DONALD BERTRAND V CITY OF MACKINAC ISLAND
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
DONALD BERTRAND,
FOR PUBLICATION
March 25, 2003
9:00 a.m.
Plaintiff-Appellee,
V
No. 243923
Mackinac Circuit Court
LC No. 02-005496-PZ
CITY OF MACKINAC ISLAND,
Defendant-Appellant.
Updated Copy
May 23, 2003
Before: Donofrio, P.J., and Saad and Owens, JJ.
DONOFRIO, J.
Defendant, city of Mackinac Island, appeals as of right an order granting a permanent
injunction in favor of plaintiff, Donald Bertrand. We affirm.
This case involves claims by plaintiff that he is entitled under the Persons with
Disabilities Civil Rights Act (PWDCRA), MCL 37.1101, et seq., and the Americans with
Disabilities Act (ADA), 42 USC 12101, et seq., to use an electric-assist tricycle, which is a
tricycle that can be pedaled but also is equipped with a small electric motor, on the public streets
under the jurisdiction of defendant. Defendant seeks to bar plaintiff from using the electric-assist
tricycle under a local ordinance that generally bars the use of "motor vehicles."1
Motor vehicles or "horseless carriages" have generally been banned from Mackinac Island
by the local government in areas under its control since 1898 and by the Mackinac Island State
Park Commission in areas under its jurisdiction since 1901. In 1907, the park commission
specifically cited motor bicycles as an illegal mode of transportation and included them in the
motor-vehicle ban. Currently, city of Mackinac Island Ordinance Number 327 generally
prohibits the possession or use of a "motor vehicle" within the city.2 The ordinance defines a
"motor vehicle" to include "any mechanical device that is self-propelled and of [sic] which
1
We note that the general ban on motor vehicles is a primary and distinctive feature of Mackinac
Island.
2
The trial court indicated at the evidentiary hearing in this case that it was taking judicial notice
of the ordinance.
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operates and moves under the power of one or a combination of any of these means; internal or
external combustion engines, electricity; human power when operated in conjunction with or in
concert with one of the foregoing." The ordinance excepts from the definition of a motor vehicle
(1) snowmobiles and (2) mechanized wheelchairs or "electric powered 3-wheeled, one-person
scooter/cart[s]" when used by a person with "a temporary or permanent handicap, that
significantly limits ambulation or necessitates the use of such a device for mobility, and as
prescribed by a licensed health professional."
Plaintiff lives on Mackinac Island as a summer resident. He suffers from secondary
progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) that has caused atrophy in his left side, leaving him with
"very little use" of his left leg and arm. Plaintiff believes that all permanent residents of
Mackinac Island probably own a bicycle and that using a bicycle on the island is important for
various reasons, including entertainment, personal business, shopping, and exercise. Despite his
illness, plaintiff can ride a tricycle because it has three wheels and allows him to ride without
falling. Plaintiff 's electric-assist tricycle has regular bicycle pedals and an electric assist that can
be engaged and disengaged. Plaintiff sometimes pedals the tricycle under his own power,
sometimes engages the electric assist, and sometimes uses his own power supplemented by the
electric assist. Plaintiff estimated that his electric-assist tricycle travels at ten to twelve miles an
hour, which he believes is slower than what a "normal person" pedals. The tricycle's electric
motor makes a "very little whirring sound."
Plaintiff received a letter from the city attorney in November or December 2001, stating
that his electric-assist tricycle violated a city ordinance, prompting plaintiff to seek injunctive
relief. The trial court entered a temporary restraining order that essentially allowed plaintiff to
use his electric-assist tricycle (referred to as an "electric assist bicycle" in the order) in defendant
city pending resolution of this case. At an evidentiary hearing the parties stipulated that plaintiff
has a disability as defined under the ADA, although defendant reserved the right to argue that
plaintiff was not a "qualified" disabled individual. Following the hearing, the trial court issued a
decision concluding that plaintiff was entitled to use an electric-assist cycle on defendant's public
streets. This appeal followed.
On appeal, defendant first argues that plaintiff 's claim that he should be allowed to use an
electric-assist tricycle on defendant's public streets does not involve the use of a public service or
facility within the ambit of the PWDCRA and the ADA. We disagree. Because this issue
involves questions of statutory construction, we will review it de novo. Weakland v Toledo
Engineering Co, Inc, 467 Mich 344, 347; 656 NW2d 175 (2003).
