
off with a babysitter at the location stated in the note. However, when the girls refused to get out
of the bus at that location because it was not their normal bus stop, Earl decided to return with
the girls to the bus garage. After the girls were not dropped off as requested in the note, one of
the kidnappers called the bus garage and, falsely claiming to be the girls' parent, wanted to know
why the girls had not been dropped off as requested in the note, and asked that the girls be
dropped off at the next bus stop, a trailer park. This oral request for a second drop off location
was conveyed by the school transportation department to Earl.3 The three men met the bus at the
trailer park. According to Earl, the first man (whom she did not know) stepped onto the first step
of the bus, while the second man (whom she recognized but did not know) came onto the second
step of the bus. After the two men were let on the bus by Earl, the girls (now crying)4 were
taken by their arms by Ron and escorted off the bus.5 As one of the girls more directly
characterized the situation while testifying at the criminal trial of Lee, Ron "dragged me and my
sister off the bus." Several days after the abduction, the three men were apprehended in Florida
with the girls.
As a result of the events described above, the three men were convicted of multiple
felonies in the United States District Court for the Western District of Michigan. Ricky pleaded
guilty to one count of conspiracy to kidnap and two counts of kidnapping, while Ron pleaded
guilty to conspiracy to kidnap, two counts of kidnapping, two counts of transporting by motor
vehicle a minor in interstate commerce with the intent that such individual engage in criminal
sexual activity, and two counts of crossing a state line with intent to engage in a sexual act with a
2
According to Lewis's deposition testimony, the school district policy was that all requests for
students to change buses were to be in writing, signed by a parent, and submitted to the
principal's office. The note in this case was submitted directly to Lewis, who took it at "face
value." The only discrepancy in the note was that there were two n's rather than one in the
purported signature of the girls' father.
3
There was never any signed note requesting that the girls be dropped off at the trailer park.
4
Indiana asserts that the girls informed Earl that the man (Ron) taking them off the bus was a
"pervert." Earl's testimony is not as clear as Indiana suggests, as Earl answered affirmatively to
a compound question:
Q: Okay. Apparently the girls objected and they were crying and they
said he is a pervert, he is a pervert.
A. Yes.
5
According to Earl, the girls objected to leaving the bus with the first man who appeared on the
bus, but not with the second man, who Earl recognized as a frequent babysitter for other children
on her bus route.
-2-
person under the age of twelve years. Lee was convicted by a jury of conspiracy to kidnap and
two counts of kidnapping.
A civil action was filed in state court by the conservator of the girls' estates. In that suit it
was alleged that Earl, Lewis, and other employees of the school district were grossly negligent in
that they acted with willful and wanton disregard for the safety of the girls in the "operation" of a
motor vehicle. Specifically, it was alleged that Earl drove the children to an ultimate destination
that was not assigned or approved by the board of education and the administrative office, and
allowed the kidnappers to enter the bus and remove the girls into their custody. Indiana provided
a defense in the underlying action and settled the claims.
Thereafter, Indiana, which had issued a general commercial policy to the school district,6
filed the instant complaint for declaratory judgment. Indiana asserted that, pursuant to AutoOwners policy of no-fault automobile insurance,7 Auto-Owners promised to defend and
6
The policy issued to the school district by Indiana includes the following pertinent language:
1. Insuring Agreement
a. We will pay those sums that the insured becomes legally obligated to
pay as damages because of "bodily injury" or "property damage" to which this
insurance applies. We will have the right and duty to defend the insured against
any "suit" seeking those damages. However, we will have no duty to defend the
insured against any "suit" seeking damages for "bodily injury" or "property
damage" to which this insurance does not apply. . . .
2. Exclusions
This insurance does not apply to:
* * *
g. Aircraft, Auto or Watercraft
"Bodily injury" or "property damage" arising out of the ownership,
maintenance, use or entrustment to others of any aircraft, "auto" or watercraft
owned or operated by or rented or loaned to any insured. Use includes operation
and "loading or unloading."
