IN RE RICHARDSON/BOWMAN MINORS
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
In the Matter of CR, CDR, ALR, and LB, Minors.
FAMILY INDEPENDENCE AGENCY,
UNPUBLISHED
November 27, 2001
APPROVED FOR
PUBLICATION
February 26, 2002
9:20 a.m.
Petitioner-Appellee,
v
SHERRY BOWMAN,
No. 228856
Newaygo Circuit Court
Family Division
LC No. 98-004312-NA
Respondent-Appellant,
and
CHEVY RICHARDSON,
Respondent.
In the Matter of CR, CDR, and ALR, Minors.
FAMILY INDEPENDENCE AGENCY,
Petitioner-Appellee,
v
No. 228975
Newaygo Circuit Court
Family Division
LC No. 98-004312-NA
CHEVY RICHARDSON,
Respondent-Appellant,
and
SHERRY BOWMAN,
Updated Copy
May 24, 2002
Respondent.
Before: Hoekstra, P.J., and Whitbeck and Cooper, JJ.
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PER CURIAM.
In these consolidated appeals, respondents Sherry Bowman and Chevy Richardson appeal
as of right from an order terminating their parental rights to the minor children pursuant to MCL
712A.19b(3)(b)(i), (c)(i), (c)(ii), and (g). We affirm.
I. Basic Facts And Procedural History
The Family Independence Agency (FIA) intervened in this case after it became concerned
that Bowman was not caring for the children because of her "excessive and ongoing drinking and
drug abuse." FIA caseworkers also believed that Bowman had previously abused and neglected
her children. They noted that ALR had tested positive for alcohol and cocaine at birth and both
parents had lengthy criminal histories, which had forced the children to reside with other
relatives on occasion. Previous services offered to Bowman to improve her parenting skills had
made no significant improvement in her ability to care for her children or remain sober.
After the FIA filed the original petition asserting the allegations, above, in August 1998,
the parents and the FIA reached an agreement on how to proceed. The agreement provided that
(1) the FIA would dismiss the allegations concerning Richardson, (2) Bowman would enter a nocontest plea to the allegations in the petition, (3) the family court would take jurisdiction over the
children, and (4) the children would be placed with Richardson subject to a variety of conditions,
including his participation in drug testing and other FIA services. When the parties placed this
agreement on the record on the day set for the adjudication, Alan Rapoport, the attorney
representing the children, indicated that he found the agreement acceptable. The family court
immediately advised Bowman of her rights and heard testimony from a child protective services
worker, who testified about the allegations in the petition regarding Bowman. The prosecutor
representing the FIA also introduced into evidence medical records documenting instances of
Bowman's drug and alcohol abuse and ALR's health problems. The family court then accepted
Bowman's no-contest plea in accordance with the agreement, ruling from the bench:
Very well, the Court is satisfied and does accept the plea of no contest by
Sherry Richardson [sic], to the complaint. The Court does take jurisdiction of this
matter, and of the parties, and of the minor children. The Court will dismiss the
petition in so far as it relates to Mr. Chevy Richardson. The children are referred,
or continued in the placement with FIA, which I understand has now agreed to
switch the children['s placement] to Chevy Richardson. Chevy Richardson,
however, will submit to, is that random drug tests?[1]
Ms. Roach:[2] Random drug testing, and we ask for treatment, as well as
Families First placement.
1
Emphasis added.
2
The prosecutor representing the FIA.
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The Court: Treatment, Families First. Mr. Richardson, where do you live
now?
Mr. Richardson: 232 Lester.
The Court: All right, you're further ordered to continue to reside there
until further order of the court. So, you'll seek an order of this court before you
move to some other residence. Have I missed anything, Ms. Roach?
Ms. Roach: I believe the Court has covered all of the essential elements,
your Honor.
The Court: Mr. MacAyeal?[3]
Mr. MacAyeal: I think that covers it, your Honor.
Mr. Rapoport: I would agree, your Honor.
Mr. Niedzwiecki:[4] I agree.
