JOHNNIE F SHINHOLSTER V ANNAPOLIS HOSP
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
ESTATE OF BETTY JEAN SHINHOLSTER,
Deceased, by JOHNNIE E. SHINHOLSTER,
Personal Representative,
FOR PUBLICATION
February 14, 2003
9:05 a.m.
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v
No. 225710
Wayne Circuit Court
LC No. 97-709041-NH
ANNAPOLIS HOSPITAL, assumed name for
OAKWOOD UNITED HOSPITALS, INC., a
Michigan Corporation,
Defendant-Appellant,
and
DENNIS ADAMS, M.D., and MARY ELLEN
FLAHERTY, M.D.,
Defendants.
ESTATE OF BETTY JEAN SHINHOLSTER,
Deceased, by JOHNNIE E. SHINHOLSTER,
Personal Representative,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v
KATHERINE ADAMS, Personal Representative
of the Estate of DENNIS ADAMS, M.D., and
MARY ELLEN FLAHERTY, M.D.,
Defendants-Appellants,
No. 225736
Wayne Circuit Court
LC No. 97-709041-NH
Updated Copy
April 25, 2003
-1-
and
ANNAPOLIS HOSPITAL, assumed name for
OAKWOOD UNITED HOSPITALS, INC., a
Michigan Corporation,
Defendant.
Before: Murphy, P.J., and Griffin and Meter, JJ.
METER, J.
In these consolidated appeals arising from a medical malpractice case, defendants appeal
as of right from a judgment for plaintiff entered after a jury trial. We affirm and remand for entry
of a judgment in a sum certain consistent with this opinion.
Plaintiff 's decedent, Betty Jean Shinholster, made four visits to defendant hospital in
April 1995, complaining of dizziness, among other things. She was seen by Dr. Dennis Adams1
on April 7 and April 10 and by Dr. Mary Ellen Flaherty on April 14. Her fourth visit, on April
16, was precipitated by a massive stroke; she lapsed into a coma lasting for several months and
subsequently died. She was sixty-one years old at the time of her death. Plaintiff, Shinholster's
husband, alleged that Adams and Flaherty treated Shinholster negligently on April 10 and 142
and failed to recognize that Shinholster had been experiencing transient ischemic attacks, or
"mini-strokes" that often precede a full-blown, serious stroke.
The jury found for plaintiff and awarded the following in damages: (1) $220,000 for past
economic damages, (2) $564,600 for past noneconomic damages, (3) $9,700 each year in future
economic damages for the years 1999 through 2003, and (4) $62,500 each year in future
noneconomic damages for the years 1999 through 2003. The jury further concluded that
Shinholster had been twenty percent comparatively negligent in her actions after April 7, 1995.
I
1
Dennis Adams evidently died during the pendency of the instant appeals, and his spouse
Katherine was appointed as the personal representative of his estate and substituted as a party in
Docket No. 225736.
2
Plaintiff did not allege negligence with respect to Shinholster's treatment on April 7.
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On appeal, defendants first argue that the trial court erred in allowing the jury to consider
Shinholster's potential comparative negligence only for the period following her April 7, 1995,
hospital visit. Defendants point to the evidence that Shinholster had not been regularly taking
her blood pressure medication for at least a year before April 7, 1995, and argue that this
contributed to her fatal stroke. Defendants argue that because Michigan requires that liability be
apportioned directly in accordance with each party's fault, the jury should have been allowed to
consider whether Shinholster's failure to take regularly her blood pressure medication in the year
before her death proximately caused, at least in part, her fatal stroke.
In allowing defendants to present evidence of Shinholster's noncompliance with her
doctor's orders, the trial court limited the use of the testimony as follows:
[T]hey are only going to consider it in the context of whether or not she
would be in compliance with the instruction of the doctors when she received the
prescription of April 7th.
So it comes in for right now. The jury can consider it in terms of whether
or not the deceased was consistent in not taking her medicine before and not
taking her medicine after she was prescribed it by Dr. Adams and told to followup [sic] with her treating physician.
* * *
This is a tough issue, and I'm going to make the call as I initially indicated.
The witness will be allowed to give his opinion as to whether or not the
non-compliance after April 7th formed the basis of comparative negligence.