7
The policy issued to the school district by Auto-Owners includes the following language:
1. Coverage
a. Liability Coverage—Bodily Injury and Property Damage
We will pay damages for bodily injury and property damage for which you
become legally responsible because of or arising out of the ownership,
(continued…)
-3-
indemnify the school district in regard to claims for bodily injury arising out of the ownership,
maintenance, or use, including the loading and unloading, of its school buses. Indiana alleged
that the allegations in the amended complaint in the underlying action fell within the coverage
provided to the school district by Auto-Owners. Indiana further asserted that the general
commercial liability policy that it issued to the school district specifically excluded liability for
bodily injury arising out of the ownership, maintenance, use, or entrustment to others of any
automobile.
Auto-Owners moved for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(7) and (C)(10),
arguing that Indiana's basis for its declaratory action contradicted the prior opinion and order
entered in the underlying case. Auto-Owners argued that the circuit court had already held that
the provisions of the no-fault act were not applicable because there was no motor vehicle
accident, and that this ruling was a prior judgment entitling it to summary disposition pursuant to
MCR 2.116(C)(7).
Auto-Owners subsequently filed a supplemental motion for summary disposition. In that
supplemental motion, Auto-Owners argued that despite Indiana's characterization of the
allegations, it was clear that the direct causes of the injuries to the girls were the felonious
kidnapping and the subsequent assault by the kidnappers. Citing Thornton v Allstate Ins Co, 425
Mich 643; 391 NW2d 320 (1986); Wakefield Leasing Corp v Transamerica Ins Co, 213 Mich
App 123; 539 NW2d 542 (1995); and Kangas v Aetna Casualty & Surety Co, 64 Mich App 1;
235 NW2d 42 (1975), Auto-Owners asserted that injuries from criminal acts are not covered by
(…continued)
maintenance or use of your automobile as an automobile . . . . [Emphasis in
original.]
The policy also contained a "School or Church Bus Use" endorsement, which includes
the following language:
1. DEFINITIONS
The following definitions apply in additional [sic] to those contained in
SECTION 1—DEFINITIONS of the policy.
a. School bus means use of your automobile to transport school students
and teachers:
(1) to and from school; and
(2) to and from school sponsored games and activities;
including incidental transportation of school officials, board members,
doctors, nurses, parents or guardians of school students and guests in connection
with school activities.
* * *
School and church bus use include any operations necessary and
incidental to such use and the care and maintenance of your automobile.
[Emphasis added.]
-4-
no-fault insurance because they do not meet the requirement of being "foreseeably identifiable
with the normal use, maintenance and ownership of the vehicle."
Indiana filed a response to these motions and also moved for summary disposition
pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10). Indiana argued that the Auto-Owners policy provided coverage
that was broader than that required by the no-fault act and clearly encompassed the claims made
in the underlying action. Indiana further argued that the policy provided coverage for bodily
injury that arose out of the "use" of the school bus, which was defined to include transportation
of students to and from school and any operations necessary and incidental to such use. Indiana
argued that "[c]learly the injuries alleged arose out of the transportation of the . . . girls and the
operations which were necessary and incidental to such use," relying in large part on Pacific
Employers Ins Co v Michigan Mut Ins Co, 452 Mich 218; 549 NW2d 872 (1996).
On March 4, 2002, a hearing was held on the parties' motions for summary disposition.
Counsel for Auto-Owners stated that he thought the issue really came down to whether this type
of criminal act was "foreseeably identifiable" with the normal use of a motor vehicle, arguing
that the kidnapping could have easily happened on or off school grounds. The trial court held:
This is a close call, and I acknowledge that—And I believe that I'm right.
There are no material facts at issue. Everybody agrees on, essentially, what
happened—at least with regard to the purposes of this motion.
I believe after having studied these cases—And I have studied them and
revisited them—that Pacific Insurance is—is the case that is most persuasive
because it is a school bus case. It speaks directly to disembarking children at a
predetermined and approved location, and it's the—it is the most recent
pronouncement. In other words, Wakefield, Thornton, and Kangus (phonetic)
were all decided before Pacific Insurance was decided. And I think the Supreme
Court in Pacific Insurance took great pains to emphasize that incidental use of
a—of a school bus includes the discharging of students at a proper location.