Defendant's argument effectively constitutes an assertion that using a bicycle, tricycle, or
similar "cycling" device to traverse public streets is a "private activity" and does not involve a
public service or facility subject to the PWDCRA or the ADA, at least where the city allows a
disabled person to make use of the public streets with other accommodations such as the use of
an electric wheelchair. We note that defendant does not cite case law in support of this
argument, but rather relies simply on quoting MCL 37.1302(a) of the PWDCRA and 42 USC
12132 of the ADA and providing its own analysis.
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With regard to the PWDCRA, MCL 37.1302(a) states:
Except where permitted by law,[3] a person shall not:
(a) Deny an individual the full and equal enjoyment of the goods, services,
facilities, privileges, advantages, and accommodations of a place of public
accommodation or public service because of a disability that is unrelated to the
individual's ability to utilize and benefit from the goods, services, facilities,
privileges, advantages, or accommodations or because of the use by an individual
of adaptive devices or aids. [Emphasis added.]
The applicable statutory definition of a "public service" includes a city, MCL 37.1301(b), and
thus includes defendant. The public streets involved in this case are plainly "services,"
"facilities," and "advantages"4 provided and regulated by defendant. It is undisputed that people
are allowed to use typical bicycles or tricycles that are not equipped with any type of electric
motor on defendant's public streets.5 The defendant city admits it regulates all aspects of
transportation on its streets by ordinance, including motor-vehicle prohibition, licensing of
cycles, issuing temporary motor-vehicle permits, and ticketing street-use ordinance violations. It
is the city's exercise of its regulatory authority over the city's public streets that constitutes a
public service.
Under the plain language of MCL 37.1302(a), a disabled person is generally entitled to
"the full and equal enjoyment" of services provided by defendant. Plaintiff alleged that, because
of his condition, he was unable to ride a two-wheeled bicycle because he lacked the ability to
balance it without falling over and because, on occasion, he would become fatigued and lack the
strength to ride uphill. Accordingly, in bringing this action seeking permission to use an electricassist tricycle on defendant's public streets, plaintiff is seeking "full and equal enjoyment" with
nondisabled persons of those streets for the purpose of cycling. Thus, we find that plaintiff 's
claim is within the ambit of the PWDCRA, because he is seeking full and equal enjoyment with
nondisabled people of a service provided by defendant. See Cebreco v Music Hall Center for the
3
There are exceptions to the general legal duty imposed by MCL 37.1302(a). However, this
issue does not involve such exceptions, but only the general duty imposed by the PWDCRA with
regard to the use of public services.
4
In the interest of efficiency, we will hereinafter generally refer to the provision of the public
streets as simply the provision of a public service.
5
Defendant raises no challenge to the following statements by the trial court in its findings of
facts:
Cycling is an important part of the culture on Mackinac Island, which
includes not only transportation but also the enjoyment of a motor vehicle free
environment. Almost every resident of the island uses a cycle. Residents, and
island visitors, use cycles as a primary mode of transportation and for enjoyment
of the provided esthetic experience.
-3-
Performing Arts, Inc, 219 Mich App 353, 355-360; 555 NW2d 862 (1996) (finding that the
plaintiff raised a "prima facie issue" that the defendant failed to accommodate her disability
based on evidence that its accommodations did not allow her "equal enjoyment" of the
defendant's musical and theatrical presentations).
Further, MCL 37.1302(a) specifies that it generally precludes denial of the full and equal
enjoyment of a public service or facility because of "the use by an individual of adaptive devices
or aids." Our review of the record reflects that the relevant distinguishing factor between the
electric-assist tricycle that plaintiff desires to use and a typical bicycle or tricycle is the presence
of a small electric motor. We view this electric motor as plainly constituting an adaptive aid to
facilitate use of a tricycle by a disabled person. See Weakland, supra at 350 (describing a
"vehicular modification" as an "adaptive aid.")