The court instructed the jury as follows:
Members of the jury, the total amount of damages that the Plaintiff would
ever be entitled to recover will be reduced by the percentage of Plaintiff 's [sic]
negligence after April 7th, 1995, that contributed as a proximate cause to her
injury.
* * *
Members of the jury, there was evidence in this case regarding the medical
habits of the deceased as to whether she followed Dr. Vicenzio's orders and took
her medications properly prior to her treatment with Defendant doctors. This
evidence may not be the basis for any findings that the deceased was
comparatively negligent before April 7, 1995[,] the date she sought treatment
from the Defendants.
-3-
You may consider this as evidence only in determining whether she filed
[sic] the orders of Defendants Adams and Flaherty and other staff members of the
hospital.
Whether a patient's negligence in contributing to the condition that led her to seek
medical help in the first instance may be considered by the jury in a medical malpractice lawsuit
involves a question of law. We review questions of law de novo. Detroit Free Press, Inc, v City
of Warren, 250 Mich App 164, 166; 645 NW2d 71 (2002). Upon review de novo, we find that
the trial court properly limited the jury's consideration of comparative negligence to the period
after Shinholster's treatment on April 7, 1995.
Plaintiff primarily relies on Podvin v Eickhorst, 373 Mich 175; 128 NW2d 523 (1964), in
support of his position. In Podvin, supra at 177-178, the plaintiff was injured in an automobile
accident and later alleged that the defendants treated his injuries negligently. In opening and
closing arguments, defendants suggested that the plaintiff himself was negligent by causing the
automobile accident. Id. at 181. Then,
[a]pparently in an effort to counter the effect of such comment, plaintiff 's counsel
requested the trial judge to instruct the jury that it should not consider whether or
not plaintiff was at fault in causing the automobile accident, that plaintiff 's
negligence was not an issue in this case for its consideration and that the only
question it should consider was whether or not plaintiff had been given proper
medical care according to the standard of practice in the community of Flint. [Id.]
The trial court did not give the requested instruction but instead stated that the jury could
"consider the evidence relating to the accident as bearing upon the nature and extent of plaintiff 's
injuries but that such evidence 'would in no degree modify or lessen the treatment and care he
was entitled to receive at the hands of the defendants.'" Id. at 181-182.
The Supreme Court ruled:
Whatever the quoted portion of the instruction means, it was less than that
to which plaintiff was entitled. The issue of contributory negligence was not
involved in the case. Plaintiff requested, properly and timely, that the jury be so
instructed. The trial court should have granted plaintiff 's request. [Id. at 182.]
Podvin provides support for the proposition that a plaintiff 's negligence in incurring an
injury in the first place should not be considered in determining whether she was damaged by the
negligence of the physician treating the injury. Defendants contend, however, that the relevant
language from Podvin is essentially obiter dictum because the Court merely noted that
"contributory negligence was not involved in the case," id., and provided no other rationale for its
ruling. Defendants point out the possibility that contributory negligence was simply not pleaded
as an affirmative defense in Podvin. Defendants further contend that Podvin is unpersuasive
because it was decided before the adoption of the comparative negligence doctrine (as opposed to
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the contributory negligence doctrine) in this state and before recent tort-reform legislation
mandating that fault be apportioned directly according to fault.
We agree that the Podvin Court failed to make clear the rationale for its ruling and that
this failure limits Podvin's value as precedent in resolving the instant issue. It is also possible
that the Podvin Court would have reached a different conclusion if the comparative negligence
doctrine had been in effect at the time of the decision. Accordingly, we agree that Podvin does
not constitute binding authority for purposes of the instant case.3
Accordingly, the instant case essentially presents an issue of first impression in Michigan.
There is some appeal to defendants' claims that under the 1995 tort-reform legislation, any fault
on the part of a plaintiff (or, in this case, a decedent) should be apportioned. Indeed, MCL
600.6304(1)(b) indicates that a jury shall make findings with respect to "[t]he percentage of the
total fault of all persons that contributed to the death or injury, including each plaintiff . . . ."
Clearly, a person who does not follow her doctor's orders and who therefore maintains a high
blood pressure is contributing to her own death.