Quite frankly, this is a case where there are several alleged acts of
negligence or intentional torts. The Court could conceive of a theory where the
school district would be liable—if only on a case of employee behavior or
misbehavior or employee negligence; where the bus drivers are liable because of
their own acts of negligence; where [Ron, Lee, and Ricky] are liable because of
their criminal acts; and that there were several causes of the injuries complained
of. In other words, Indiana might be liable generally because of school district
shortcomings where Auto Owners could be liable because of the operation of the
bus.
I think when—under the facts presented here where the school bus drivers
engaged in behavior that, by its very nature, had to raise flags. This isn't a case of
a school bus, you know, stopping at a—at a red light and someone just happen to
bust in on the bus. Here the school bus was used as a—as a vehicle—unwittingly,
of course, to further the acts—the criminal acts—of [Ron, Lee, and Ricky].
-5-
And there was this driving around on separate buses and, you know,
stopping and letting the—you know, letting the people on—letting [Ron] and so
forth on. That is not an inci—I mean that's—that's—that's not mere incidental.
That's not merely contributing to the cause of the injuries. It is, in fact, producing
the injury. And, accordingly, I think that the only appropriate way to go is for
summary disposition to be granted in favor of Indiana and denied as—as to Auto
Owners. And, accordingly, an order to that effect may enter.
The trial court also concluded that it was satisfied that there was no res judicata preclusion
because the same parties and their privies were not involved in both actions. Judgment was
entered in favor of Indiana and against Auto-Owners.
II. Analysis
In Old Kent Bank v Kal Kustom Enterprises, 255 Mich App 524, 528-529; 660 NW2d
384 (2003), we recently set forth the standard for reviewing the propriety of a decision made
pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10):
A trial court's decision regarding a motion for summary disposition is
reviewed de novo. Singerman v Muni Service Bureau, Inc, 455 Mich 135, 139;
565 NW2d 383 (1997). Summary disposition may be granted pursuant to MCR
2.116(C)(10) when, except with regard to the amount of damages, there is no
genuine issue about any material fact. When deciding a motion for summary
disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10), a court must consider all pleadings,
affidavits, depositions, and other documentary evidence in the light most
favorable to the nonmoving party. Ritchie-Gamester v Berkley, 461 Mich 73, 76;
597 NW2d 517 (1999). The nonmoving party has the burden of rebutting the
motion by showing, through evidentiary materials, that a genuine issue of
disputed fact does exist. Smith v Globe Life Ins Co, 460 Mich 446, 455; 597
NW2d 28 (1999).
The dispositive issue in this appeal is whether a no-fault insurer or a general liability carrier is
responsible for insuring injuries resulting from a criminal act that happens to involve a school
bus. The trial court held that Pacific Employers was the most analogous Supreme Court
precedent because it involved injuries suffered by a student after alighting from a school bus.
We agree with the trial court that this a close case because of the difficulty in determining which
of two competing legal theories controls and, also like the trial court, we conclude that Pacific
Employers controls this case.8
8
Auto-Owners incorrectly argues that the trial court's denial of the school district's motion for
summary disposition in the underlying case had a res judicata effect in the instant case. "To be
accorded the conclusive effect of res judicata, 'the judgment must ordinarily be a firm and stable
one, the "last word" of the rendering court. . . .'" Kosiel v Arrow Liquors Corp, 446 Mich 374,
381; 521 NW2d 531 (1994) (citation omitted). See also Ditmore v Michalik, 244 Mich App 569,
(continued…)
-6-
In Pacific Employers, a five-year old kindergarten student was dropped off at the wrong
bus stop after her first day of school. This occurred despite a list being provided to the driver
indicating the drop-off locations for all students and a tag worn by the student indicating her
proper drop-off point. Additionally, if there was a discrepancy between the tag and the list, the
driver was to call the school. Pacific Employers, supra at 221. After alighting from the bus and
walking approximately half a mile, the student was struck by an oncoming car. Id.
The school district had three insurers: Michigan Mutual, the general liability carrier;
State Farm, the automobile liability carrier; and Pacific Employers, the umbrella carrier. Id. at
221-222. Pacific Employers filed an action seeking a declaratory judgment that the general
liability carrier (Michigan Mutual), as opposed to the automobile insurer (State Farm), was the
primary insurer. Id. at 222. The circuit court so ruled, holding the general carrier liable for the
costs incurred in settling the underlying suit. Id. at 223. This Court affirmed, holding that the
"use" of the school bus encompassed '"only those injuries arising from the carrying of persons
aboard the bus.'" Id., quoting 204 Mich App 265, 269; 514 NW2d 239 (1994). Since the
student's injuries occurred well after she alighted from the school bus, we concluded the auto
insurer was not liable under the policy. Id.