The Court: Very well, who's going to prepare that order?
Mr. Rapoport: Ordinarily the court does.
The Court: Court will prepare that order. Court would be happy to
prepare that order. You'll all be sent copies.
The order the family court subsequently entered indicated that it had found that the
children came within its jurisdiction and ordered the FIA to place them with Richardson.
Tracking the terms of the parties' agreement closely, the family court ordered Richardson to
"submit to random drug screening at the request of FIA," indicated that the FIA would refer the
family to the Families First program, and scheduled the dispositional hearing. Though the order
did not use any language specifically dismissing Richardson as a respondent in the proceedings,
it stated that the family court had made factual findings and legal conclusions on the record at the
adjudication, incorporating those findings and conclusions—including Richardson's dismissal—
by reference. Both parents subsequently entered into parenting agreements with the FIA in which
they pledged to take advantage of a variety of services, improve their parenting skills, provide a
healthy environment for the children, obtain employment, and protect LB from further sexual
abuse.5
3
Bowman's attorney.
4
Richardson's attorney.
5
A teenage, male cousin allegedly sexually abused LB while she was living with a relative.
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Unfortunately, this arrangement did not work well. In one instance, caseworkers
observed Bowman unconscious, lying in the doorway to her home, smelling of alcohol. The
children were inside the home, unattended and crying, and Richardson was nowhere to be found.
When Richardson finally returned home, he admitted that Bowman had been drinking, he refused
to submit to a Breathalyzer test, and was uncooperative with the police who had responded to the
situation. LB would not discuss this incident with caseworkers because she was afraid that
Richardson, her stepfather, would "beat her butt." At the emergency review hearing, the parents
refused to acknowledge the continuing problems in their home. The family court allowed the
children to remain with Richardson, but ordered Bowman out of the home and ordered both
parents to engage in drug treatment, to submit to hair follicle tests to detect drug use, and to
comply with the parenting agreement.
The problems did not end with this one incident. On a separate occasion, two
caseworkers made an unannounced visit to the home to check on the children. Although they
could hear the children inside, no one would open the door. Finally, when one of the children let
the caseworkers into the home, they found the home in disarray, dirty, with no obvious adult
supervision for the children. The caseworkers found Richardson's ninety-three-year-old
grandmother sleeping in another room, but she was difficult to rouse and was disoriented when
she finally did awaken.
In March 1999, Bowman was sentenced to four months in prison for an assault on two
police officers, a crime she had committed the previous summer. That same month the FIA
removed the children from Richardson's care.
Richardson also refused to comply with the parenting agreement and the family court's
drug testing order, going so far as to shave all the hair on his body before he appeared for a hair
follicle test. Richardson never obtained employment and the condition of the home did not
improve. In summer 1999, LB alleged that Richardson had sexually abused her, but Richardson
told her not to speak with the caseworkers about it. LB eventually told caseworkers that she was
afraid of Richardson and that she did not want to see him anymore. On the times he did submit
to testing, Richardson continued to test positive for drugs. Not only did Richardson appear under
the influence of drugs or alcohol during one visit with the children, but a drug test as late as
January 2000 revealed that he had used marijuana.
The FIA filed a termination petition in February 2000, essentially alleging that all the help
offered to the parents had made no difference in their ability to care for their children. Further,
the parents' substance abuse problems had continued, they had never acknowledged that LB had
been sexually abused, Richardson had threatened the children to keep them from talking to
caseworkers, and the parents had never complied with the parenting agreement.
The FIA caseworker who filed the termination petition did not believe that any additional
services or any additional time would make it safe for the children to return to their parents,
which made termination in their best interests. The FIA visitation coordinator reported that the
children had mentioned that Richardson was threatening. She had also personally observed that
Bowman was unresponsive to the children during visits and that she did not have a "healthy"
bond with them.