Contrary to the premise of defendant's argument, the fact that this case involves plaintiff 's
personal desire to use an electric-assist tricycle on defendant's public streets does not remove this
case from the ambit of the PWDCRA. Rather, claims by disabled persons of a failure to provide
reasonable accommodations for their disabilities with regard to public services would typically
involve their "personal preferences," given the general lack of a legal obligation on individuals to
use particular public services. However, the PWDCRA generally provides protection to disabled
persons when they personally desire to use public services. We found nothing in the relevant
statutory language that excludes the use of public services or facilities, as part of a private
activity or personal preference, from the scope of the PWDCRA. Thus, because the statute is
unambiguous in this regard, we will enforce it as written and will not construe the PWDCRA to
include a private activity or personal preference exclusion. Weakland, supra at 347.
With regard to the ADA, 42 USC 12132 states:
Subject to the provisions of this subchapter[6], no qualified individual with
a disability shall, by reason of such disability, be excluded from participation in or
be denied the benefits of the services, programs, or activities of a public entity, or
be subjected to discrimination by any such entity.
Defendant is subject to this requirement because the relevant statutory definition of "public
entity" expressly includes a local government. 42 USC 12131(1)(A). As discussed above, one of
the benefits of defendant's provision of public streets is the ability to engage in cycling on those
streets. Thus, plaintiff 's claim that not being allowed to use his electric-assist tricycle on the
public streets falls within the ambit of the ADA's grant to disabled persons of the right not to be
denied the benefits of the services of a public entity. Therefore, defendant's argument with
regard to the ADA also fails.
6
As with the PWDCRA, there are exceptions to the general requirements of the ADA, but those
exceptions are not pertinent to this issue.
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Defendant next argues that even assuming that plaintiff 's desire to pedal a cycle is a
public service or activity, plaintiff is not a qualified individual with a disability. Our review of
the record reveals that defendant did not preserve its argument that plaintiff was not a "qualified"
individual with a disability. While defendant indicated that it would not stipulate to plaintiff
being qualified and retained the right to argue that he was not, no such argument was actually
made by defendant before the trial court. Nevertheless, we may review this unpreserved issue
because it is an issue of law regarding which all necessary facts were presented. Joe Panian
Chevrolet, Inc v Young, 239 Mich App 227, 233; 608 NW2d 89 (2000). Again, this issue
involves questions of statutory construction, which are reviewed de novo. Weakland, supra at
347.
As set forth in the preceding issue, the ADA, 42 USC 12132, generally provides
protection to a "qualified individual with a disability." 42 USC 12131(2) defines this term:
The term "qualified individual with a disability" means an individual with
a disability who, with or without reasonable modifications to rules, policies, or
practices, the removal of architectural, communication, or transportation barriers,
or the provision of auxiliary aids and services, meets the essential eligibility
requirements for the receipt of services or the participation in programs or
activities provided by a public entity.
The relevant provisions of the PWDCRA are similar. MCL 37.1302 generally provides the
disabled with protection with regard to matters "unrelated to the individual's ability to utilize and
benefit from the goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, or accommodations" of a
public service. Notably, the phrase "unrelated to the individual's ability" is expressly defined for
purposes of the relevant section of the PWDCRA as meaning "with or without accommodation,
an individual's disability does not prevent the individual from . . . utilizing and benefiting from a
place of public accommodation or public service." MCL 37.1103(l)(ii).
While defendant characterizes the public program or activity at issue as "pedaling a
cycle," we find such characterization unreasonable. This case does not involve the provision of
cycles to people by a governmental entity to participate in some type of cycling competition or a
claim by plaintiff of entitlement to receive cycling equipment or adaptive aids for such
equipment from a governmental entity. Further, there is simply no claim regarding a public
program or activity that includes "pedaling a cycle" because defendant does not, with regard to
the subject matter of this case, provide a public service that involves it or its agents pedaling a
cycle. Rather, the public service at issue is the regulation of public streets so that people
generally are allowed to engage in cycling on defendant's streets. With the adaptive aid of an
electric motor, plaintiff has the ability to use those streets for cycling purposes in the same
manner as the nondisabled. That is, cycling with minimal interruption, without frequent stops to
rest, and to enjoy the cycling environment and experience.
Defendant relies on language in San Diego Unified Port Dist v Gallagher, 62 Cal App 4th
501, 506; 73 Cal Rptr 2d 30 (1998), where a panel of the California Court of Appeals stated with
regard to an ADA claim that, at first blush, anchoring and the ability to handle wind, waves, and
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wake appear to be essential features of sailing. This case has no bearing on the present case. We
discussed above that an ability to perform continuous manual pedaling is not necessary to cycle
on defendant's streets with the use of an electric-assist tricycle. Stated otherwise, such a tricycle
with its adaptive device of a small electric motor provides plaintiff with the ability to handle all
aspects of cycling.