The Supreme Court reversed. In doing so, the Court focused on whether the student's
injury "arose from" the "use" of the school bus, id. at 224,9 noting that the tort standard of
causation was not applicable in insurance cases because insureds must show more than the
minimal "but for" causation. Id. at 224-225, citing Thornton, supra at 650, and Kangas, supra at
17. The Supreme Court then concluded that this Court's narrow definition of "use" ignored "a
major aspect of the particular 'use' to which a school bus is put":
A school bus driver is charged both with physically carrying passengers
on the bus and with assuring that each child is delivered to a predetermined bus
stop. When this driver failed to disembark the child at the correct location, she
"misused" the bus. The injuries that followed were foreseeably identifiable with
the negligent decision to disembark the child at the wrong bus stop.
(…continued)
576; 625 NW2d 462 (2001). Because the denial of a motion for summary disposition was, at the
time the motion was decided, interlocutory in nature, res judicata does not apply. Goodrich v
Moore, 8 Mich App 725, 727-728; 155 NW2d 247 (1967). But see MCR 7.202(7)(a)(v)
(defining a final order as an order denying a motion for summary disposition asserting
governmental immunity). Additionally, the insurance coverage issues raised in this case could
not have been raised in the underlying case because the evidence necessary to resolve this case—
in particular the insurance contracts—were not relevant to any issue in the underlying case.
Ditmore, supra at 577.
9
These words were relevant because Michigan Mutual's policy had an exclusion for bodily
injury "arising out of the ownership, maintenance, operation, use, loading or unloading of any . .
. automobile . . . ." Id. at 221. State Farm's policy provided coverage for bodily injury caused by
an accident "arising out of the ownership, maintenance or use, including loading or unloading
of" a school bus. Id. at 222.
-7-
The Court of Appeals failed to recognize the scope of the term "use" when
it held that school bus use under the State Farm policy was limited to the carrying
of persons in connection with school attendance. "Use" is defined more broadly
than the mere carrying of persons and, while it encompasses the "operation" of
the bus, it may also include a range of activity unrelated to actual driving. [Id. at
226 (emphasis in original).]
Importantly, the Court noted that not "all negligent acts of a school bus driver necessarily
involve the 'use' of a school bus" as some circumstance will exist when the driver's negligence
"is so disconnected with the use of the school bus that the injuries suffered could not properly be
said to be within the language" of the automobile insurance policy. Id. at 228 n 12.
Auto Owners, citing Morosini v Citizens Ins Co of America (After Remand), 461 Mich
303; 602 NW2d 828 (1999), argues that the criminal acts that led to the girls' kidnapping and
assault are what caused their injuries, and those criminal acts were not foreseeably identifiable
injuries resulting from the negligent use of the school bus. We disagree.
In Morosini, the Supreme Court addressed whether an automobile insurer is liable to pay
first-party no-fault benefits for the insured's injury, which resulted from an assault by a driver of
another vehicle that had collided with the insured's vehicle. Morosini, supra at 305-306. The
pertinent statutory language provided that an insurer is liable to pay benefits for injuries "arising
out of the ownership, operation, maintenance or use of a motor vehicle as a motor vehicle . . . ."
MCL 500.3105(1) (emphasis added). After reviewing cases applying that statutory language in
the context of assaults,10 the Court set forth four main principles derived from the cases:
• Coverage is not mandated by the fact that the injury occurred within a
moving vehicle, or by the fact that the driver believed that the passenger
entered the vehicle for the purpose of being transported. Thornton.
• The focus is on the relationship between the injury and the use of a motor
vehicle as a motor vehicle, not on the intent of the assailant. Marzonie.
• Incidental involvement of a motor vehicle does not give rise to coverage
under the language enacted by the Legislature, even if assaultive behavior
occurred at more than one location, and the vehicle was used to transport
the victim from one place to the other. Bourne.
• The statute authorizes coverage in the event of an assault only if it is
"closely related to the transportational function of motor vehicles."