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A psychologist who had counseled the children and Richardson testified on behalf of the
FIA, noting that the children all exhibited symptoms of severe emotional problems related to
abuse and neglect and that they reported violence, sexual abuse, and drug use in their home. The
psychologist stated that Richardson had admitted selling drugs out of his home, he had poor
judgment, and he lacked the capacity to take responsibility for his problems or his family's
problems. She did not believe that Richardson would be able to care safely for the children.
As for Bowman, the psychologist recounted that Bowman had appeared for an evaluation
but left before completing the interview, shouting expletives as she walked out the door.
Psychological testing revealed that Bowman had only a "very poor" prognosis for being able to
change. The psychologist also supported termination as the best course of action for the children,
especially in light of the parents' inability to make meaningful change within a reasonable
amount of time, if at all.
In contrast to this testimony, Bowman and Richardson both testified that they had their
respective substance abuse problems under control. Though Richardson had tested positive for
cocaine in March 2000, he denied using that drug before that time. Richardson also said that he
had found a job. Richardson conceded that he and Bowman were living with his mother, but said
that they would soon have their own home. Bowman's adult daughter and mother-in-law added
that they believed that the children loved and missed their parents.
The family court made extensive findings of fact. Reducing the findings of fact to their
most basic elements, the family court concluded that Bowman and Richardson loved their
children, but that their chronic substance abuse problems prevented them from providing proper
care and custody for their children on repeated occasions and they had no prospect for
improvement within a reasonable amount of time given the children's ages. The family court
determined that these problems, among others, led to the adjudication in the case, the case had
been pending in excess of 182 days, and there was no reasonable likelihood that the parents
would be able to become better parents within a reasonable amount of time. The family court
rejected the FIA's argument that the parents could be held responsible for sexual abuse
committed against LB after the court had placed the children in foster care. The family court
nevertheless found that LB's allegations that Richardson had abused her and the caseworkers'
reports of the parents' threatening behavior was sufficient to conclude that the children or one of
their siblings had suffered abuse and there was a reasonable likelihood that returning them to
their parents would lead to harm. The family court concluded that termination was in the
children's best interests.
On appeal, Bowman challenges the clear and convincing nature of the evidence
supporting these statutory grounds for termination, as well as whether termination was in her
children's best interests. She also argues that her trial counsel was ineffective. Richardson's
arguments on appeal are somewhat more complex. He contends that the family court's order
terminating his parental rights must be reversed directly and on due process grounds because he
was not a respondent in the proceedings at the adjudication and the family court had never
determined that any of the allegations concerning him in the any of the petitions were proved by
legally admissible evidence. Alternatively, he contends that his appointed counsel was
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ineffective for not challenging the family court's failure to use legally admissible evidence to
adjudicate the allegations against him.
II. Statutory Grounds For Terminating Bowman's Parental Rights
A. Standard Of Review
Appellate courts review for clear error a family court's decision to terminate parental
rights.
6
B. Clear And Convincing Evidence
The family court must find clear and convincing evidence on the record proving that at
least one statutory ground for termination exists before it terminates parental rights.7 Once there
is clear and convincing evidence of at least one statutory ground for termination, the family court
"must issue an order terminating parental rights unless there exists clear evidence, on the whole
record, that termination is not in the child's best interests."8
Bowman challenges the family court's findings that evidence of each of these statutory
grounds merited termination of parental rights because she had made progress in her personal
development by becoming sober and attending parenting classes as well as Alcoholics
Anonymous meetings. She fails to make the connection between her improvement in these areas
and the statutory grounds for termination. However, we interpret Bowman's argument to mean
that the evidence did not clearly and convincingly reveal that she had not and would not be able
to make sufficient personal progress within a reasonable time to give her children a good home
with appropriate care considering her children's ages.9 Similarly, we interpret her argument to
challenge the clear and convincing nature of the evidence that her children would be harmed if
returned to her because she had not improved enough as a parent.10
By the time the family court terminated her parental rights, Bowman's children had been
in foster care for more than a year. At that time there was insufficient evidence to conclude that,
whatever recent progress she might have made in controlling her substance abuse problem,
Bowman would remain clean and sober in the future. Her substance abuse was integral to why
the FIA intervened in this case in the first place. This was not a benign problem that Bowman
kept from affecting her children. The children were firsthand observers of their mother's severe
and continuing substance abuse, which affected her ability to provide the most rudimentary care
the children needed. Though Bowman attended some parenting classes and other services, there
is no real evidence that she benefited from them in any way. Further, at the time the family court
6
In re Trejo Minors, 462 Mich 341, 356-357; 612 NW2d 407 (2000); MCR 5.974(I).
