COLLEEN ADAMS V DEPT OF TRANSPORTATION
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
COLLEEN ADAMS, for herself, and as legal
guardian for RICHARD ADAMS,
FOR PUBLICATION
October 11, 2002
9:00 a.m.
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v
No. 230268
Court of Claims
LC No. 98-016967-CMI
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION,
Defendant-Appellee.
Updated Copy
January 3, 2003
Before: Sawyer, P.J., and Hood, Jansen, O'Connell, Zahra, Kelly, and Murray, JJ.
ZAHRA, J.
Pursuant to MCR 7.215(I) this special panel was convened to resolve the conflict
between this Court's prior vacated opinion in Adams v Dep't of Trans, 251 Mich App 801 (2002),
and this Court's earlier decision in Sekulov v Warren, 251 Mich App 333; 650 NW2d 397 (2002).
We conclude that Sekulov was wrongly decided, and we affirm the grant of summary disposition
awarded to defendant by the trial court.
I. Facts and Procedure
The previous panel set forth the following basic facts of this case:
This case arises from an automobile accident in Montcalm County in
October 1997. Because of a snowstorm, a power outage occurred in the county,
thus disabling the traffic signal at M-46 and Federal Highway (Old US-131). As
Richard Adams drove south on Federal Highway through that intersection with
the disabled traffic signal, his automobile and a delivery truck traveling on M-46
collided. Adams sustained severe head injuries as a result of the accident and is
legally incapacitated.
Plaintiff, Richard's wife and legal guardian, filed this lawsuit in the Court
of Claims against defendant Michigan Department of Transportation (hereinafter
MDOT), alleging negligence, gross negligence, and wilful and wanton conduct.
Plaintiff asserted that MDOT, through the Montcalm County Road Commission,
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failed to erect temporary portable stop signs or take other suitable safety measures
at the intersection. [Adams, supra at 801-802.][1]
On July 28, 2000, while the present case was pending before the trial court, our Supreme
Court issued Nawrocki v Macomb Co Rd Comm, 463 Mich 143; 615 NW2d 702 (2000), which
held that the highway exception to governmental immunity, MCL 691.1402(1), does not allow
claims premised on areas of special danger or the installation, maintenance, or improvement of
traffic control devices. Nawrocki, supra at 176-180, 184. Defendant in the present case argued
that the Nawrocki decision bars plaintiff 's suit and moved for summary disposition. The trial
court agreed and granted summary disposition for defendant.
Plaintiff appealed to this Court, arguing that Nawrocki overruled prior precedent and,
therefore, should be applied only prospectively.2 While plaintiff 's appeal was pending, another
panel of this Court decided the retroactivity issue in Sekulov, supra. In Sekulov, a split panel of
this Court, Judge Talbot dissenting, held that the Nawrocki decision overruled prior precedent
and, therefore, Nawrocki must be applied prospectively. Sekulov, supra at 338-339. In
accordance with MCR 7.215(I)(1), the prior Adams panel was required to follow the precedent of
Sekulov. Were it not for MCR 7.215(I)(1), the prior Adams panel would have held that Nawrocki
applies retroactively and, thus, affirmed the trial court's grant of summary disposition for
defendant.
II. Analysis
We now consider whether the Supreme Court's decision in Nawrocki is to be limited to
prospective application. Whether a judicial decision should be limited to prospective application
is a question of law that we review de novo. Sturak v Ozomaro, 238 Mich App 549, 559; 606
NW2d 411 (1999).
Generally, judicial decisions are given full retroactive effect. Pohutski v Allen Park, 465
Mich 675, 696; 641 NW2d 219 (2002), citing Hyde v Univ of Michigan Bd of Regents, 426 Mich
223, 240; 393 NW2d 847 (1986). In determining whether a decision is to be applied only
prospectively, a reviewing court must consider whether the decision clearly established a new
principle of law, which results from overruling case law that was clear and uncontradicted.
Pohutski, supra at 696, citing Riley v Northland Geriatric Center (After Remand), 431 Mich 632,
645-646; 433 NW2d 787 (1988) (Griffin, J.). See MEEMIC v Morris, 460 Mich 180, 189; 596
NW2d 142 (1999), quoting Hyde, supra at 240 ("[C]omplete prospective application has
generally been limited to decisions which overrule clear and uncontradicted case law."). If a
1
Plaintiff also filed suit against the delivery truck driver and his employer. Plaintiff eventually
settled her claims against the driver and his employer.
2
Plaintiff also argued that, to the extent Nawrocki is applied retroactively, the trial court erred in
granting defendant's motion for summary disposition because Nawrocki is factually
distinguishable from this case.