McKenzie. [Id. at 310.]
10
Some of the cases discussed were Thornton, supra, Marzonie v ACIA, 441 Mich 522; 495
NW2d 788 (1992), McKenzie v ACIA, 458 Mich 214; 580 NW2d 424 (1998), and Bourne v
Farmers Ins Exchange, 449 Mich 193; 534 NW2d 491 (1995).
-8-
On the basis of these principles, the Court held that the assault upon the insured, which occurred
after the vehicles had collided, "was not 'closely related to the transportational function of motor
vehicles.'" Id. at 311, quoting McKenzie, supra at 226. See also Bourne, supra at 198
("Plaintiff 's injuries arose out of the blows inflicted on him by a carjacker. Hence, plaintiff
suffered a personal physical attack. Generally, such an attack is not compensable."); Wakefield,
supra at 127 (injuries resulting to a taxicab driver from an assault by a passenger were not
compensable because injuries arose from allegedly negligent business decision, not the vehicle
itself); Century Mut Ins Co v League Gen Ins Co, 213 Mich App 114, 121-122; 541 NW2d 272
(1995) (the plaintiff, who was bitten by a dog upon reaching into an automobile, was not entitled
to benefits because the injury was not caused by a motor vehicle, and the vehicle was merely
situs for injury); Detroit Automobile Inter-Insurance Exchange v Higginbotham, 95 Mich App
213, 222; 290 NW2d 414 (1980) ("An assault by an armed assailant upon the driver of a car is
not the type of conduct that is foreseeably identifiable with the normal use of a motor vehicle.")
(emphasis deleted).
The upshot of these no-fault cases is that "[m]ost courts find that injuries caused by
assaults with dangerous weapons are not sufficiently related to the use of a motor vehicle for nofault benefits." Thornton, supra at 653. However, it is clear that the statutory "as a motor
vehicle" language is significantly different than the language in the insurance contracts at issue
here. See, e.g., id. at 656-657. Since this case involves application of contractual language that
is not similar to the no-fault language at issue in such cases as Bourne, Wakefield, and Century
Mut, supra, those cases provide no useful guidance for resolving the present controversy.
Instead, Pacific Employers, which dealt with very similar "use" language regarding school buses
in an automobile insurance policy, controls. See Pacific Employers, supra at 229 (Court noted
that ordinarily an automobile insurer would not be liable for injuries similar to those suffered by
the student after being dropped off at the wrong bus stop).
The fact that this case involves an insurance policy for the use of school buses, as
opposed to a case involving a no-fault policy or the no-fault statute with respect to a motor
vehicle, is a critical distinction. Not only was this point made clear in Pacific Employers, but it
was likewise dispositive in Thornton, supra. In that case, a taxicab driver was called by a
purported customer for a ride. After picking up the passenger, the taxicab driver was shot and
robbed. After prevailing against Allstate in the trial court and in this Court, the plaintiff victim
argued to the Supreme Court that coverage existed under the no-fault act because the assailant
used the taxicab business to gain access to the plaintiff. The Supreme Court disagreed, noting
that the focus under the no-fault law was on the use of the motor vehicle as a motor vehicle, and
not as a taxicab:
Plaintiff 's argument errs because it equates the "use of a motor vehicle as
a motor vehicle" with the use of a motor vehicle as a taxi. MCL 500.3105(1);
MSA 24.13105(1), requires that the injury arise out of the use of the motor
vehicle as a motor vehicle. In this case, the inherent nature of the use of a motor
vehicle did not cause Mr. Thornton's injuries. Mr. Thornton was injured by a
robber's gunfire. While the injuries were perhaps "foreseeably identifiable" with
the occupational or commercial use of a motor vehicle as a taxicab, the relation of
the gunshot wound to the functional use of a motor vehicle as a motor vehicle was
at most merely "but for," incidental, and fortuitous. The mere foreseeability of an
-9-
injury as an incident to a given use of a motor vehicle is not enough to provide
no-fault coverage where the injury itself does not result from the use of the motor
vehicle as a motor vehicle. [Thornton, supra at 661 (emphasis added in part).]