7
MCL 712A.19b(3); see In re IEM, 233 Mich App 438, 450-451; 592 NW2d 751 (1999).
8
Trejo, supra at 354; MCL 712A.19b(5).
9
See MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)(i), (c)(ii), and (g).
10
See MCL 712A.19b(3)(b)(i).
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terminated her parental rights, Bowman did not have her own home and, evidently, was not able
to have her children live with her. Accordingly, we do not see clear error in the family court's
determination that there was sufficient evidence that Bowman had failed to provide proper care
and custody for her children in the past and would be unlikely to be able to provide that proper
care and custody within a reasonable amount of time given the children's ages.11 Having
determined that there was clear and convincing evidence of at least one ground to terminate her
parental rights,12 we need not address whether the evidence of the other grounds was sufficient.
As for the best interests determination, which Bowman may mean to challenge with her
argument that she and her children loved each other, we do not disagree with the family court's
finding that termination was in the children's best interests. While we have no reason to doubt
that the family court accurately found that Bowman loves her children, there still is a serious
dispute on the record concerning whether Bowman had a healthy bond of any sort with her
children. Under these circumstances, and in light of the evidence of the serious abuse and
neglect in this case, as well as the children's lingering emotional problems, we cannot say that the
family court erred in finding termination in the children's bests interests.13
III. Bowman's Ineffective Assistance Of Counsel Claim
A. Standard Of Review
Whether Bowman was denied the effective assistance of counsel presents a question of
constitutional law subject to review de novo.14
B. Legal Standard
As this Court explained in In re EP:15
The right to counsel guaranteed by the United States and Michigan
Constitutions, US Const, Am VI; Const 1963, art 1, § 20, is the right to effective
assistance of counsel. People v Pubrat, 451 Mich 589, 594; 548 NW2d 595
(1996). The juvenile court is required to appoint an attorney for the child in child
protective proceedings. MCL 712A.17c(7); MSA 27.3178(598.17c)(7). Although
the constitutional provisions explicitly guaranteeing the right to counsel apply
only in criminal proceedings, the right to due process also indirectly guarantees
assistance of counsel in child protective proceedings. Thus, the principles of
effective assistance of counsel developed in the context of criminal law apply by
11
MCL 712A.19b(3)(g).
12
See IEM, supra at 450-451.
13
MCL 712A.19b(5).
14
See People v Toma, 462 Mich 281, 310; 613 NW2d 694 (2000).
15
In re EP, 234 Mich App 582, 597-598; 595 NW2d 167 (1999), overruled on other grounds by
Trejo, supra.
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analogy in child protective proceedings. In re Simon, 171 Mich App 443, 447;
431 NW2d 71 (1988); In re Trowbridge, 155 Mich App 785, 786; 401 NW2d 65
(1986).