Defendant further refers to language in Concerned Parents to Save Dreher Park Center v
West Palm Beach, 846 F Supp 986, 990 (SD Fla, 1994), that "it may be the case that there are
wheelchair-bound children who cannot meet the 'essential requirements' for a soccer team
because they cannot run or cannot kick a ball." We find that defendant's effort to analogize the
present case to a hypothetical claim involving disabled persons seeking to play on a sports team
is flawed because plaintiff is not seeking to be a cyclist on a racing team or otherwise participate
in competitive cycling. In seeking to be allowed to use an electric-assist tricycle on defendant's
public streets, plaintiff is not asking to be allowed to engage in a publicly sponsored athletic
competition, but rather to simply be allowed to use an electric-assist tricycle to traverse the
public streets. Accordingly, the relative level of plaintiff 's cycling ability is immaterial. It is
plaintiff 's factually demonstrated ability to cycle and complete that operation with an electricassist that is material to this case.
Defendant also discusses the statement in Brickers v Cleveland Bd of Ed, 145 F3d 846,
850 (CA 6, 1998), that "[t]he ADA does not demand that an employer exempt a disabled
employee from an essential function of the job as an accommodation." Admittedly, it is inherent
that in performing a job for an employer, an employee must have a basic ability to perform the
essential functions of that job. However, the present case differs markedly from an employment
context. In cycling on defendant's public streets, plaintiff is not performing a service for anyone
and it is clear that unlike a prospective employee who cannot perform the essential functions of a
job, plaintiff can engage in the "essential function" of cycling on defendant's streets with an
electric-assist tricycle.
Finally, defendant discusses Petzold v Borman's Inc, 241 Mich App 707, 714-715; 617
NW2d 394 (2000), wherein this Court held that the plaintiff did not show that his Tourette
Syndrome condition was unrelated to his job as a "bagger" where he had continual contact with
the general public, and the condition caused him to involuntarily utter obscenities and racial
epithets. We find Petzold clearly immaterial to the present case. There is no reason to believe
that plaintiff 's condition would cause him to engage in disruptive or offensive conduct similar to
that involved in Petzold. Also, this argument does not reasonably characterize the "public
service" at issue. The public service in this case is not pedaling a cycle, but rather allowing the
use of defendant's public streets for cycling.
In sum, we find the cases cited by defendant unpersuasive and thus defendant has failed
to show that plaintiff is not a qualified person with a disability.
Defendant further argues that because it provides the reasonable accommodation of
allowing disabled persons to use electric wheelchairs and Amigo carts (electric powered, threewheeled, one-person scooters) on its public streets, it is not required to provide the further
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accommodation of allowing use of cycles equipped with electric motors.7 The trial court stated
in its decision:
The court also rejects Defendant's claim that Plaintiff must accept the
ordinance accommodation, which allows Plaintiff to use an Amigo type cart and
motorized wheelchair. Defendant relies on the recent case of [Bachman v Swan
Harbour Assoc, 252 Mich App 400; 653 NW2d 415 (2002)]. The Bachman case
deals with a different issue then [sic] the issue before this court. This landlordTenant [sic] case holds that the landlord is required to provide only a reasonable
accommodation to its disabled tenant. The landlord does not have to grant tenant
every accommodation he requests. This case is not about a reasonable
accommodation. Here, the offered accommodation, amigo cart and wheelchair,
do not provide the benefit of enjoyment of cycling on the streets of Mackinac
Island. The offered accommodation does not provide the benefit available to nondisabled persons.
Defendant refers to Hankins v The Gap, Inc, 84 F3d 797, 800-801 (CA 6, 1996), for the
related proposition that, under the ADA, "an employee cannot make his employer provide a
specific accommodation if another reasonable accommodation is instead provided." In this
regard, the court indicated that as long as the defendant "made available other reasonable and
effective accommodations" to an employee, it did not matter whether other measures would have
been a reasonable accommodation. Id. at 800. The basic principle to be derived from the
discussion in Hankins is that, if a person or entity provides reasonable accommodations that
allow a disabled person to perform a specific activity open to the nondisabled, such as working at
a job, the disabled person has no basis for complaint under the ADA because some other type of
reasonable accommodation was not used. We believe this principle is immaterial to the present
case.
