PEOPLE OF MI V DIANE KAYE MARTZKE
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,
UNPUBLISHED
March 29, 2002
APPROVED FOR
PUBLICATION
May 10, 2002
9:20 a.m.
Plaintiff-Appellant
v
No. 236836
Eaton Circuit Court
LC No. 00-412-FH
DIANE KAYE MARTZKE,
Defendant-Appellee.
Updated Copy
August 16, 2002
Before: Fitzgerald, P.J., and Bandstra and K. F. Kelly, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
The prosecution appeals as on leave granted by order of our Supreme Court in People v
Martzke, 465 Mich 877 (2001). Defendant, a day-care provider, was charged with child abuse in
the first degree, MCL 750.136b(2). The prosecution sought to introduce evidence of suspicious
injuries that appeared on two other infants and one toddler while in defendant's care. In
response, defendant filed a motion to suppress the evidence on the ground that such evidence
was impermissible character evidence precluded by MRE 404(b). The trial court granted
defendant's motion. The prosecutor then filed an interlocutory appeal with this Court, and this
Court denied leave. Our Supreme Court, however, in lieu of granting leave to appeal, remanded
to this Court for consideration as on leave granted. We now reverse and remand for further
development of the record.
I. Basic Facts and Procedural History
At the time that this case arose, the victim was fourteen weeks old. The victim's parents
began using defendant as their day-care provider on August 21, 2000. Approximately one month
later, on September 28, 2000, the victim's mother dropped her daughter off at defendant's day
care. According to testimony at the preliminary hearing, the victim appeared to be well that
morning. That afternoon, defendant phoned the victim's mother indicating that the victim was
"lethargic," her eyes were "rolling back," and her breathing was labored. The victim's mother
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called her husband, the victim's father, and he proceeded to defendant's home.1 When he arrived,
he observed the victim lying on the floor alone. He testified that she appeared limp; dead.
Defendant's husband approached the victim and when he attempted to pick her up off the floor,
he grabbed her around the waist and the victim screamed. About this same time, paramedics
arrived and transported the victim to the hospital.
Dr. Steven Guertin treated the victim when she arrived at the hospital. At the preliminary
hearing, he testified that when presented to the hospital, she was "lethargic" and had tiny
hemorrhages below her left eye. During his examination, Dr. Guertin discovered that the victim
had hemorrhages round both sides of her brain that were two weeks to one month old. In
addition, there was hemorrhaging in the back of the brain, which injury was greater than three
days old, but less than one week old. Because of the injuries, doctors did a bone survey and a
bone scan and discovered that the victim had three fractured ribs on the back left side. All the
victim's injuries coincided with the time that she was in defendant's day care. In other words,
none of the older injuries predated the victim's day-care experience. Ultimately, Dr. Guertin
testified that the victim's injuries were consistent with child abuse and that the victim's
presenting injury occurred on September 28.
Testimony during the preliminary examination established that the victim was the mother
and father's first child. The victim's mother would drop her off at day care and her father would
pick her up, bring her home, and wait for the mother to return from work. The evidence adduced
during the preliminary examination demonstrated that the victim's father was alone with her for
about an hour and forty-five minutes before the victim's mother returned from work. The
defense elicited testimony indicating that the victim's father experienced difficulty adjusting to
fatherhood and that he often called the mother at work to complain about the victim.
Furthermore, the defense also established that approximately one week before the September 28
incident, the victim went limp while her father was feeding her.
On the basis of the proofs presented during the preliminary examination, the judge found
that the infant was the victim of child abuse and that there was probable cause to believe that the
crime of first-degree child abuse occurred and that defendant committed the offense.
Accordingly, the court bound defendant over to the circuit court on that charge.2 Defendant's
attorney executed a waiver of arraignment form that indicated that defendant stood mute to the
charges levied against her.
The prosecutor sought to introduce evidence of suspicious bruises appearing on other
children left within defendant's care and control. During a hearing on defendant's motion to
suppress the other acts evidence pursuant to MRE 404(b), defendant maintained that she did not
commit the offense. After the hearing, the trial court took the matter under advisement and
1
Defendant and her husband provided day-care services in their home.
2
A review of the record also reveals that defendant was charged with child abuse in the fourth
degree in a second count involving another child in defendant's charge. Defendant made a
motion to sever those charges, and the trial court granted the motion. Consequently, defendant
was bound over to the circuit court on the first-degree child abuse charge only.
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issued a written opinion and order granting defendant's motion to suppress. We now determine
that the trial court improvidently granted defendant's motion and reverse and remand for further
development of the record.