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reviewing court concludes that the decision does not overrule clear and uncontradicted case law,
the product of which is a new principle of law, the decision must be applied retroactively.3
Plaintiff argues that because Nawrocki expressly overruled Pick v Szymczak, 451 Mich
607; 548 NW2d 603 (1996), we must conclude that Nawrocki established a new principle of
law.4 Plaintiff 's argument is consistent with the reasoning offered by the majority in Sekulov,
supra at 338, which held: "By its own express terms, Nawrocki overruled clear and
uncontradicted case law, specifically Pick . . . , so . . . Nawrocki has only prospective
application." We conclude that plaintiff 's argument relies on an erroneously narrow view of
what constitutes establishment of a new principle of law. Moreover, we conclude that the
Sekulov majority wrongly concluded that Pick represented clear and uncontradicted case law.
The act of the Supreme Court overruling one of its prior opinions, standing alone, is not
dispositive of whether the latest Supreme Court pronouncement should be applied only
prospectively. The dispositive question is whether the latest Supreme Court pronouncement
overruled case law that was clear and uncontradicted. "Case law" is defined as "[t]he aggregate
3
If, on the other hand, a reviewing court concludes that a decision clearly established a new
principle of law, the court must weigh the following three factors to determine whether the
decision should be limited to prospective application: "(1) the purpose to be served by the new
rule, (2) the extent of reliance on the old rule, and (3) the effect of retroactivity on the
administration of justice." Pohutski, supra at 696, citing People v Hampton, 384 Mich 669, 674;
187 NW2d 404 (1971). No single factor is dispositive of whether a decision should only be
applied prospectively. Rather, these factors should be considered and weighed in conjunction
with each other to determine whether a deviation from the general rule of retroactivity best
serves Michigan's jurisprudence.
4
In Evens v Shiawassee Co Rd Comm'rs, the companion case to Nawrocki, the plaintiff alleged
that the county road commission breached its duty to install adequate stop signs or traffic signals
at the intersection where his injury occurred. Nawrocki, supra at 154. Noting that governmental
bodies are normally immune from tort liability, the Supreme Court considered whether the
plaintiff's action fit within the highway exception to governmental immunity, MCL 691.1402(1).
The Supreme Court relied on Scheurman v Dep't of Trans, 434 Mich 619, 629-630; 456 NW2d
66 (1990), and Ross v Consumers Power Co (On Rehearing), 420 Mich 567, 618; 363 NW2d
641 (1984), for the principle that the immunity conferred on governmental agencies is broad and
the exceptions to that immunity are narrowly drawn. Nawrocki, supra at 158-159. The Supreme
Court reviewed the plain language of the statute, id. at 159-161, and concluded that the highway
exception limits governmental entities' "duty with respect to the location of the alleged
dangerous or defective condition; if the condition is not located in the actual roadbed designed
for vehicular travel, the narrowly drawn highway exception is inapplicable and liability does not
attach." Id. at 162 (emphasis in original). The Supreme Court held that because the plaintiff 's
suit was based on the installation of signage outside the portion of the roadbed designed for
vehicular travel, the plaintiff 's claims did not fit within the plain language of the highway
exception. Id. at 183-184. In so holding, the Court expressly overruled Pick, which broadly
construed MCL 691.1402(1) to mean that governmental agencies have a duty to provide traffic
control devices or warning signs at "points of special hazard." Nawrocki, supra at 180.
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of reported cases as forming a body of jurisprudence, or the law of a particular subject as
evidenced or formed by the adjudged cases, in distinction to statutes and other sources of law."
Black's Law Dictionary (4th ed). We must focus our inquiry on the overall body of case law
interpreting the highway exception to the governmental immunity act rather than limit the focus
of our inquiry to Pick, as proposed by plaintiff and the majority in Sekulov. The standard for
determining whether a judicial decision should be limited to prospective application set forth in
Pohutski and MEEMIC would be rendered meaningless if we adopt the Sekulov reasoning
because Sekulov suggests that every case in which the Supreme Court overrules one of its prior
decisions, the principle of law emanating from the more recent case would be applied only
prospectively. No case in Michigan jurisprudence supports such a conclusion.
