CONSTANCE M SUMNER V GENERAL MOTORS CORP
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
CONSTANCE M. SUMNER and JAMES R.
SUMNER,
FOR PUBLICATION
May 8, 2001
9:15 a.m.
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
No. 211094
Shiawassee Circuit Court
LC No. 89-008613-NI
v
GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION,
ON REMAND
Updated Copy
June 22, 2001
Defendant-Appellee.
Before: Doctoroff, P.J., and O'Connell and Wilder, JJ.
O'CONNELL, J.
This case is before us on remand from the Supreme Court for reconsideration of our
previous decision affirming the trial court's grant of summary disposition in favor of defendant
under MCR 2.116(C)(10). On reconsideration, we reverse and remand for a new trial.
I. Background
The procedural history of this case is unusual. Plaintiffs brought an action against
defendant in 1989, alleging that plaintiff Constance Sumner's injuries from an automobile
collision were aggravated as the result of defendant's negligent manufacture of her automobile.
Specifically, plaintiffs claimed that some of the automobile's welds were defective and caused
unnecessary buckling of the automobile during the collision.
Defendant introduced
demonstrative evidence to show that weld defects did not aggravate plaintiff Constance Sumner's
injuries. This demonstrative evidence consisted of two videotaped crash tests that were not
reenactments of the actual collision. After the jury found that defendant's negligence did not
proximately cause any aggravation of plaintiff Constance Sumner's injuries, the trial court
entered a judgment of no cause of action. Plaintiffs appealed as of right.
This Court reversed, concluding that the demonstrative evidence was inadmissible
because the conditions of the crash tests were not sufficiently similar to those of the actual
collision. Sumner v General Motors Corp, 212 Mich App 694, 696-697; 538 NW2d 112 (1995)
(Sumner I). This Court vacated the judgment entered on the jury's verdict and remanded for a
new trial. Id. at 700. However, after the case was remanded but before a new trial began, a
different panel of this Court issued Lopez v General Motors Corp, 219 Mich App 801 (1996)
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(Lopez I). In Lopez I, the defendant introduced demonstrative evidence of crash tests to defend a
claim of negligent manufacture relating to an automobile's safety restraint system, and the jury
found in favor of the defendant. The panel followed Sumner I and reversed the judgment entered
on the jury verdict, but declared a conflict with Sumner I. This Court then convened a special
panel to resolve the conflict, pursuant to Administrative Order No. 1996-4 (now MCR 7.215[I]).1
The conflict panel overruled Sumner I with regard to the evidentiary issue, holding that
demonstrative evidence is admissible if it bears substantial similarity to a factual issue at trial,
even if the evidence does not faithfully replicate an actual event. Lopez v General Motors Corp,
224 Mich App 618, 627-628; 569 NW2d 861 (1997) (Lopez II). Evidence must faithfully
replicate an event only where the evidence is offered as a reenactment of the actual event. Id.
The conflict panel sharply criticized the Sumner I decision, noting that its evidentiary ruling
lacked both authority and logic. Id. at 632.
Meanwhile, a new trial had not yet been held on remand from Sumner I. The parties and
the trial court were thus faced with the directive from Sumner I to hold a new trial without the
crash-test evidence, while recognizing that the legal basis for requiring that new trial was
overruled in Lopez II. Specifically, the reversal in Sumner I stemmed from this Court's holding
that it was error to admit defendant's demonstrative evidence of crash tests that were not accident
reenactments, but under Lopez II, defendant's demonstrative evidence was admissible.2
Defendant, unhappy at the prospect of a new trial in which all the same evidence would be
presented as in the first trial, filed a motion for rehearing of Sumner I, which this Court rejected
because it was untimely. Defendant then moved in the trial court for summary disposition
pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10), arguing that Sumner I, being overruled by Lopez II, was no
longer binding on the trial court and that the original judgment of no cause of action should
therefore be reinstated.
The trial court granted the motion, and we affirmed. Sumner v General Motors Corp,
unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued December 21, 1999 (Docket No.
211094) (Sumner II). Plaintiffs' sole argument on appeal was that Sumner I constituted the law
of the case and that a new trial was required, in which, despite the rule of law from Lopez II,
defendant's demonstrative evidence would be excluded. We rejected plaintiffs' argument because
the law of the case doctrine does not apply where there has been an intervening change of law.
See Freeman v DEC Int'l, Inc, 212 Mich App 34, 38; 536 NW2d 815 (1995). Because plaintiffs'
sole argument on appeal failed, we affirmed. Plaintiffs failed to argue that the trial court
1
MCR 7.215 was amended effective April 1, 2001, to repeal and replace certain language. In the
process, former subsections (D) through (H) were redesignated as subsections (E) through (I) but
were otherwise unchanged. See 463 Mich lxii-lxiv.
2
To be precise, Lopez II did not specifically address the admissibility of the evidence in the
instant case. Therefore, it is conceivable that, even under the standard set forth in Lopez II,
defendant's demonstrative evidence would be considered inadmissible. However, as noted
below, the trial court expressly held that defendant's demonstrative evidence was admissible
under Lopez II.
