PEOPLE OF MI V TIMOTHY JOSEPH BOOMER
Annotate this Case
Download PDF
STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,
FOR PUBLICATION
March 29, 2002
9:10 a.m.
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v
No. 225747
Arenac Circuit Court
LC No. 99-006546-AR
TIMOTHY JOSEPH BOOMER,
Defendant-Appellant.
Updated Copy
July 5, 2002
Before: Sawyer, P.J., and Murphy and Hoekstra, JJ.
MURPHY, J.
Defendant appeals by leave granted his misdemeanor conviction, following a district
court jury trial, of using indecent and vulgar language. MCL 750.337. The district court
imposed a sentence of four days' community service, plus fines and costs of $75 or three days in
jail. Defendant's conviction was affirmed on appeal to the circuit court. Defendant argues, as he
did below, that MCL 750.337 is unconstitutional. We reverse defendant's conviction because
MCL 750.337 is unconstitutionally vague.
I. BASIC FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Defendant's conviction arose out of events that occurred on the Rifle River in Arenac
County on August 15, 1998. Witness Michael Smith was canoeing down the Rifle River with his
wife and two children approximately forty yards behind defendant's party, which consisted of
five canoes. Smith testified that he saw defendant fall out of his canoe and into the river, at
which point defendant loudly uttered a stream of profanities, while slapping the water and
throwing his hands in the air.
Kenneth Socia, a road patrol deputy for the Arenac County Sheriff 's Department who was
on duty at the Rifle River that day, testified that he heard a "loud commotion" and "vulgar
language" coming from approximately one-quarter mile up the river. Socia looked up and saw
defendant chasing a group of canoes, splashing water at them with his paddle, and repeatedly
swearing at them. Socia and Smith both testified that the river was crowded with families and
children, and that defendant would have been able to see Smith's two children, who were under
five years old. Socia issued defendant a citation for violating MCL 750.337.
-1-
MCL 750.337 provides:
Any person who shall use any indecent, immoral, obscene, vulgar or
insulting language in the presence or hearing of any woman or child shall be
guilty of a misdemeanor.
Before trial in the district court, defendant moved to dismiss the charge on the grounds
that the statute was unconstitutionally vague and overbroad, and was also unconstitutional as
applied to this case. The district court denied the motion, and the case went to the jury.
Defendant was convicted, and he appealed to the circuit court, alleging the same constitutional
infirmities in the statute. Without addressing the overbreadth challenge,1 the circuit court issued
an oral opinion from the bench holding that the statute was neither unconstitutionally vague nor
unconstitutional as applied to defendant. We granted defendant's application for leave to appeal.
II. DEFENDANT'S ARGUMENTS ON APPEAL
Defendant argues that his conviction must be reversed because MCL 750.337 is facially
unconstitutional on both overbreadth and vagueness grounds. Defendant further argues that his
conviction must be reversed because MCL 750.337 is unconstitutional as applied to the
circumstances of this case. Finally, defendant argues that his conviction must be reversed
because the district court severed the portion of MCL 750.337 concerning "the presence or
hearing of any woman," thereby violating the Legislature's intent in enacting the statute.
III. ANALYSIS
We find it unnecessary to address defendant's overbreadth arguments, or to undertake an
extensive First Amendment analysis, because we hold that MCL 750.337 is unconstitutionally
vague.
MCL 750.337 was enacted, in its present form, in 1931, with its legislative origins dating
back to an earlier version enacted in 1897. See historical notes to MCL 750.337. The earlier
version of the statute contained the same language as the present version, except that it provided
that it applied to language used within the limits of any township, village, or city in the state of
Michigan. 1897 PA 219. Throughout the one hundred plus years of its existence, there have
been no published Michigan cases addressing the statute.
Whether a statute is constitutional is a question of law that this Court reviews de novo.
People v Beam, 244 Mich App 103, 105; 624 NW2d 764 (2000). This includes constitutional
challenges based on vagueness. Id.
In considering defendant's challenge to the constitutionality of MCL 750.337, this Court
adheres to the well-established rule that a statute is presumed to be constitutional and is so
1
The circuit court stated that it was addressing the "vagueness or overbreadth question," but the
analysis that followed addressed only the vagueness claim.
-2-
construed unless its unconstitutionality is clearly apparent. People v Noble, 238 Mich App 647,
651; 608 NW2d 123 (1999). The fact that a statute may appear undesirable, unfair, unjust, or
inhumane does not of itself render a statute unconstitutional and empower a court to override the
Legislature. Doe v Dep't of Social Services, 439 Mich 650, 681; 487 NW2d 166 (1992). The
Legislature, not the courts, should address arguments that a statute is unwise or results in bad
policy. People v Kirby, 440 Mich 485, 493-494; 487 NW2d 404 (1992). The party challenging
the constitutionality of a statute bears the burden of proving its invalidity. People v Gregg, 206
Mich App 208, 210; 520 NW2d 690 (1994). We will keep these general principles in mind in
analyzing the issue presented and in reaching our conclusion.
In People v Lino, 447 Mich 567, 575, n 2; 527 NW2d 434 (1994), our Supreme Court
noted that a constitutional challenge based on vagueness "is brought under the Due Process
Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution." The Lino Court,
explaining the vagueness doctrine, stated that "[i]n order to pass constitutional muster, a penal
statute must define the criminal offense 'with sufficient definiteness that ordinary people can
understand what conduct is prohibited and in a manner that does not encourage arbitrary and
discriminatory enforcement.'" Id. at 575, quoting Kolender v Lawson, 461 US 352, 357; 103 S Ct
1855; 75 L Ed 2d 903 (1983).