To prevail on this claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, Bowman must show that her trial
counsel's performance was deficient, i.e., she must "show that counsel's performance fell below
an objective standard of reasonableness, and that the representation so prejudiced" her that it
denied her a fair trial.16 This necessarily entails proving prejudice to Bowman, which means that
there is "a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result would
have been different."17
C. Different Result
The way Bowman phrases the question on appeal suggests, at first glance, that she intends
to argue that her trial counsel was ineffective for allowing her to enter a no-contest plea rather
than requiring the FIA to prove the allegations in the petition. However, the substantive
argument in her brief suggests that she truly intends to argue that counsel's performance at the
termination hearing was ineffective because he asked few questions, did not object when
"necessary," and gave a very brief closing argument. For the most part, the problem with
Bowman's contention is that she has not identified for us what questions her attorney should have
asked that would have elicited testimony that would have, in turn, convinced the family court not
to terminate her parental rights. Nor does she identify when her attorney failed to object to
questioning or testimony despite the fact that it was "necessary" to do so. While we have
reviewed the record in this case, we cannot discern any obvious errors in Bowman's attorney's
conduct at the termination hearing. Further, it is not enough for Bowman "simply to announce a
position or assert an error and then leave it up to this Court to discover and rationalize the basis
for [her] claims . . . and then search for authority either to sustain or reject [her] position."18
As for Bowman's contention that her trial attorney's closing argument was brief, we agree.
However, we have no basis to conclude that the brevity of the argument, including counsel's
failure to comment about particular pieces of evidence, was unnecessarily brief and contributed
to the family court's decision to terminate Bowman's parental rights. Bowman's counsel
specifically contended that termination was not in the children's best interests. He argued that the
better approach to helping the children, given their bond with their mother, was to continue their
foster care placement while Bowman attempted to improve her skills as a parent and to maintain
her sobriety and abstinence from drugs. In fact, Bowman's attorney's arguments reveal that he
made a calculated decision to emphasize the best interests factors rather than evidence of the
statutory grounds for termination. Following an unsuccessful strategy does not mean that an
attorney was ineffective.19 In this case, the strategy was a good one because it was reasonably
16
People v Pickens, 446 Mich 298, 338; 521 NW2d 797 (1994).
17
People v Johnson, 451 Mich 115, 124; 545 NW2d 637 (1996).
18
Mitcham v Detroit, 355 Mich 182, 203; 94 NW2d 388 (1959).
19
People v Bart (On Remand), 220 Mich App 1, 15, n 4; 558 NW2d 449 (1996).
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calculated to address the low probability that Bowman would retain her parental rights based
solely on a sufficiency of the evidence argument. Further, we see no reasonable probability
whatsoever that a more eloquent and lengthy argument would have persuaded the family court to
reach a different conclusion in this case because the evidence supporting termination was so
strong.
IV. Richardson's Right To An Adjudication
A. Standard Of Review
Richardson first contends that the family court erred in terminating his parental rights
because it had failed to hold an adjudication. This issue concerning family court procedure under
the court rules presents a question of law subject to review de novo.20
B. Protective Proceeding Procedures
MCR 5.972 entitles a respondent in a child protective proceeding to a trial, known as an
adjudication.21 At the adjudication, the petitioner, the FIA in this case, must prove one or more
of the allegations in the petition that indicate that the children who are the subject of the
proceeding come within the family court's jurisdiction, as defined by MCL 712A.2(b). This
proof must meet the preponderance standard and must rely on legally admissible evidence.22 If
the family court finds evidence of abuse and neglect proved by a preponderance of the legally
admissible evidence presented at the adjudication, it then proceeds to the dispositional phase of
the protective proceedings.23
During the dispositional phase, the family court can terminate parental rights immediately
under certain circumstances,24 otherwise it conducts periodic review hearings25 and may enter
orders that provide services, placement, and parental visitation, as necessary and beneficial for
the children.26 In contrast to an adjudication, the hearings conducted during the dispositional
phase do not depend on legally admissible evidence.27 Instead, "[a]ll relevant and material
evidence" is admissible "to the extent of its probative value, even though such evidence may not
be admissible at trial."28 If the petitioner files a supplemental petition seeking to terminate
20
See Grzesick v Cepela, 237 Mich App 554, 559; 603 NW2d 809 (1999).
21
In re Hatcher, 443 Mich 426, 435; 505 NW2d 834 (1993); In re Brock, 442 Mich 101, 108109; 499 NW2d 752 (1993).
22
See MCR 5.972(C)(1); In re Snyder, 223 Mich App 85, 89-90; 566 NW2d 18 (1997).
23
Hatcher, supra at 435-436.