Hence, under no-fault cases such as Thornton, Wakefield, and Morosini, the focus is not on the
particular use of the motor vehicle, i.e., as a taxicab in Thornton. However, under Pacific
Employers, which focused on the specific language of the insurance policy, the courts are
required to focus on the particular use of a school bus, i.e., to transport children to and from
school while ensuring "that the child reaches the predetermined bus stop under the supervision of
the school bus driver." Pacific Employers, supra at 229.
Auto-Owners argues, however, that the driver's alleged negligence was so disconnected
from the kidnapping and assault on the girls such that their injuries were not foreseeably
identifiable from the use of the school bus. Pacific Employers, supra at 228, n 12. While
recognizing that Auto-Owners' argument has some appeal, we nevertheless hold that the criminal
conspiracy and the subsequent carrying out of that conspiracy were not so disconnected from the
insured's use of the school bus to preclude coverage under Auto-Owners' policy.
There is no dispute in this case that the girls were dropped off at the wrong location. The
evidence from the underlying lawsuit established that the girls were regularly assigned to ride
the gray bus home, but that, on this day, they were transferred to the red bus. It is also
undisputed that the girls were taken to two separate bus stops and were dropped off at the latter
of the two stops. There was no written authorization for the girls to be dropped off at this second
stop, as even the fraudulent note submitted to the district requested that the girls be dropped off
at the first location, which did not occur.
It is likewise undisputed that Earl, the driver of the red bus, allowed two unidentified
adult men onto the bus so they could remove the girls. At the same time, the girls verbally
protested and cried over their removal from the bus by these men. Meanwhile, it is undisputed
that Earl did not contact the school about the situation, did not ask either man for identification,
did not ask the girls if these men were their babysitters, and did not ask anything else of the girls
despite their obvious despair of being removed from the bus.
We believe these undisputed facts cause Earl's conduct in leaving the girls in the hands of
strangers to fall within the definition of "use" under Auto-Owners' policy as broadly interpreted
in Pacific Employers. This is so because the injuries the girls received, i.e., being kidnapped and
assaulted, are forseeably identifiable from the decision to allow two unidentified adult men onto
the bus to physically remove two crying and protesting elementary students. In a sense, these
facts are more compelling than those in Pacific Employers, for unlike in Pacific Employers, the
girls had not even left the bus when they were taken by the third parties.
The fact that the injuries were partially caused by Earl's decision, rather than directly by
the bus, is of no consequence. The court in Pacific Employers stated:
State Farm asserts that it is not subject to liability because it was the
school bus driver's "separate, personal act of discharging Amy Doolaard at the
wrong stop" and not her "use" of the school bus that caused the injuries. This is
not a legally recognizable distinction, however. The school bus driver's charge
-10-
included disembarking the children at predetermined bus stops, not merely
transporting them to and from school. The driver "used" the school bus in doing
so, even if one characterizes her conduct as a "separate and personal" act.
A foreseeably identifiable injury resulting from the failure to disembark a
child from the school bus at the predetermined destination is no more beyond the
scope of "use" under the State Farm Policy because the separate and personal
negligence of the school bus driver was involved than a foreseeably identifiable
injury caused by the school bus crossing a double yellow line or going through a
red light would be excluded from "use" under the State Farm policy because the
separate and personal negligence of the school bus driver was involved. [Id. at
227-228.]
What makes this case difficult is that the note and phone call, on which school personnel relied
in transferring the girls to another bus route, were fraudulent and part of a criminal conspiracy.
Usually, in automobile negligence cases, intentional or criminal acts that occur in an automobile
are not considered to have resulted from the "use of a motor vehicle as a motor vehicle."
Wakefield, supra. However, as previously noted, the Pacific Employers Court specifically held
that because the "use" of a school bus includes ensuring "that the child reaches the
predetermined bus stop under the supervision of the school bus driver," cases involving school
buses are unique:
We conclude, however, that the term "use" in the phrase "arising out of the
ownership, maintenance, or use" of a school bus includes disembarking school
children, especially a child at the conclusion of her first day of kindergarten, at
the predetermined location. The purpose of transporting a child by a school bus
is to assure that the child reaches the predetermined bus stop under the
supervision of the school bus driver. Driver Witteveen used the bus to take Amy
to the wrong place, and a foreseeably identifiable injury resulted. When a school
bus driver disembarks a child at a location other than the predetermined location,
the purpose of providing secure school bus transportation may, as here, be
significantly defeated. [Id. at 229-230 (emphasis added).]
