STAR-BATT INC V CITY OF ROCHESTER HILLS
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
STAR-BATT, INC., f/k/a/ STOLARUK
CORPORATION,
FOR PUBLICATION
May 31, 2002
9:10 a.m.
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v
No. 225508
Oakland Circuit Court
LC No. 98-007244-CZ
CITY OF ROCHESTER HILLS,
Defendant-Appellee.
Updated Copy
August 30, 2002
Before: Neff, P.J., and Cavanagh and Saad, JJ.
SAAD, J.
Plaintiff Star-Batt, Inc., formerly known as Stolaruk Corporation, appeals as of right the
trial court's order granting defendant city of Rochester Hills'1 motion for summary disposition.
We reverse and remand.
I. Nature of the Case
A city of Rochester Hills ordinance requires contractors, such as plaintiff, to post a cash
bond as a fund of dollars available to compensate the city if the contractor causes damage to city
property or fails to pay for certain city services. The city ordinance is silent regarding the
ownership or ultimate disposition of any interest earned on the fund. Similarly, and somewhat
curiously, the city ordinance is silent on the question whether the city is obliged to or will invest
the funds and, moreover, whether and how the city will return the original principal (cash bond).
Further, though the city ordinance sets forth in detail the schedule of fees for various building
projects, it is, once again, silent on the question whether the cash bond or interest may be used to
offset the costs incurred by the city in administering the fund created by the cash bonds posted by
various contractors.
Here, the city returned the full amount of the cash bond because the contractor did not
cause any damages or fail to pay requisite city charges, but the city refused to give plaintiff the
1
For purposes of clarity and ease of reference we refer to defendant, alternatively, as the city of
Rochester Hills or the city.
-1-
interest earned on the principal fund. The city's refusal raises this issue of first impression: If a
city ordinance requires a private contractor to post a cash bond to reimburse the city for potential
damages, but the ordinance is silent on the question of interest earned on the cash bond (fund),
then who owns the interest?
For the following reasons, we hold that the interest is the property of the private
contractor and, therefore, should have been given to the contractor at the time the city returned
the principal fund:
(1) Had the city desired to retain all or some portion of the interest earned
on the funds (created by posting of cash bonds), it could have easily said so in the
ordinance;
(2) Had the city desired to charge an administrative fee for managing the
funds, again, it could have easily said so, but the city did not;
(3) The common-law rule that "the interest follows the principal" seems
appropriate to apply in the absence of an express provision in the ordinance
regarding the ownership and ultimate disposition of the interest; and
(4) A review of the interests at stake in the cash bonds strongly suggests
that the private contractor has a greater right to the interest earned because:
(a) the city's interest in the fund is to protect the city against potential
damages and, thus, this interest would have been satisfied when the city returned
the principal, irrespective of the "interest" question, and
(b) it is the private contractor's interest in the use of the money (cash
bond) for the time the city held the money that is, in effect, addressed by giving
the interest earned to the contractor. Indeed, the net effect is—the city is protected
(the clear intent of the ordinance's requirement of a cash bond) and the private
contractor is reimbursed for the loss of the use of its money for the time it was so
held by the city.2
II. Facts and Procedural History
Between 1977 and 1988, plaintiff submitted surety guarantees to Rochester Hills in the
form of cash bonds totaling approximately $35,625. Rochester Hills' construction code
(hereinafter the ordinance) requires private building contractors, such as plaintiff, to post cash
bonds in order to obtain building permits. According to the ordinance, the bonds protect the city
from potential property or utility damage caused during construction, guarantee the completion of
work, and cover any unpaid utility bills.
2
We express no opinion whether a city has any obligation to invest the cash bonds, nor have we
found any Michigan case law on this issue.