II. Standard of Review
This Court reviews evidentiary decisions for an abuse of discretion. People v Watson,
245 Mich App 572, 575; 629 NW2d 411 (2001). The decision whether to admit evidence lies
within the trial court's sound discretion and will not be disturbed absent an abuse of that
discretionary authority. People v Crawford, 458 Mich 376, 383; 582 NW2d 785 (1998).
However, an issue concerning the proper construction of a rule of evidence presents a question of
law that this Court reviews de novo. People v Stevens, 236 Mich App 294, 299; 599 NW2d 789
(1999), rev'd in part on other grounds 461 Mich 655; 610 NW2d 881 (2000).
III. The State of the Current Record
At this stage of the proceedings, all that is available to this Court is defendant's general
denial and the potential for defendant to attempt to shift blame for the victim's injuries onto the
victim's father. A review of the existing record reveals that at this juncture, defendant's position
is that she did nothing at all to cause the victim's injuries that culminated in her hospitalization
on September 28, 1999.
When a defendant pleads not guilty to the offense charged, all elements that comprise the
offense are placed at issue. Crawford, supra at 389. For defendant to be convicted of child
abuse in the first degree, the prosecutor bears the burden of establishing, beyond a reasonable
doubt, that defendant "knowingly or intentionally cause[d] serious physical or serious mental
harm to a child." MCL 750.136b(2). Thus, according to the letter of the applicable statute and
in light of defendant's general denial, defendant's intent likely will become a material fact at
issue as the case proceeds through the adversarial process, the defense solidifies its position, and
the points of contention between the respective parties come into sharper focus.
However, at this juncture, it is difficult, if not impossible, to predict the course that the
proofs will ultimately take for purposes of precisely identifying that which will become material
as the case proceeds. At present, the only defense submitted is a general denial, i.e., defendant
did not do anything to cause the victim's injuries. Implicit in this position is the underlying
suggestion that someone else is responsible.
At this point in the proceedings, the record is simply not sufficiently developed for this
Court to render a definitive conclusion concerning the ultimate admissibility of the proffered
testimony. On the limited record currently available, for this Court to conclusively determine
admissibility, we would have to heap surmise atop speculation to discern materiality, relevance,
and probative value. To engage in such conjecture would result in a decision constructed from
nothing more than assumption and supposition, which would effectively result in this Court's
charting the course of the trial. We are not willing, by our decision, to effect such a result.
We note our Supreme Court observed in People v VanderVliet, 444 Mich 52, 89-90; 508
NW2d 114 (1993):
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[N]o judge can be expected to correctly assess the evidentiary issue unless
and until the court is presented with a concrete theory of defense that allows the
court to determine relevancy. Without such a concrete presentation, a defendant's
general posture . . . requires the trial judge to assume the relevancy of other acts
proffered under noncharacter theories of admissibility.
* * *
Where pretrial procedures, including requests for offers of proof, do not
furnish a record basis to reliably determine the relevance and admissibility of
other acts evidence, the trial court should employ its authority to control the order
of proofs, require the prosecution to present its case in chief, and delay ruling on
the proffered other acts evidence until after the examination and crossexamination of prosecution witnesses. If the court still remains uncertain of an
appropriate ruling at the conclusion of the prosecutor's other proofs, it should
permit the use of other acts evidence on rebuttal, or allow the prosecution to
reopen its proofs after the defense rests, if it is persuaded in light of all the
evidence presented at trial, that the other acts evidence is necessary to allow the
jury to properly understand the issues. [Emphasis added.]
On the record presented herein, the defense's theory remains unknown. Although
defendant claims that she did nothing at all to cause the victim's injury, this position, in and of
itself, does not suggest what theory the defense will present at trial as a plausible explanation for
the victim's injuries. Accordingly, at this stage, we avail ourselves of the opportunity to remind
the trial court of the guiding principles surrounding the use of other acts evidence generally.
IV. MRE 404(b) Jurisprudence
At its essence, MRE 404(b) is a rule of inclusion, allowing relevant other acts evidence as
long as it is not being admitted solely to demonstrate criminal propensity. VanderVliet, supra at
74-75. With this fundamental premise at the forefront driving our consideration, we begin our
discussion. In People v Sabin (After Remand), 463 Mich 43, 55-56; 614 NW2d 888 (2000), our
Supreme Court reaffirmed the approach to the admissibility of other acts evidence initially set
forth in VanderVliet, supra:
First, the prosecutor must offer the other acts evidence under something
other than a character to conduct or propensity theory. MRE 404(b). Second, the
evidence must be relevant under MRE 402, as enforced through MRE 104(b), to
an issue of fact or consequence at trial. Third, under MRE 403, a "`determination
must be made whether the danger of undue prejudice [substantially] outweighs
the probative value of the evidence in view of the availability of other means of
proof and other facts appropriate for making decision of this kind under Rule
403.'" Finally, the trial court, upon request, may provide a limiting instruction
under MRE 105. [Citation omitted.]