24
MCR 5.974(D).
25
MCR 5.973(B)-(E).
26
MCR 5.973; see, generally, Brock, supra at 108.
27
MCR 5.973(A)(4).
28
MCR 5.973(A)(4)(a).
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parental rights based on allegations that were proved at the adjudication, it may use "all relevant
and material evidence"29 to prove that at least one statutory ground for termination exists.30
However, because the need to prove the family court's jurisdiction by legally admissible evidence
is entrenched in family court procedures, if the petitioner requests termination based on new or
changed circumstances, it must retreat to the admissibility standard used in an adjudication.31
This requirement exists even though the family court has already concluded that the children
came within its jurisdiction.32 Only after the family court determines that it has been presented
with legally admissible evidence that demonstrates that a statutory ground for termination is clear
and convincing33 can the family court proceed to determine whether termination is in the
children's best interests.34
The court rules permit some variations on what would otherwise be a fairly
uncomplicated procedural progression from petition, to adjudication, to disposition, to family
reunification or termination if necessary. As this case illustrates, once the family court acquires
jurisdiction over the children, MCR 5.973(A)35 authorizes the family court to hold a dispositional
hearing "to determine measures to be taken . . . against any adult . . . ."36 MCR 5.973(A)(5)(b)
then allows the family court "to order compliance with all or part of the case service plan and
may enter such orders as it considers necessary in the interest of the child."37 Consequently,
after the family court found that the children involved in this case came within its jurisdiction on
the basis of Bowman's no-contest plea and supporting testimony at the adjudication, the family
court was able to order Richardson to submit to drug testing and to comply with other conditions
necessary to ensure that the children would be safe with him even though he was not a
respondent in the proceedings. This process eliminated the FIA's obligation to allege and
demonstrate by a preponderance of legally admissible evidence that Richardson was abusive or
neglectful within the meaning of MCL 712A.2(b) before the family court could enter a
dispositional order that would control or affect his conduct. Rather, as we examine in more
29
MCR 5.974(F)(2).
30
See MCL 712A.19b(3); IEM, supra at 450-451.
31
See, generally, In re Gilliam, 241 Mich App 133, 137-138; 613 NW2d 748 (2000).
32
MCR 5.974(E)(1).
33
MCR 5.974(E)(1), (F)(3).
34
MCR 5.974(E)(2), (F)(3); MCL 712A.19b(5).
35
MCR 5.973(A) finds its statutory corollary in MCL 712A.6, which provides:
The [family] court has jurisdiction over adults as provided in this chapter
and may make orders affecting adults as in the opinion of the court are necessary
for the physical, mental, or moral well-being of a particular juvenile or juveniles
under its jurisdiction. However, those orders shall be incidental to the jurisdiction
of the court over the juvenile or juveniles.
36
MCR 5.973(A) (emphasis added).
37
Emphasis added.
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detail in the next section, this alternative process imposed on the family court an obligation to
comply with the procedures for termination in MCR 5.974(E) once the FIA filed the petition
seeking termination. Thus, the family court's failure to hold an adjudication with respect to
Richardson did not bar it from proceeding to terminate his parental rights.38
V. Richardson's Right To Due Process
A. Standard Of Review
Richardson claims that terminating his parental rights without first holding an
adjudication violated his due process right to notice. This is a legal question that this Court
reviews de novo.39
B. Due Process
Recently, in In re AMB,40 this Court briefly examined the concept of procedural due
process, which is at issue in this case, in the context of a protective proceeding, explaining:
"The federal and Michigan constitutions guarantee that the state cannot
deny people "life, liberty, or property without due process of law." Due process,
which is similarly defined under both constitutions, specifically enforces the rights
enumerated in the Bill of Rights, and it also provides for substantive and
procedural due process. Procedural due process limits actions by the government
and requires it to institute safeguards in proceedings that affect those rights
protected by due process, such as life, liberty, or property."