However, most jurisdictions that have considered the issue have followed the rule that in
a medical malpractice case, the defendant may not argue that the plaintiff was comparatively
negligent by creating the condition that caused him to seek treatment.4 See, e.g., Rowe v Sisters
of the Pallottine Missionary Society, 211 W Va 16, ___; 560 SE2d 491, 497 (2001), Harding v
Deiss, 300 Mont 312, 318; 3 P3d 1286 (2000), Harvey v Mid-Coast Hosp, 36 F Supp 2d 32, 3538 (D Maine, 1999), and Martin v Reed, 200 Ga App 775, 776; 409 SE2d 874 (1991). As noted
in Martin, supra at 777, "[t]hose patients who may have negligently injured themselves are
nevertheless entitled to subsequent non-negligent medical treatment and to an undiminished
recovery if such subsequent non-negligent treatment is not afforded." A persuasive rationale for
this doctrine exists in Harvey, supra at 38:
It would be anomalous to posit, on the one hand, that a health care
provider is required to meet a uniform standard of care in its delivery of medical
services to all patients, but permit, on the other hand, the conclusion that, where a
breach of that duty is established, no liability may exist if the patient's own
preinjury conduct caused the illness or injury which necessitated the care.
Similarly, the reporters' note on Restatement Torts, 3d, Apportionment of Liability, § 7, comment
m, p 83 states:
3
Nor does the related case of Sawka v Prokopopwycz, 104 Mich App 829; 306 NW2d 354
(1981), which relied heavily on Podvin, constitute binding authority for purposes of the instant
case.
4
An exception is Tennessee, in Gray v Ford Motor Co, 914 SW2d 464 (Tenn, 1996).
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the best explanation of pre-presentment negligence is that the consequences of the
plaintiff 's negligence—the medical condition requiring medical treatment—
caused the very condition the defendant doctor undertook to treat so it would be
unfair to allow the doctor to complain about that negligence.
We agree with the opinions expressed in the above cases and in the Restatement
comment. Moreover, even though Podvin does not constitute binding authority as applied to the
instant case, it nonetheless provides some support for holding that a plaintiff 's actions leading to
an injury for which she seeks treatment should not be considered in a comparative negligence
analysis. Indeed, Podvin at least implies that the plaintiff 's negligence should in general not be
considered.
Accordingly, in light of (1) the implications of Podvin, (2) the holdings of the majority of
jurisdictions, and (3) the rationale expressed in other jurisdictions and in the Restatement,5 we
conclude that the trial court did not err in ruling that the jury could not consider Shinholster's
potential negligence in causing the condition for which she sought medical treatment in the first
place.6 Given the preventable nature of many illnesses, to accept the contrary position would
allow many health-care professionals to escape liability for negligently treating ill patients.
II
Next, defendants argue that the trial court erred in allowing plaintiff 's expert witness, Dr.
Albert Frankel, to express an opinion regarding Shinholster's life expectancy because he was not
qualified as an expert with regard to life expectancy. Defendants contend that because Frankel is
an emergency medicine physician, not an internist or family practitioner, there was no showing
that he had the expertise to address life-expectancy issues. We disagree.
As noted in Joerger v Gordon Food Service, Inc, 224 Mich App 167, 175; 568 NW2d
365 (1997), "[t]he qualification of a witness as an expert and the admissibility of the expert's
testimony are within the trial court's discretion."
5
Moreover, it could be argued that a plaintiff 's negligence in causing the injury for which she
seeks medical treatment cannot be considered a proximate cause of a subsequent medical
malpractice injury. As noted in Singerman v Muni Service Bureau, Inc, 455 Mich 135, 145
(Weaver, J.), 146 (Mallett, C.J.); 565 NW2d 383 (1997), quoting 57A Am Jur 2d, Negligence, §
473, p 454, "'An event may be one without which a particular injury would not have occurred,
but if it merely provided the condition or occasion affording the opportunity for the other event to
produce the injury, it is not the proximate cause thereof.'" It could be argued that pretreatment
negligence "merely provide[s] the condition . . . affording the opportunity for the [medical
malpractice] to produce the injury." Id.
6
There is ample support for the notion that a plaintiff's failure to follow a physician's orders after
seeking treatment may be considered in a comparative negligence analysis in a lawsuit against
that physician. See, e.g., Jalaba v Borovoy, 206 Mich App 17, 23; 520 NW2d 349 (1994).