We also find instructive the decision of the Connecticut Supreme Court in Bridgeport Bd
of Ed v St Paul Fire & Marine Ins Co, 261 Conn 37; 801 A2d 752 (2002). In that case, a
seventeen-year old special education student was transported to the local high school, got out of
the bus and entered the school, and then proceeded into a restroom where she was sexually
assaulted by a fellow special education student who had alighted from the bus at the same time.
Id. at 39. As a result of the assault, the student sued the school district, alleging that the bus
driver's decision to allow the students to disembark from the bus without supervision was
negligent. Id. at 40.
Thereafter, a dispute arose between the school district and its automobile insurer, St.
Paul. As a result, a breach of contract action was filed and subsequently removed to federal
court. The Connecticut Supreme Court agreed to decide the following certified question from
the federal court, which is essentially the same issue presented in the case at bar:
-11-
"Under a policy of automobile insurance that provides for the 'ownership,
maintenance or use' of a covered automobile, does the insurer have a duty to
defend/indemnify the plaintiff board of education which has been sued by a
special education student who was sexually assaulted after disembarking from a
school bus?" [Id. at 49.]
In analyzing the issue, the court initially noted, citing Pacific Employers, that the term "use" in
automobile policies is to be broadly interpreted. Id. at 43. After noting that St. Paul conceded
"that delivering students safely to a particular physical location is a use of the school bus within
the meaning of the policy" (the precise holding in Pacific Employers), the court then held that
the failure of the bus driver to await disembarkment of the students until a school supervisor was
present constituted the use of the bus under the insurance policy:
We can discern no principled basis for distinguishing between a situation
where a bus driver is required to discharge students safely at a specified physical
location and one where the students are to be discharged safely into the care of
school personnel. In both cases, the bus driver is required to use the school bus as
a safety device within which the students remain until they can leave the bus
safely. The negligence alleged in the Doe complaint is based upon the claim that
the bus driver negligently allowed the students to alight from the bus without the
supervision of school personnel. Therefore, the alleged negligent act occurred on
the bus, and involved allowing the students to depart from the physical confines
thereof without waiting for school personnel to escort them into the school. [Id.
at 44-45.]
Finally, the court rejected St. Paul's reliance on cases involving intentional assaults that
fortuitously occur in automobiles,11 concluding that the driver's negligent use of the bus was
instrumental in the assault taking place:
Such cases are unpersuasive for purposes of the present case, however,
because the plaintiff 's negligence in using the bus was instrumental in providing
an opportunity for the assault to occur. The Doe complaint alleges that, following
her departure from the school bus, Jane Doe was followed into a bathroom in the
school and assaulted by a fellow special education student who also had been
discharged from the bus. Had the bus driver acted in accordance with the
appropriate standard of care, both Jane Doe and her assailant would have
remained on the bus until their release into the hands of school personnel. It is
precisely because of the plaintiff 's alleged negligence, therefore, that Jane Doe
was left, unsupervised, in the company of her assailant. Thus, this is not a case in
which the allegations of the underlying complaint reveal that the injury only could
have resulted from the wholly independent act of a third party. Instead, the
11
One of the cases relied on by St. Paul was Kangas, supra. Bridgeport Bd of Ed, supra at 47 n
6.
-12-
allegations show that the negligence of the bus driver was the operative event
giving rise to the assault on Jane Doe. [Id. at 46-47 (emphasis in original).]
We believe the Connecticut Supreme Court's decision in Bridgeport Bd of Ed is
persuasive on the issue presented to us. As in that case, Earl's decision in this case to allow the
unknown adult men onto the bus and to physically remove the girls from the bus allowed the
kidnapping and assault to occur. Earl's decision to not act when faced with a situation that raised
many "red flags," allowed, at least in part, the conspiracy to be successful. Therefore, we
conclude that the negligent use of the bus by Earl resulted in injuries to the girls, and that the
injuries were foreseeably identifiable with such use. Pacific Employers, supra.
Affirmed.
/s/ Christopher M. Murray
/s/ Richard Allen Griffin
/s/ Janet T. Neff
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