At issue here is the right to procedural due process. A procedural due process
analysis requires a court to consider "(1) whether a liberty or property interest
exists which the state has interfered with, and (2) whether the procedures
attendant upon the deprivation were constitutionally sufficient."
There is no question that parents have a due process liberty interest in
caring for their children and that child protective proceedings affect that liberty
interest.[41]
Thus, the AMB Court concluded, the pertinent question was whether the procedures used were
constitutionally adequate.42 As Richardson contends, procedural due process usually requires
notice as part of adequate procedures.43
38
Interestingly, in its written findings the family court concluded that there was clear and
convincing evidence that Richardson's conduct fit within MCL 712A.2(b)(2), one of the statutory
grounds for jurisdiction that would have been tested at an adjudication.
39
See EP, supra at 598-599.
40
In re AMB, 248 Mich App 144, 209; 640 NW2d 262 (2001).
41
Citations omitted.
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Nevertheless, Richardson does not claim that he was denied notice of the hearing at
which the trial court terminated his parental rights. Rather, the crux of Richardson's argument is
that the family court did not hold an adjudication of his rights at the outset of this protective
proceeding and then used hearsay evidence adduced in subsequent dispositional review hearings
conducted while he was not a respondent when terminating his parental rights. Thus, from his
view, he was denied notice of the allegations against him that were used to terminate his parental
rights.
As we have explained, the court rules simply do not place a burden on a petitioner like
the FIA to file a petition and sustain the burden of proof at an adjudication with respect to every
parent of the children involved in a protective proceeding before the family court can act in its
dispositional capacity. The family court's jurisdiction is tied to the children, making it possible,
under the proper circumstances, to terminate parental rights even of a parent who, for one reason
or another, has not participated in the protective proceeding.44
The termination proceeding in this case exemplifies the problem of holding an
adjudication against only one parent and then proceeding to terminate two parents' parental rights
at the same proceeding. This process can be quite confusing. The parent who has been subject
to an adjudication, like Bowman, can have her parental rights terminated on the basis of all the
relevant and material evidence on the record, including evidence that is not legally admissible.45
In contrast, the petitioner must provide legally admissible evidence in order to terminate the
rights of the parent who was not subject to an adjudication, like Richardson.46 Notably,
Richardson does not specifically contest the constitutional validity of MCR 5.974(E) and (F), the
two subrules that permit these differing evidentiary standards at the termination hearing.
Clearly, there were numerous instances in which the witnesses at the termination hearing
presented hearsay that could not be used to terminate Richardson's parental rights. Some
witnesses, intentionally or inadvertently, were very effective at obscuring the fact that they were
actually repeating someone else's statements,47 instead couching what they heard in terms of their
own observation or a simple statement of fact.48 In at least a few instances, by removing the
reference to the declarant, the witness testifying at the termination hearing made a statement fit
(…continued)
42
Id.
43
See Bundo v Walled Lake, 395 Mich 679, 696; 238 NW2d 154 (1976).
44
See, e.g., MCL 712A.19b(3)(a) (permitting termination when the parent is unidentifiable, has
deserted the child, or has surrendered the child).
45
See MCR 5.974(F)(2).
46
See MCR 5.974(E)(1).
47
See MRE 801(c) ("'Hearsay' is a statement, other than one made by the declarant while
testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.").
48
That these are hearsay statements is apparent from the transcripts of the other hearings in this
case as well as testimony by other witnesses at the termination hearing.
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into an exception to the rule against hearsay. The record also reflects that there were a number of
times when the family court did not appear to recognize that hearsay was admissible only with
respect to the allegations against Bowman. However, much of the hearsay introduced at the
termination hearing properly related to Bowman's circumstances, not Richardson's. Some of the
hearsay created an appropriate evidentiary foundation for the family court to consider in the
context of its best interests determination, after finding clear and convincing, legally admissible
evidence to terminate Richardson's parental rights.49 Additionally, Richardson's own attorney
attempted to use hearsay to his benefit. Thus, the mere existence of hearsay at the termination
hearing does not warrant reversal.