A. Purpose of Other Acts Evidence
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The first inquiry is to establish for what purpose the prosecutor seeks to introduce the
other acts evidence. MRE 404(b) provides in pertinent part:
Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the
character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith. It may,
however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity,
intent . . . knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident when the same is
material . . . . [Emphasis added.]
Notably, the litany of proper purposes contained in MRE 404(b) is not a finite list.
According to our Supreme Court's directive, "'[p]roperly understood, MRE 404(b) is a
nonexclusive list of examples of situations in which the general rule excluding character evidence
. . . is not offended because the evidence is probative of some fact other than the defendant's
criminal propensity.'" VanderVliet, supra at 66 quoting People v Engelman, 434 Mich 204, 212;
453 NW2d 656 (1990) (emphasis added). See also People v Watson, 245 Mich App 572, 577;
629 NW2d 411 (2001) (stating that the list of permissible uses contained in MRE 404[b] is "not
exhaustive").
Congruent with the foregoing, another proper purpose of other acts evidence not
specifically included in the body of the rule itself is evidence offered to expose a witness' bias.
In a very recent decision, our Supreme Court considered whether evidence of a witness' prior
arrest was admissible on cross-examination by the prosecutor to establish bias. In People v
Layher, 464 Mich 756; 631 NW2d 281 (2001), the defendant was convicted of first-degree
criminal sexual conduct involving his minor niece. The defense sent Robert Granger to
investigate the case in response to the victim and her aunt's request to speak with an attorney. As
a result of his investigation, Granger became the lead witness for the defense. Because Granger's
testimony conflicted with the victim's, the prosecution sought to introduce evidence that Granger
was previously tried and acquitted on a charge of criminal sexual conduct involving a minor
under thirteen years of age. See id. at 767.
On cross-examination, the prosecutor sought to introduce evidence of Granger's past
arrest without conviction not for impeachment purposes, but rather to expose the witness' bias in
his testimony and suggest that his past experience tainted how he conducted the investigation.
The Layher Court recognized that evidence of bias is "always relevant" on cross-examination
and that bias "arising from past arrest without conviction is admissible, if relevant, as long as its
probative value is not substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice." Id. at 768.
The Court further cautioned the bench and bar "'to employ the evidentiary safeguards already
present' in the Michigan Rules of Evidence in determining the admissibility of a past arrest that
did not result in conviction." Id. at 767, 768-769 (citing VanderVliet, supra at 74).
By analogy, past investigations for potential child abuse that ultimately were
unsubstantiated is akin to a prior arrest without an ensuing conviction. Consequently, like
evidence regarding a past arrest, evidence of suspicious bruises appearing on other children left
within defendant's exclusive care may come in through witnesses presented at trial not to impugn
defendant's character, but rather for purposes of exposing a witness' potential bias and a motive
to contort or otherwise temper the testimony rendered. Additionally, prior investigations by the
state licensing agency that ultimately failed to substantiate allegations of child abuse, reduces the
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potential for prejudice in relation to its probative value. Thus, providing that relevance and
materiality are established relative to witness bias, the unsubstantiated allegations would serve,
in part, to purge the taint of prejudice that may flow from the other acts evidence. However, at
this stage of the proceedings and on the current record, we cannot determine whether the other
acts evidence would come in for this purpose. We merely identify it as within the realm of
possibility.
Returning to the guiding principle underlying MRE 404(b), other acts evidence is not
admissible, "[i]f the proponent's only theory of relevance is that the other act shows defendant's
inclination to wrongdoing in general to prove that the defendant committed the conduct in
question." VanderVliet, supra at 63 (emphasis added). Stated another way, if the intervening
inference between the other act and the ultimate inference for which the evidence is proffered is
that the defendant has a propensity to commit the charged crime, then the evidence is
inadmissible. See Crawford, supra at 390.
In the instant case, the prosecutor seeks to introduce evidence that other children left
within defendant's exclusive care also developed suspicious bruises, in part, to establish
defendant's intent and absence of mistake. To be sure, evidence that other children left within
defendant's exclusive care developed suspicious bruises may be relevant to whether defendant
intentionally inflicted the victim's injuries or whether they resulted from accidents. Accordingly,
at this juncture and on the record here before us, we cannot conclude that the purpose advanced
by the prosecution for the admission of other acts evidence runs afoul of the proscriptions
contained in MRE 404(b).