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MRE 702 states:
If the court determines that recognized scientific, technical, or other
specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to
determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill,
experience, training, or education[] may testify thereto in the form of an opinion
or otherwise.
Under MRE 104(a), "[p]reliminary questions concerning the qualification of a person to be a
witness . . . shall be determined by the court . . . ."
We cannot conclude that the trial court's allowance of Dr. Frankel's testimony violated the
abuse of discretion standard. Indeed, Frankel testified that he had worked in emergency
medicine for nearly twenty years and had also completed a residency in internal medicine. He
testified that he "had five years of residency in internal medicine and surgery," and he graduated
from medical school in 1964. Under these circumstances, it can reasonably be inferred that
Frankel had "knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education" relevant to issues of a person's
general health and life expectancy. See MRE 702. While he may not have been as qualified to
render an opinion of life expectancy as was defendants' expert, this was relevant to the weight,
not the admissibility, of his testimony. See People v Whitfield, 425 Mich 116, 123-124; 388
NW2d 206 (1986).7
III
Next, defendants argue that the trial court erroneously instructed the jury in accordance
with a statutory mortality table that was repealed in 1994. However, defendants did not object to
the reading of the challenged instruction at trial. Accordingly, we review this issue for plain
error.8 See, generally, Kern v Blethen-Coluni, 240 Mich App 333, 336; 612 NW2d 838 (2000).
To obtain relief, defendants must demonstrate a clear or obvious error that affected the outcome
of the case. Id.; People v Carines, 460 Mich 750, 763; 597 NW2d 130 (1999). We conclude that
defendants have not met this burden for reversal.
7
Defendants briefly suggest in their briefs that Frankel was not qualified to express an opinion
regarding whether Shinholster would have died if Adams and Flaherty had treated her differently.
Defendants waived this issue by failing to develop an argument with respect to it and by failing
to raise it in the questions presented on appeal. See Caldwell v Chapman, 240 Mich App 124,
132; 610 NW2d 264 (2000), and Palo Group Foster Care, Inc v Dep't of Social Services, 228
Mich App 140, 152; 577 NW2d 200 (1998).
8
Defendants contend that their failure to object should be excused because the Standard Jury
Instructions were not amended to reflect the abrogation of the mortality table until after the trial.
We disagree; indeed, defendants should not have unhesitatingly relied on the Standard Jury
Instructions, which do not have the force and effect of law. See State Farm Fire & Cas Co v
Couvier, 227 Mich App 271, 273 n 1; 575 NW2d 331 (1998).
-7-
The trial court instructed the jurors, in part, as follows:
[Y]ou may consider the mortality tables which are part of our statutes.
This table shows that an ordinary person of 61 years of age has the life expectancy
of 15.44 years.[9] This mortality table may be considered along with the other
evidence in determining life expectancy. These mortality figures are to be
considered in determining life expectancy only if you find that Betty Jean
Shinholster was in ordinary good health.
This instruction derived from former SJI2d 53.02, which in turn derived from the mortality table
found in former MCL 500.834(7). 1994 PA 226 eliminated the mortality table. Therefore, the
trial court should not have given the above instruction at the 1999 trial.
While the error here could potentially be deemed clear or obvious (given the abrogation
of the mortality table), it did not, in our opinion, affect the outcome of the case. Indeed, the trial
court specifically noted that the "mortality figures are to be considered in determining life
expectancy only if you find that Betty Jean Shinholster was in ordinary good health." The
testimony at trial was abundantly clear that Shinholster was not in fact in ordinary good health
because she had suffered from blood-pressure problems for many years. Under these
circumstances, the use of the mortality table did not affect the outcome of the case and thus does
not require reversal.10
IV
Next, defendants argue that the trial court erred in applying the $500,000 noneconomic
damages cap under MCL 600.1483 because Shinholster did not meet the necessary qualifications
for the higher cap. This issue involves statutory construction and is thus subject to review de
novo. See Keweenaw Bay Outfitters & Trading Post v Dept' of Treasury, 252 Mich App 95, 97;
651 NW2d 138 (2002).
MCL 600.1483 states, in part:
(1) In an action for damages alleging medical malpractice by or against a
person or party, the total amount of damages for noneconomic loss recoverable by
all plaintiffs, resulting from the negligence of all defendants, shall not exceed
9
We note that plaintiff 's expert opined a life expectancy of ten to fifteen years, defendants'
expert opined a life expectancy of five years, and the jury ultimately found a life expectancy of
eight years.