-2-
Though not required to do so by the ordinance, the city invested the bond funds that the
contractor posted pursuant to the ordinance and earned interest totaling $54,534.70. On or about
November 10, 1995, the city returned to the contractor $35,625, the amount of the original cash
bonds, but refused to turn over the interest earned. As stated earlier, the city ordinance is silent
on the question of who is entitled to the interest earned on the cash bonds.3
On July 30, 1998, the contractor filed a complaint for an accounting and to receive the
interest earned on the bonds. The contractor alleged that the relationship between it and the city
was that of beneficiary and trustee and that the city was a fiduciary with respect to the
contractor's bond deposit funds. In its trial brief, the city argued that it holds the bonds on behalf
of the public, not the contractor.4 Therefore, the city argues there is no trustee-beneficiary
relationship between the contractor and the city. Further, because the parties did not enter into a
contract requiring the city to pay the contractor the interest and the interest was not wrongfully
withheld from the contractor, the city asserted that the contractor does not have a valid claim to
the interest.
The contractor argued below and says here that, because the city ordinance does not
address the ownership of or disposition of interest, the common-law rule that "interest follows
the principal" dictates that the interest earned on the cash bonds should be given to the contractor
along with the return of the cash bonds. The contractor also asserted below, and says on appeal,
that while surety bonds are posted for the city to use for any damage to public property and
utilities and to pay for any outstanding bills, the cash deposited by the contractor continues to
belong to the contractor unless and until any such damage or failure to pay occurs.
On December 27, 1999, the trial court entered an opinion and order granting summary
disposition to the city. The trial court held that, because the ordinance does not address the issue
of interest and because no fiduciary relationship exists, the city is entitled to keep the interest
earned. The court reasoned that the city had no obligation to place the funds into an interestbearing account and the cash bonds were held for the city's benefit. Therefore, the trial court
ruled, any interest earned belongs to the city. On February 10, 2000, the trial court denied the
contractor's motion for reconsideration. We reverse and remand for further consideration.
III. Analysis
In this case of first impression, the contractor contends, correctly in our view, that the trial
court erred in ruling that, as a matter of law, the city may retain interest earned on cash bonds
posted by plaintiff pursuant to the Rochester Hills ordinance.5
3
The parties did not execute a written or oral agreement regarding the distribution of any interest
earned while Rochester Hills held the bonds.
4
In light of our ruling, we need not address the "trustee-beneficiary" arguments of the parties.
5
This Court reviews a trial court's decision to grant summary disposition de novo. Smith v Globe
Life Ins Co, 460 Mich 446, 454; 597 NW2d 28 (1999). Defendant moved for summary
disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(8) and (C)(10). However, in deciding the motion, the trial
(continued…)
-3-
This dispute evolves from a Rochester Hills ordinance that provides, in pertinent part:
5-02.02 General Requirements
.01 Surety Bonds
* * *
B. Property and/or Utilities Damage. A cash bond shall be posted before
the issuance of a Building Permit for structures as required in Section 5-02.0A
Appendix A following this Chapter which is incorporated herein by reference.
The bond shall assure payment for damages to any public property and/or utilities
caused by construction, guarantee completion of work required to obtain a Final
Certificate of Occupancy, and provide a fund to pay outstanding and unpaid water,
sewer, street cleaning and any other such charges determined by the City to be
unpaid.
* * *
5-02.04 Enforcement
The Director of Building and his authorized representatives which shall
specifically include, but not by way of limitation, all inspectors in the Department
of Building for the City of Rochester Hills, are hereby authorized to enforce this
Chapter and are specifically authorized to issue Appearance Citations for any
violation hereof, pursuant to the statutes made and provided. [Emphasis added.]
As both parties acknowledge, the ordinance is silent on the issue of the ownership of
interest earned on cash bonds posted by building contractors.6 Further, if an ordinance is silent
(…continued)
court considered only plaintiff's complaint and no additional documentary evidence.
Accordingly, though the trial court did not specify the court rule it used in making its decision, it
appears to have relied on MCR 2.116(C)(8). As our Supreme Court explained in Maiden v
Rozwood, 461 Mich 109, 119-120; 597 NW2d 817 (1999):
A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of the
complaint. All well-pleaded factual allegations are accepted as true and construed
in a light most favorable to the nonmovant. A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(8)
may be granted only where the claims alleged are "so clearly unenforceable as a
matter of law that no factual development could possibly justify recovery." When
deciding a motion brought under this section, a court considers only the pleadings.
MCR 2.116(G)(5). [Citations omitted.]