When making a vagueness determination, a court must also take into consideration any
judicial constructions of the statute. Lino, supra at 575. As noted above, we are unaware of any
published Michigan opinions construing MCL 750.337.
"[T]here are at least three ways a penal statute may be found unconstitutionally vague: (1)
failure to provide fair notice of what conduct is prohibited, (2) encouragement of arbitrary and
discriminatory enforcement, or (3) being overbroad and impinging on First Amendment
freedoms." Lino, supra at 575-576, citing People v Howell, 396 Mich 16, 20-21, n 4; 238 NW2d
148 (1976). The void-for-vagueness doctrine does not necessarily implicate the First
Amendment of the United States Constitution. See Lino, supra at 575.
The explanation of the void-for-vagueness doctrine enunciated by the United States
Supreme Court in Grayned v City of Rockford, 408 US 104, 108-109; 92 S Ct 2294; 33 L Ed 2d
222 (1972), clearly points out the reasons for the doctrine:
It is a basic principle of due process that an enactment is void for
vagueness if its prohibitions are not clearly defined. Vague laws offend several
important values. First, because we assume that man is free to steer between
lawful and unlawful conduct, we insist that laws give the person of ordinary
intelligence a reasonable opportunity to know what is prohibited, so that he may
act accordingly. Vague laws may trap the innocent by not providing fair warning.
Second, if arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement is to be prevented, laws must
provide explicit standards for those who apply them. A vague law impermissibly
delegates basic policy matters to policemen, judges, and juries for resolution on an
ad hoc and subjective basis, with the attendant dangers of arbitrary and
discriminatory application. Third, but related, where a vague statute "abut[s] upon
sensitive areas of basic First Amendment freedoms," it "operates to inhibit the
-3-
exercise of [those] freedoms." Uncertain meanings inevitably lead citizens to "
'steer far wider of the unlawful zone' . . . than if the boundaries of the forbidden
areas were clearly marked." [Alterations and omission in original.]
Here, it would be difficult to conceive of a statute that would be more vague than MCL
750.337. There is no restrictive language whatsoever contained in the statute that would limit or
guide a prosecution for indecent, immoral, obscene, vulgar, or insulting language. Allowing a
prosecution where one utters "insulting" language could possibly subject a vast percentage of the
populace to a misdemeanor conviction.
MCL 750.337 fails to provide fair notice of what conduct is prohibited, and it encourages
arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement. In Plymouth Charter Twp v Hancock, 236 Mich App
197, 201-202; 600 NW2d 380 (1999),2 relied on by the prosecution, this Court held that the
township board's inclusion of the word "unreasonably" gave fair notice of prohibited conduct by
providing a "reasonable person" standard and also served to prevent abuse of enforcement
discretion.
MCL 750.337 contains no similar legislative guidance. Even if the statute were judicially
construed to apply only to speech that a reasonable person should know is indecent, immoral, or
vulgar when used in the presence of a child, as plaintiff urges, in our opinion, it would remain
vague. This construction would require every person who speaks audibly where children are
present to guess what a law enforcement officer might consider too indecent, immoral, or vulgar
for a child's ears. Children aside, it is far from obvious what the reasonable adult considers to be
indecent, immoral, vulgar, or insulting. As a result, a judicially imposed "reasonable person"
limitation would not, in our opinion, cure the vagueness of the statute.
Finally, we would observe that the First Amendment does not protect obscene speech,
Sable Communications of California, Inc v FCC, 492 US 115, 124; 109 S Ct 2829; 106 L Ed 2d
93 (1989), and the Legislature, if so inclined, could enact a properly drawn statute to protect
minors from such exposure.3 However, MCL 750.337, as currently drafted, impinges on First
Amendment freedoms. In Reno v American Civil Liberties Union, 521 US 844, 874; 117 S Ct
2
In Plymouth Charter Twp, supra at 198, a constitutional challenge was made to a township
ordinance that provided as follows:
It shall be unlawful for a person to disturb the public peace and quiet by
shouting, whistling, loud, boisterous, or vulgar conduct, the playing of musical
instruments, phonographs, radios, televisions, tapeplayers or any other means of
amplification at any time or place so as to unreasonably annoy or disturb the quiet,
comfort and repose of persons in the vicinity.
3
The district court in this case made a specific finding that the language used by defendant did
not constitute obscenity as defined in Miller v California, 413 US 15, 24; 93 S Ct 2607; 37 L Ed
2d 419 (1973). Therefore, the jury was not instructed to decide whether defendant's words
constituted "obscene" speech. The prosecutor does not challenge that ruling.
-4-
2329; 138 L Ed 2d 874 (1997), the United States Supreme Court, addressing undefined statutory
provisions prohibiting patently offensive and indecent Internet transmissions to those under
eighteen years, stated that "[g]iven the vague contours of the coverage of the statute, it
unquestionably silences some speakers whose messages would be entitled to constitutional
protection." Here, we find it unquestionable that MCL 750.337, as drafted, reaches
constitutionally protected speech, and it operates to inhibit the exercise of First Amendment
rights.
IV. CONCLUSION
MCL 750.337 is an unconstitutional enactment in violation of the Due Process Clause of
the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution because the statute is facially
vague. Therefore, because defendant's conviction was based on the unconstitutional statute, we
reverse the conviction.
Reversed.
/s/ William B. Murphy
/s/ David H. Sawyer
/s/ Joel P. Hoekstra
-5-
Some case metadata and case summaries were written with the help of AI, which can produce inaccuracies. You should read the full case before relying on it for legal research purposes.
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.