10
Moreover, we note that Annapolis Hospital actually offered the challenged instruction at trial.
As noted in Fellows v Superior Products Co, 201 Mich App 155, 165; 506 NW2d 534 (1993), "It
is well settled that error requiring reversal must be that of the trial court and not that to which the
appellant contributed by plan or negligence."
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$280,000.00 unless, as the result of the negligence of 1 or more of the defendants,
1 or more of the following exceptions apply as determined by the court pursuant
to section 6304 [dealing with postverdict adjustments by the court], in which case
damages for noneconomic loss shall not exceed $500,000.00:
(a) The plaintiff is hemiplegic, paraplegic, or quadriplegic resulting in a
total permanent functional loss of 1 or more limbs caused by 1 or more of the
following:
(i) Injury to the brain.
(ii) Injury to the spinal cord.
(b) The plaintiff has permanently impaired cognitive capacity rendering
him or her incapable of making independent, responsible life decisions and
permanently incapable of independently performing the activities of normal, daily
living.
(c) There has been permanent loss of or damage to a reproductive organ
resulting in the inability to procreate.[11]
The trial court noted that although the Legislature used the words "is . . . hemiplegic,"
etc., it did not specify at which time the plaintiff must have been in that state for the higher cap to
apply. The court ruled:
[T]he the only sensible way to interpret the statute is to hold that the
Legislature intended it [the higher cap] to apply to people who had been rendered
cognitively incapable, quadriplegic, etc., from the accident in question. Betty
Shinholster met this condition here: as the jury found, she suffered the requisite
injuries from the accident—she endured these injuries in the several months she
lay in a coma before she died. We thus hold that the higher, $500,000 cap applies.
Defendants contend that this was an improper interpretation because the statute
specifically uses the present tense and because the damages reduction is to be performed by the
court after the jury has rendered its verdict. Defendants contend that because Shinholster was
dead at the end of trial, she did not fit within the present-tense definition of the statute.
The primary goal of statutory interpretation is to ascertain and give effect to the
Legislature's intent as gleaned from the statute's language. See Michigan Bell Tel Co v Dep't of
Treasury, 229 Mich App 200, 207; 581 NW2d 770 (1998). "If reasonable minds can differ with
11
We note that an earlier statute specifically mentioned death as an exception, but the current
statute, in effect at the time of trial, does not.
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respect to the meaning of a statute, judicial construction is appropriate." Alma Piston Co v Dep't
of Treasury, 236 Mich App 365, 368; 600 NW2d 144 (1999).
We believe that reasonable minds could differ with respect to the meaning of the statute
in question. Indeed, while defendant argues that whether the injured person is hemiplegic, etc.,
should be determined at the time the court makes postverdict adjustments, another reasonable
interpretation is possible, i.e., that the court, at the time of making postverdict adjustments, must
determine whether the defendant's negligence caused the plaintiff at some point to fall within one
of the enumerated conditions. Accordingly, given the unclear nature of the statute, judicial
construction is appropriate. Id.
We construe the statute in accordance with the trial court's ruling. Indeed, the adoption of
defendants' position would lead to absurd and unfair results. For example, a person who endured
months of paraplegia caused by medical malpractice but died of an unrelated and independent
cause before the court's verdict adjustments would be subject to the lower cap, whereas a similar
person who died a day after the court's verdict adjustments would be subject to the higher cap.
We view the better approach to be that advocated by plaintiff and adopted by the trial court.
Under this approach, the point of reference for determining whether the injured person fits within
MCL 600.1483(1)(a), (b), or (c) is any time after and as a result of the negligent action.
Therefore, because Shinholster was rendered incapacitated by defendants' negligence, the higher
cap applies.12
Defendant hospital13 argues that even if the higher cap applies by virtue of Shinholster's
coma, then a remand for a new trial on damages is nonetheless warranted because the jury did not
delineate between the noneconomic damages awarded to Shinholster for her coma and the
noneconomic damages awarded to Shinholster's survivors for her death.14 Defendant hospital
contends that only the damages associated with the coma should be subject to the higher cap.