6
"The rules governing the construction of statutes apply with equal force to the interpretation of
municipal ordinances." Gora v Ferndale, 456 Mich 704, 711; 576 NW2d 141 (1998). "In
resolving disputed interpretations of statutory language, it is the function of a reviewing court to
(continued…)
-4-
regarding an issue, "the Legislature is deemed to act with an understanding of common law in
existence before the legislation was enacted." Nation v W D E Electric Co, 454 Mich 489, 494;
563 NW2d 233 (1997). Moreover, "[w]here there is doubt regarding the meaning of such a
statute, it is to be 'given the effect which makes the least rather than the most change in the
common law.'" Id., quoting Energetics, Ltd v Whitmill, 442 Mich 38, 51; 497 NW2d 497 (1993).
In asserting its right to the interest, the contractor relies on this Court's analysis in Grand
Rapids Public Schools v Grand Rapids, 146 Mich App 652; 381 NW2d 783 (1985). In Grand
Rapids, the plaintiff school district sued to receive the interest that the defendant city earned by
investing tax revenues collected and held for ultimate distribution to the school district under the
city charter and MCL 211.42. Grand Rapids, supra at 653-654. The question in Grand Rapids,
like here, is which party is entitled to the interest earned—the owner of the funds or the holder of
the funds. The statute there, like here, was silent on who was entitled to the interest. In
considering the effect of the statute's silence on the question of entitlement to the interest, this
Court said:
Since the statute and legislative history are silent, we must turn to
established common-law principles to resolve the issue before us. In absence of a
clear statutory provision to the contrary, the general principle is that interest on
public funds designated for a specific purpose follows those funds. In general,
interest is merely an incident of the principal fund, making it the property of the
party owning the principal fund. [Id. at 656-657 (citations omitted).]
Using the common-law principle of "interest follows the principal," our Court declined to infer
from the statute's silence a legislative intent to allow the city to retain the interest and therefore
awarded the interest to the school district. Id. at 656.
The Grand Rapids Court based its holding, in part, on "the fiduciary and trust
responsibilities of the city treasurer when dealing with school taxes . . . ." Id. at 657. We
recognize that Grand Rapids involves a government agency's possession of interest earned on
public tax funds held for a school district, not, as here, a city's withholding of interest on cash
bonds posted for a construction project. However, where, as here, the ordinance is silent
regarding the ownership of interest earned on private funds that remain plaintiff 's private
property, the general rule articulated by the Grand Rapids Court applies with equal strength.
Interest earned on a principal fund is the property of the party owning the fund. Though
Rochester Hills' responsibility to plaintiff, a private contractor, may not rise to that of a fiduciary
as in Grand Rapids, nonetheless, as a custodian of plaintiff 's cash bond,7 the city is not entitled
to a "windfall" of interest earned on funds in which it has no ownership interest.8
(…continued)
effectuate the legislative intent." Nation v W D E Electric Co, 454 Mich 489, 494; 563 NW2d
233 (1997).
7
Again, though we need not decide the trustee-beneficiary arguments (see n 3) and, accordingly,
do not address whether the city of Rochester Hills is a fiduciary, nonetheless for case law
instructive on the issue of interest earned on public funds, see, generally, 5 ALR2d 257. Though
(continued…)
-5-
Though Rochester Hills requires the posting of bonds, there is no requirement or
provision in the ordinance that a building contractor must divest itself of its ownership interest in
the posted bonds. Rather, the city held the bonds to protect it from potential damage caused
during construction, the contractor's failure to complete the job, or a failure to pay utility bills,
none of which occurred. Clearly, the city ordinance gives the city no right to retain any portion
of the bonds unless a condition occurred giving it a right to reimbursement for damages. Again,
nothing happened to entitle the city to keep the cash bond. Once the city returns the cash bond,
its interests have been protected and the statutory purpose satisfied. Further, the private
contractor whose money has "use" value, is compensated for the inability to use its money while
held by the city as a fund in the event of damages. By giving the interest earned to the owner of
the principal, the city fulfills its statutory purpose while also recognizing the contractor's interest
in the use value of its money.9
Moreover, as plaintiff observes, the ordinance contains a fee schedule that sets forth, with
specificity, the type, calculation, and amount of fees required by Rochester Hills. Accordingly,
sums charged in excess of those fees, including interest earned on cash bonds would exceed the
authorized fee schedule. The ordinance does not authorize the city to charge or retain sums in
addition to those listed in the fee schedule.