The relevant activity open to the nondisabled in this case is the ability to cycle on
defendant's public streets. Allowing disabled persons to use electric wheelchairs and Amigo
carts on the streets may well reasonably accommodate the disabled with regard to the analogous
activity by the nondisabled of simply walking on the streets, but, it is plain that it is not
reasonably analogous to being able to cycle on the streets. In other words, Hankins cannot
reasonably be read to support the proposition that, because defendant makes accommodations for
people with relevant disabilities to use its public streets for one purpose, it is not required to
accommodate the use of the streets by such people for another purpose open to the nondisabled.
Defendant also argues that this Court's decision under the PWDCRA in Bachman, supra,
653 NW2d 415; 252 Mich App 400 (2002), similarly supports its position that its duty "extends
only to providing a reasonable accommodation, not any accommodation of [plaintiff 's] choice."
Defendant emphasizes the following discussion in Bachman:
7
Notably, defendant does not argue in this issue that allowing the use of an electric-assist cycle
would not itself be a reasonable accommodation.
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We conclude, contrary to the plaintiff 's argument, that a landlord is not
required to accommodate a disabled tenant's every request unless it imposes an
undue hardship. Instead, the landlord's duty to accommodate requires those
reasonable accommodations necessary for the disabled tenant's enjoyment of the
premises as they relate to "rules, policies, practices, or services" and then only
when the accommodations will not result in an undue hardship on the landlord.
[Id. at 415.]
However, similar to the above discussion of Hankins, that a party subject to the PWDCRA (or
the ADA) is not required to accommodate a disabled person's "every request" does not mean that
a defendant is only required to accommodate a disabled person's use of a service or facility in
only one way. That defendant is not required to honor plaintiff 's "every request" does not change
the fact that it has not accommodated his use of its public streets for the purpose of the intended
use, cycling.
It seems apparent to us that defendant has reasonably accommodated use of its public
streets by people with relevant disabilities in a manner analogous to walking on the streets by
allowing use of electric wheelchairs and Amigo carts. However, this does not mean that
defendant has reasonably accommodated people with relevant disabilities in using the streets for
the purpose of cycling, a purpose for which the nondisabled are able to use the streets with
typical bicycles or tricycles that have no electric motor.
In any event, we find that Hankins and Bachman are not instructive in the present case
where disabled persons who would need electric-assist cycles in order to reasonably be able to
cycle on defendant's public streets are simply not allowed to do so.
Lastly, defendant argues that allowing plaintiff to use an electric-assist tricycle on
defendant's public streets would constitute a fundamental or substantial change to the character of
Mackinac Island and that the ADA does not require defendant to make an accommodation that
would fundamentally or substantially alter the character of defendant's city. This issue involves a
question of law, which is reviewed de novo. In re Jude, 228 Mich App 667, 670; 578 NW2d 704
(1998).
The trial court rejected the argument that the accommodation sought by plaintiff would
fundamentally or substantially change the character of defendant's city:
The record does not establish a hardship that excuses the Defendant from
its duty to provide the accommodation Plaintiff seeks. Defendant has the right to
limit the use of electric-assist cycles to persons who suffer impairment as defined
in the statute, and to require proof thereof. Defendant can impose reasonable
regulations concerning the use of these devices by controlling speed, braking
capacity, noise level and the like. The permit process can control use. Defendant
can police use to assure compliance with its permit. The record demonstrates
Defendant has a history of regulation and compliance effort in connection with
permits granted for other authorized motorized vehicle use.
-8-
Defendant claims that to provide Plaintiff with the subject accommodation
will require it to make a fundamental or substantial modification in its operation
or fundamental alteration in the nature of Defendant's programs, services and
activities. The claim here is that the floodgates will be opened if Defendant is
required to accommodate Plaintiff 's electric-assist cycle. It is argued that other
disabled persons will seek the same accommodation. This will lead to the use of
electric-assist cycles by non-disabled persons. Such devices will become
available for rental on the island. Visitors will bring electric-assist devices to the
island. Soon thereafter pressure will build for the use of other types of motorized
vehicles. The fear is that once the sausage is cut the rest of the sausage will
quickly be carved. It would then follow that the Mackinac Island way-of-life has
been destroyed. That which has existed for one hundred years has been lost.