We do not agree. The statute states that noneconomic damages shall not exceed $500,000 if the
plaintiff meets one of the enumerated conditions but does not dictate that only the damages
directly associated with the enumerated conditions shall be subject to the higher cap. We believe
that, under the plain language of the statute, if a plaintiff falls within an enumerated condition,
the total noneconomic damages associated with the malpractice, including damages resulting
from an accompanying death, are subject to the higher cap.
12
An argument could be made that in a lawsuit involving death brought under the wrongful death
statute, the damages caps found in MCL 600.1483(1) do not apply at all. We decline to reach
this issue, however, because plaintiff only briefly mentions it in his appellate brief. Instead,
plaintiff focuses on his argument that the trial court properly applied "the higher of the two
limitations" found in MCL 600.1483(1).
13
The individual doctors did not raise this issue in their appellate brief.
14
Defendant seems to assume that one can experience loss of consortium or companionship only
as the result of a relative's death and not as the result of a relative's coma.
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Defendants contend that our holding with respect to MCL 600.1483(1) will result in a
windfall (i.e., a higher damages cap) to individuals who suffer only brief paraplegia or another
qualifying condition under the statute before their deaths. However, it is up to the Legislature,
and not the courts, to address the concerns raised by defendants. If the Legislature wishes to
amend MCL 600.1483 by making more specific rules regarding compensation for the conditions
currently enumerated in the statute, it is free to do so.15
V
Next, defendants argue that the trial court erred in failing to reduce the jury's award of
future damages to present value under MCL 600.6306. This issue involves statutory
interpretation, which we review de novo. Keweenaw Bay Outfitters, supra at 97.
MCL 600.6306(1)(c), (d), and (e) mandate that awards of future damages be reduced to
"gross present cash value." However, MCL 600.6311 states that this rule does not apply "to a
plaintiff who is 60 years of age or older at the time of judgment." The trial court ruled that the
term "plaintiff" in MCL 600.6311 referred to the decedent in a wrongful death case such as the
instant one and that because Shinholster would have been over sixty at the time of judgment,
MCL 600.6306(1)(c), (d), and (e) did not apply.
The general rule of statutory construction is to construe unambiguous statutes as written.
PM One, Ltd v Dep't of Treasury, 240 Mich App 255, 280; 611 NW2d 318 (2000). MCL
600.6311 specifically refers to "a plaintiff who is 60 years of age or older . . ." (emphasis added).
Accordingly, we could potentially hold that because the plaintiff here—Shinholster's personal
representative—was over sixty, the MCL 600.6311 exception applied. However, we note that
MCL 600.6306 also uses the term "plaintiff" in referring to comparative negligence. See MCL
600.6306(3) ("the total judgment amount shall be reduced . . . by an amount equal to the
percentage of plaintiff 's fault"). Clearly, this reference to "plaintiff" is not a reference to a
personal representative in a wrongful death case, because the personal representative would not
be the one evaluated for comparative negligence; instead, the decedent would be so evaluated.
We conclude that the statutes at issue are essentially ambiguous with regard to the term
"plaintiff" as applied to wrongful death cases.
However, it is not necessary, in the instant case, to resolve the ambiguity in MCL
600.6311. Indeed, both the "plaintiff" (i.e., the personal representative and the person who
brought the lawsuit) and the decedent in this case satisfied the MCL 600.6311 exception.
15
Moreover, as noted in footnote 12, it is possible that in a lawsuit involving death brought under
the wrongful death statute, the damages caps found in MCL 600.1483(1) do not apply at all; this
would expose defendants to a significantly higher liability and result in greater compensation to a
deceased individual's estate. As noted, we do not reach this question in the instant case because
it has not been properly briefed by plaintiff.
-11-
Accordingly, the trial court did not err in refusing to reduce the amount of future damages to
present value.16
VI
Next, defendants argue that the trial court erred in failing to grant defendants a reduction
in the past economic damages award in this case under MCL 600.6303(1) because Medicaid paid
much of the medical expenses. Once again, this issue involves statutory interpretation and is
reviewed de novo. See Keweenaw Bay Outfitters, supra at 97.