B. Relevance
The next inquiry pertinent to determining the admissibility of other acts evidence is to
determine whether the proffered evidence is relevant. Sabin, supra at 56. Indeed, "'[l]ogical
relevance is the "touchstone" of the admissibility of uncharged misconduct evidence.'"
VanderVliet, supra at 61 (citation omitted). Relevant evidence is "evidence having any
tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the
action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence." MRE 401; see also
Sabin, supra at 56. The concept of relevance is thus concerned with the relationship between the
proffered evidence and a material fact at issue in the case whereby the evidence makes a material
fact at issue more probable than it would be without the evidence. Crawford, supra at 387. Of
critical importance to this analysis is whether the proffered evidence helps prove a material fact
at issue. By definition, "[i]f the evidence is offered to help prove a proposition which is not a
matter in issue, the evidence is immaterial," Crawford, supra at 389.
In the case at bar, defendant denied committing the alleged offense. As we have
repeatedly stated, when a defendant pleads not guilty to the offense charged, all elements that
comprise the offense are placed "at issue." Id. For defendant to be found guilty of child abuse in
the first degree, the prosecutor must establish, beyond a reasonable doubt, that defendant
"knowingly or intentionally cause[ed] serious physical or serious mental harm to a child." MCL
750.136b(2). Thus, according to the applicable statute and in light of defendant's not guilty plea,
defendant's intent may become a material fact "at issue" in the case sub judice. Furthermore,
because defendant contends that she did nothing at all to cause the victim's injuries, intent and
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absence of mistake may become facts "at issue" as the proceedings develop and any theories
advanced in defense solidify.
C. Probative Value and Potential for Prejudice
After assessing materiality and relevance, the third step in the analysis is to determine
whether the potential for prejudice flowing from the evidence substantially outweighs its
probative value. Watson, supra at 577. In accord with MRE 403, evidence, although relevant,
may nevertheless be excluded if the potential for prejudice substantially outweighs its probative
value. Id. The danger associated with other bad acts evidence is "the fear that the jury will
convict the defendant inferentially on the basis of [her] character rather than because [she] is
guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of the crime charged." Crawford, supra at 384. The
prosecutor must "weave a logical thread linking the prior act to the ultimate inference," id. at
390, "demonstrating that the [prior bad acts] [establish] some intermediate inference, other than
the improper inference of character, which in turn is probative of the ultimate issues in [the]
case," id. at 391.
In the case at bar, the prosecutor proffers the other acts evidence, in part, to establish
defendant's intent and absence of mistake. Thus, the intermediate inference between the other
acts evidence and the ultimate inference that defendant committed the crime charged is
something other than defendant's wretched character. Therefore, the question becomes whether
the potential for the jury to convict on an impermissible inference that defendant acted in
conformity with a flaw in her general character substantially outweighs its probative value in this
regard.
D. A Limiting Instruction
If the trial court ultimately determines that the probative value of the proffered evidence
substantially outweighs its potential for prejudice, defendant is entitled to a carefully crafted
limiting instruction advising the jurors that they are to consider the other acts evidence only as
indicative of the reasons for which the evidence is proffered to cushion any prejudicial effect
flowing from the evidence. See People v Knapp, 244 Mich App 361, 379; 624 NW2d 227
(2001) (recognizing that upon request, the trial court may provide a limiting instruction to the
jury.) A carefully constructed limiting instruction rendered by the trial court would be sufficient
to counterbalance any potential for prejudice spawned by the other acts evidence.
In conclusion, and considering the underdeveloped state of the record at this point in
time, we believe that the flexible approach advanced in VanderVliet is the more sagacious
approach to follow in the instant case. See VanderVliet, supra at 90. Consequently, we find that
the trial court improvidently granted defendant's motion. We therefore reverse the trial court's
decision granting defendant's motion to suppress the other acts evidence and further direct the
trial court on remand to "assume the relevancy of other acts proffered under noncharacter
theories of admissibility," id. at 89 (emphasis added). Further, we remand to provide the trial
court with the opportunity to exercise its authority as the trial progresses to "control the order of
proofs" and thus delay its ultimate ruling until after examination and cross-examination of the
prosecution's witnesses and the theories advanced in defense are more concrete, such that issues
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concerning materiality, legal relevance, probative value, and potential for prejudice may be more
acutely scrutinized and admissibility properly determined. Id.
Reversed and remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not
retain jurisdiction.
/s/ E. Thomas Fitzgerald
/s/ Richard A. Bandstra
/s/ Kirsten Frank Kelly
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