As cogently observed by the prior Adams panel and by Judge Talbot in his dissent in
Sekulov, Nawrocki clearly establishes that judicial interpretations of the governmental immunity
statute generally, MCL 691.1407(1), and the highway exception to governmental immunity
specifically, MCL 691.1402(1), were neither clear nor without contradiction. In Nawrocki,
supra at 149, the Supreme Court referred to the "confusing and contradictory" state of the law
resulting from inconsistent judicial interpretations of the governmental immunity act. The
Supreme Court noted that
[t]hese decisions have created a rule of law that is virtually impenetrable, even to
the most experienced judges and legal practitioners. Further, these conflicting
decisions have provided precedent that both parties in highway liability cases may
cite as authority for their opposing positions. This area of law cries out for
clarification, which we attempt to provide today. [Nawrocki, supra at 149-150.]
The Supreme Court further stated its intent to restore "a stable rule of law in this difficult area of
law" by properly interpreting the plain language of the statute consistent with the prior
precedents of Scheurman, supra, and Ross, supra. Nawrocki, supra at 175. See Sebring v
Berkley, 247 Mich App 666, 669-670; 637 NW2d 552 (2001).
Nawrocki is not the first case in which the Supreme Court commented on the unsettled
state of judicial interpretations addressing the governmental immunity act. In Suttles v Dep't of
Trans, 457 Mich 635, 642-643; 578 NW2d 295 (1998), a case that also involved the highway
exception to the governmental immunity act, the Supreme Court "acknowledge[d] that the notion
of governmental immunity, its interpretation, and its practical application have been difficult at
times, stemming in part from the decisions of this Court and from the confusing nature of the
statute itself." Likewise, in Pick, the Supreme Court attempted to bring together the body of case
law that had addressed the governmental immunity act. In so doing, Justice Cavanagh, writing
for the majority, supra at 622, observed that the Supreme Court had issued "undeniably fractured
case law precedents."5
5
Notwithstanding the many past attempts by this Court and the Supreme Court to provide
clarification in this area of the law, the Supreme Court observed in Nawrocki that the case law
addressing governmental immunity remained in a state of confusion. The Supreme Court
"return[ed] to a narrow construction of the highway exception predicated upon a close
examination of the statute's plain language, rather than merely . . . add still another layer of
(continued…)
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We also find significant the fact that the Supreme Court did not expressly state that the
Nawrocki holding was to be limited to prospective application. Compare Pohutski, supra at 696.
As observed by the prior Adams panel, the Supreme Court applied its holding in Nawrocki in
Hanson v Mecosta Co Rd Comm'rs, 465 Mich 492, 498-499; 638 NW2d 396 (2002).
Additionally, the Supreme Court remanded other cases to this Court for reconsideration in light
of Nawrocki. See, e.g., Ridley v Detroit (On Remand), 246 Mich App 687; 639 NW2d 258
(2001); McIntosh v Dep't of Trans (On Remand), 244 Mich App 705; 625 NW2d 123 (2001);
Iovino v Michigan (On Remand), 244 Mich App 711; 625 NW2d 129 (2001). The Supreme
Court's failure in Nawrocki to expressly deviate from the general rule of retroactivity coupled
with its subsequent action of applying Nawrocki to other cases strongly indicates the Supreme
Court's intent that Nawrocki be given retroactive application.
We therefore conclude that, in overruling Pick, the Supreme Court did not overrule clear
and uncontradicted case law, thereby establishing a new principle of law. Rather, the Supreme
Court articulated the proper interpretation of the statutory highway exception to governmental
immunity, a statute that was misinterpreted in Pick. See MEEMIC, supra at 197. Nawrocki must
be given full retroactive effect.6 To the extent plaintiff attempts to factually distinguish the
present case from Nawrocki, we reject that argument for the reasons stated in the prior panel's
opinion. Adams, supra at 805, n 6. The trial court properly granted summary disposition for
defendant.
Affirmed.
/s/ Brian K Zahra
/s/ David H. Sawyer
/s/ Peter D. O'Connell
/s/ Kirsten Frank Kelly
/s/ Christopher M. Murray
(…continued)
judicial gloss to those interpretations of the statute previously issued by [the Supreme] Court and
the Court of Appeals." Id. at 150. The Supreme Court concluded that "Pick failed to simply
apply the plain language of the highway exception and, instead, relied on judicially invented
phrases nowhere found in the statutory clause . . . ." Id. at 175. Given the constantly evolving
state of governmental immunity law, the Supreme Court's decision in Nawrocki to give effect to
the plain language of the highway exception statute and to correct prior misinterpretations was a
foreseeable and welcomed clarification of this area of law. See MEEMIC, supra at 196-197.
6
Given our conclusion that Nawrocki did not meet the threshold requirement that the decision
establish a new rule of law, we need not consider the three additional factors discussed in
Pohutski, supra at 696.
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