We note again that had the drafters of the ordinance desired to retain the right to keep
whatever interest accrued on cash bonds, they could have easily inserted such language in the
ordinance. Were we to allow the city to keep the interest earned on the cash bonds, this would
constitute a rewriting of the ordinance, sub silentio, that would effectuate an implied contribution
to the city, without legislative authorization.10
(…continued)
factually different, we agree with the reasoning stated by our Supreme Court in Brown v Vidro,
260 Mich 54, 55; 244 NW 227 (1932): "The funds being private and not public, the county
treasurer, by force of the exigencies of the situation, is made its custodian. He is, in fact, the
trustee of such funds and must account to the beneficiary thereof, not only for the corpus of such
funds, but for all increment thereto by way of interest less the statutory compensation provided
for his service."
8
In holding that defendant could keep interest earned on the cash bonds, the trial court relied on
principles set forth in Amluxen v Eugene J Stephenson, Inc, 340 Mich 273, 275-276; 65 NW2d
807 (1954), in which our Supreme Court quoted from Mitchell v Reolds Farms Co, 268 Mich
301; 256 NW 445 (1934). The trial court's reliance on Mitchell and Amluxen is misplaced. As
plaintiff correctly observes, Mitchell did not concern interest earned on a principal fund, but
"interest as damages . . . or interest on a judgment." Further, unlike in Amluxen, the issue here is
not whether a private party must pay interest on a loan absent an express agreement, but whether
a city must pay interest earned on bonds posted for the city's protection from potential damages
by a building contractor.
9
Again, we express no opinion regarding whether a city is obligated to invest the posted cash
bonds.
10
We reject Rochester Hills' argument that it may retain the interest because Michigan case law
limits a public entity's responsibilities regarding performance bonds on public projects.
(continued…)
-6-
The trial court erred in granting summary disposition to the city because the city chose
not to state in the ordinance that it would retain interest earned on the funds and, in the absence
of such language, we apply the common-law rule that "interest follows the principal" on the basis
of the contractor's superior rights to the interest earned as the owner of the funds.11 Accordingly,
the contractor has stated a valid claim to receive the interest earned while the funds were in
Rochester Hills' possession and the grant of summary disposition was improper.
Because we reverse the trial court's ruling on this dispositive issue, we need not address
plaintiff 's remaining issues.
Reversed and remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not
retain jurisdiction.
/s/ Henry William Saad
/s/ Janet T. Neff
/s/ Mark J. Cavanagh
(…continued)
Defendant cites Barnes & Sweeney Enterprises, Inc v Hazel Park, 169 Mich App 422; 425
NW2d 572 (1988), in which this Court held that the city had no duty to ensure that payment
bonds were kept current or to warn of the expiration of the bond. Rochester Hills also cites ABC
Supply Co v River Rouge, 216 Mich App 396; 549 NW2d 73 (1996), a case in which a contractor
sought payment from the defendant for material supplied to another construction company. In
ABC, this Court held that the city had no duty to require a contractor to furnish the statutory
bond. Rochester Hills' argument that its duty to plaintiff should be limited, though Rochester
Hills invested plaintiff 's money, is simply not supported by these cases. Neither case addresses a
city's duty with regard to invested bond funds. Moreover, we are not persuaded that requiring
Rochester Hills to give plaintiff the interest earned on plaintiff 's bonds would be procedurally
burdensome, particularly where Rochester Hills voluntarily assumed the task of investing
plaintiff 's money in the first place.
Further, Rochester Hills voluntarily chose to invest plaintiff 's cash bonds. Clearly, its
city council could have specified in the ordinance that the cash bond shall be returned without
interest and the city council could have charged a fee for administering cash bonds. The city
could have simply held the bonds in a noninterest-bearing account. Alternatively, the ordinance
could have required a letter of commitment issued by a bank or insurance company rather than
the posting of cash bonds. In brief, the city had many options.
11
As noted above, the city's purpose and objectives for the posted bonds have been fully
satisfied.
-7-
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