Mackinac Island will no longer be unique. It will become another noxious tourist
area.
* * *
The court does not find, and the evidence does not support, the claim that
to accommodate Plaintiff will constitute a fundamental change in the island wayof-life. Plaintiff 's fears are speculative. It would be speculation to conclude that
Plaintiff 's accommodation will lead to the unrestricted use of motor vehicles on
the island. The fear is understandable but not rational and not supported by
evidence.
In PGA Tour, Inc v Martin, 532 US 661; 121 S Ct 1879; 149 L Ed 2d 904 (2001), the
United States Supreme Court held that a sponsor of professional golf tournaments was required
to allow a potential competitor with a disability to use a golf cart during a tournament. In short,
tournament rules required competitors to walk the golf course rather than use carts during the
pertinent tournament. Id. at 666-667 and n 4. In its discussion, the Court concluded that waiving
the walking rule for the plaintiff would not fundamentally alter the tournament:
In theory, a modification of petitioner's golf tournaments might constitute
a fundamental alteration in two different ways. It might alter such an essential
aspect of the game of golf that it would be unacceptable even if it affected all
competitors equally; changing the diameter of the hole from three to six inches
might be such a modification. Alternatively, a less significant change that has
only a peripheral impact on the game itself might nevertheless give a disabled
player, in addition to access to the competition as required by Title III, an
advantage over others and, for that reason, fundamentally alter the character of the
competition. We are not persuaded that a waiver of the walking rule for [the
plaintiff] would work a fundamental alteration in either sense. [Id. at 682-683.]
While the present case does not involve a sporting event, we believe that PGA Tour is instructive
in indicating that an entity subject to the ADA may have to alter its rules rather significantly to
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accommodate the disabled, without the alteration being considered to fundamentally alter the
practices of the entity.
Allowing the use of electric-assist tricycles by people with appropriate disabilities on
defendant's streets would not fundamentally or substantially alter the nature of Mackinac Island,
but would only pose an opportunity for "peripheral impact" on the historic, general ban on motor
vehicles on the island. Defendant has demonstrated its capacity to preserve its unique
environment through the use of permits and enforcement. By permit and enforcement the city is
able to regulate and avoid two groups of concern. The first group consists of those members of
the public who have no capacity to cycle, but instead seek an alternative method of general
transportation from that which is available and effective. The second group consists of those
members with the capacity to cycle that would exploit and feign disability to effect an alternative
method of general transportation. Through regulation, permits, and enforcement, as suggested by
the trial court in its findings, defendant can effectively deal with both groups of concern and
thereby limit the "peripheral impact," promote the purposes of the PWDCRA, and preserve the
unique features of the "Mackinac Island way of life."
We also believe that the small electric motor on electric-assist tricycles does not present
significant pollution concerns—in stark contrast to exhaust fumes and noise from automobiles or
motorcycles. There is also no indication that the use of electric-assist tricycles by even a
substantial number of disabled island residents and visitors would require modification of
defendant's streets as would the widespread use of automobiles and motorcycles. Perhaps most
importantly, as defendant has effectively indicated, it is beyond reasonable dispute that the
general absence of motor vehicles (as they are commonly understood) from Mackinac Island is
one of its "essential aspects" as a tourist attraction and is also a central aspect of the way of life of
residents on the island. Indeed, a change to allow the general widespread use of motor vehicles
on Mackinac Island could sensibly be viewed as horrific. However, we believe it is manifest that
an electric-assist tricycle capable of attaining a regulated speed of only about ten to twelve miles
an hour is not a "motor vehicle" as the term is commonly understood and would not change the
"essential aspect" of the general ban on motor vehicles on Mackinac Island. Instead, we liken the
electric-assist tricycle to the Amigo cart and find that the tricycle is essentially an equivalent
substitute for a particularized purpose. Further, because defendant already permits the use of
electric wheelchairs and Amigo carts, it cannot be said that the use of essentially de minimis
motorized power in connection with cycling fundamentally changes the character of the island.
We hold that allowing plaintiff to use an electric-assist tricycle on defendant's public
streets does not fundamentally or substantially alter the character of Mackinac Island.
Affirmed.
/s/ Pat M. Donofrio
/s/ Henry William Saad
/s/ Donald S. Owens
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