MCL 600.6303(1) directs the trial court to reduce economic damages awards by the
amount a plaintiff receives from a collateral source. MCL 600.6303(4) defines "collateral
source" as
benefits received or receivable from an insurance policy; benefits payable
pursuant to a contract with a health care corporation, dental care corporation, or
health maintenance organization; employee benefits; social security benefits;
worker's compensation benefits; or medicare benefits. Collateral source does not
include life insurance benefits or benefits paid by a person, partnership,
association, corporation, or other legal entity entitled by law to a lien against the
proceeds of a recovery by a plaintiff in a civil action for damages. Collateral
source does not include benefits paid or payable by a person, partnership,
association, corporation, or other legal entity entitled by contract to a lien against
the proceeds of a recovery by a plaintiff in a civil action for damages, if the
contractual lien has been exercised pursuant to subsection (3) [setting forth time
deadlines for exercising contractual liens].
The relevant question is whether the Medicaid payments fit within this definition of
"collateral source." Clearly, they do not. Indeed, Medicaid payments are simply not listed in the
statute. Adams and Flaherty point out that the Medicaid program has been established under a
federal statutory scheme that is a part of the Social Security Chapter of the United States Code.
They therefore argue that Medicaid payments fall within the scope of MCL 600.6303(4) as
"social security benefits." We disagree. Indeed, MCL 600.6303(4) refers to "social security
benefits" and to Medicare payments, even though the Medicare program has also been
established under a federal statutory scheme that is part of the Social Security Chapter of the
16
Defendants contend that a reduction should occur in this case because many of Shinholster's
relatives are young and can invest the future damages award to make their own interest on the
money. Essentially, defendants contend that MCL 600.6311 should not apply in wrongful death
cases in which young beneficiaries exist. However, this Court is not at liberty to create an
exception for certain wrongful death cases when such an exception is not apparent from the
statutory language.
-12-
United States Code. Under the doctrine of expressio unius est exclusio alterius, the express
mention of one thing implies the exclusion of other, similar things. Dave's Place, Inc v Liquor
Control Comm, 277 Mich 551, 555; 269 NW 594 (1936); Elliott v Genesee Co, 166 Mich App
11, 15; 419 NW2d 762 (1988). Accordingly, the Legislature's express mention of Medicare
payments implies the exclusion of Medicaid payments. The court did not err17 in denying
defendants' request for a setoff under MCL 600.6303(1).18
VII
Finally, defendant hospital19 argues that the trial court erred in ruling that it would apply
the statutory damages cap after it adjusted the jury verdict in accordance with Shinholster's
comparative negligence. Upon our review de novo of this statutory interpretation issue, see
Keweenaw Bay Outfitters, supra at 97, we disagree.
Under MCL 600.6304(3), a trial court is to determine the final award of damages in
accordance with the jury's findings with regard to fault. MCL 600.6304(3) states, in part:
The court shall determine the award of damages to each plaintiff in
accordance with the findings under subsection (1) [regarding the total amount of
damages and allocations of fault], subject to any reduction under subsection (5).
[Emphasis added.]
Subsection 5 concerns the statutory damages caps in medical malpractice cases. Therefore, the
statute makes clear that a court is to make a comparative negligence reduction, with the result
then being "subject" to the damages caps. The statutory language is clear, and we will thus apply
it as written. See PM One, supra at 280. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in its
determination.
Affirmed and remanded for the entry of a judgment in a sum certain consistent with this
opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.
/s/ Patrick M. Meter
/s/ William B. Murphy
/s/ Richard Allen Griffin
17
Although the court denied a setoff for a different reason, this Court will not reverse if a trial
court reaches the right result for the wrong reason. Etefia v Credit Technologies, Inc, 245 Mich
App 466, 470; 628 NW2d 577 (2001).
18
We note that under MCL 400.106(1)(b)(ii), Medicaid can enforce a subrogation right by
intervening in a lawsuit or by filing its own lawsuit against the allegedly negligent parties or
against contractors that may be liable to pay for medical care.
19
The individual doctors did not raise this issue in their appellate brief.
-13-
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