Whatever confusion the family court expressed at the termination hearing did not
permeate its written findings in which it determined that there was clear and convincing evidence
of several statutory grounds for terminating Richardson's parental rights. Only one was
necessary.50 Ignoring the hearsay, the FIA did provide clear and convincing, legally admissible
evidence that Richardson had failed to provide proper care and custody of his children and would
not be able to provide this proper care and custody in a reasonable time, considering the ages of
his children.51 For instance, Richardson placed the blame for what happened to the children on
Bowman's shoulders, noting that he was out of town while some of the problems with the
children occurred. He never acknowledged that, irrespective of Bowman's role in causing these
problems, he still had an independent duty to ensure that the children were living in a safe home
with adequate supervision. There was ample evidence on the record at the termination hearing
that the children's living arrangement with Bowman was not safe and there was no real
supervision there. In fact, when home, Richardson contributed to the danger in the home by
using it as a place to buy and sell drugs. Though much of this evidence was brought out at the
termination hearing through the testimony of Richardson's therapist, these statements are
excluded from the definition of hearsay because they were an admission and he was a party
opponent of the petitioner, which was offering the evidence.52 Furthermore, in the therapist's
opinion, founded on her interaction with Richardson and results from psychological tests he took,
Richardson was impulsive, lacked insight, and was immature. The family court observed similar
behavior in Richardson simply through their interactions in this proceeding. As the family court
found, these factors certainly would affect his ability to provide proper care and custody for the
children, who each had special needs, in the future. Though Richardson did testify about the
progress he had made in terms of keeping a job and abstaining from drugs, we cannot say that the
trial court clearly erred in finding adequate proof of this statutory ground for termination.
More importantly, returning to Richardson's central contention that it was fundamentally
unfair to use evidence concerning him gathered from other hearings when he was not a
respondent because he was unaware of these allegations, we cannot agree. Richardson was
49
See MCR 5.974(E)(2), referring to the lower evidentiary standard in MCR 5.974(F)(2).
50
See IEM, supra at 450-451.
51
MCL 712A.19b(3)(g).
52
See MRE 801(d)(2).
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involved in many of these other hearings. He was represented by court-appointed counsel at
these other hearings in which he participated. Richardson addressed the family court during a
number of these hearings. Further, the petition seeking to terminate his parental rights included a
long list of factual allegations concerning his conduct and why it supported termination; to say
that the allegations in this petition were extensive would be an understatement. The FIA gave
him actual, advance notice of the allegations it intended to make concerning him at the
termination hearing. Though there was confusion at the hearing regarding how and whether to
admit certain hearsay statements, given the dissimilar evidentiary standards applicable to
Richardson and Bowman, he was given the notice to which he claims he was entitled. Thus, he
has failed to demonstrate that he is entitled to relief on the basis of a due process violation.
VI. Richardson's Ineffective Assistance Of Counsel Claim
Richardson contends that his attorney at the termination hearing, David Woodruff, was
ineffective for failing to demand an adjudication. Richardson underscores what he sees as the
deficiency of this decision by quoting a portion of the transcript indicating that Woodruff knew
that hearsay was not admissible to prove the statutory ground to terminate Richardson's parental
rights. Woodruff was definitely legally correct in that instance in insisting that the petitioner
must prove new allegations supporting termination with clear and convincing, legally admissible
evidence. However, as we have already explained, though the proceedings would have been
much less confusing had the family court conducted an adjudication with respect to Richardson,
the court rules did not require an adjudication. An attorney is not obligated to advocate a legally
meritless position.53 Thus, Richardson was not denied his right to effective assistance of counsel
when Woodruff failed to raise this issue in the family court.
The Court affirms the order terminating Bowman's parental rights in Docket No. 228856.
The Court affirms the order terminating Richardson's parental rights in Docket No. 228975.
/s/ Joel P. Hoekstra
/s/ William C. Whitbeck
/s/ Jessica R. Cooper
53
See People v Snider, 239 Mich App 393, 425; 608 NW2d 502 (2000).
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