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nonetheless erred in granting defendant's motion for summary disposition. Although this Court
may reach issues beyond those raised on appeal where justice requires doing so, Frericks v
Highland Twp, 228 Mich App 575, 586; 579 NW2d 441 (1998), justice did not require allowing
plaintiffs to have a "second bite at the apple" by conducting a new trial (as required by Sumner I)
with the same evidence as that presented in the first trial (as required by Lopez II).
The Supreme Court, in lieu of granting plaintiffs' application for leave to appeal, vacated
our decision in Sumner II and remanded the case to us for reconsideration. 463 Mich 929 (2000).
The Court directed as follows:
The conflict panel of the Court of Appeals, in [Lopez II], overruled a rule
of law on which the Court relied in [Sumner I]. However, Lopez did not, and
could not, reverse the Sumner Court's decision to vacate the jury verdict. On
remand, the Court of Appeals shall consider the extent to which the trial court
relied on that vacated jury verdict in granting summary disposition, and whether
that reliance was proper under the appropriate standard. MCR 2.116(C)(10).
We conclude that the trial court inappropriately relied on the previous jury verdict in granting
defendant's motion for summary disposition. Therefore, we reverse and remand for a new trial.
II. Standard of Review
We review the trial court's grant of summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10)
de novo to determine whether defendant, as the moving party, was entitled to judgment as a
matter of law. Maiden v Rozwood, 461 Mich 109, 118; 597 NW2d 817 (1999). Summary
disposition is appropriate only where, viewing all documentary evidence in the light most
favorable to the nonmoving party, no genuine issue of material fact exists. Id. at 119-120. In this
case, the trial court held that, under Lopez II, defendant's demonstrative evidence was admissible,
because it was not offered as a reenactment of the actual collision. The trial court therefore held
that no genuine issue of material fact existed and that defendant was entitled to summary
disposition.
III. The Trial Court's Reliance on the Jury Verdict
The Supreme Court has directed us to determine whether the trial court relied on the
previous jury verdict in granting defendant's motion for summary disposition. Defendant
concedes that the trial court did rely on the previous jury verdict. Indeed, in support of the
motion, defendant argued that the original verdict constituted res judicata and must be
reinstated.3 When granting summary disposition, the trial court noted that defendant's crash-test
evidence was admissible and that, therefore, no genuine issue of material fact remained. The
only way for no factual issue to exist was for the trial court to accept the jury's previous
3
To the extent that the trial court relied on the doctrine of res judicata, the trial court erred. That
doctrine does not apply within a single action. Harvey v Harvey, 237 Mich App 432, 437; 603
NW2d 302 (1999).
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resolution of the factual issue of the case—whether defendant's negligent manufacture
proximately caused any aggravation of plaintiff Constance Sumner's injuries. Thus, by
concluding that no genuine issue of material fact existed, the trial court clearly relied on the
previous jury verdict.
The Supreme Court has directed us to also determine whether it was appropriate for the
trial court to rely on the previous verdict. This requires us to examine the legal effect of the
conflict panel's decision in Lopez II on this Court's previous decision in Sumner I. We therefore
turn to the applicable court rules.
IV. The Legal Effect of Invoking the Conflict Rule4
When interpreting court rules, we apply the same standards that govern statutory
interpretation. Hopkins v Parole Bd, 237 Mich App 629, 640; 604 NW2d 686 (1999). Thus, our
primary goal is to determine and effectuate the intent behind the rule. Id. Where the plain
meaning of the text is unambiguous, no judicial construction is permitted. Mahrle v Danke, 216
Mich App 343, 348; 549 NW2d 56 (1996).
An opinion of this Court disposing of a case constitutes this Court's judgment. MCR
7.215(E)(1). Unless this Court orders otherwise, its judgment in a given case "is effective after
the expiration of the time for filing a timely application for leave to appeal to the Supreme Court,
or, if such an application is filed, after the disposition of the case by the Supreme Court." MCR
7.215(F)(1)(a). In this case, defendant never filed an application in the Supreme Court for leave
to appeal this Court's judgment in Sumner I, which was issued on August 18, 1995. Therefore,
this Court's judgment was effective twenty-one days later, when the time limit for filing the
application expired. MCR 7.302(C)(2)(b). Moreover, the rule of law established by Sumner I
was binding precedent under MCR 7.215(I)(1), which provides as follows:
A panel of the Court of Appeals must follow the rule of law established by
a prior published decision of the Court of Appeals issued on or after November 1,
1990, that has not been reversed or modified by the Supreme Court, or by a
special panel of the Court of Appeals as provided in this rule.
Thus, pursuant to this Court's judgment in Sumner I, the trial court was required to
conduct a new trial, in which defendant's demonstrative evidence was excluded. A ruling by this
Court binds the trial court on remand, pursuant to the law of the case doctrine. See Driver v
Haney (After Remand), 226 Mich App 558, 565; 575 NW2d 31 (1997). Under that doctrine, the
trial court "may not take any action on remand that is inconsistent with the judgment of the
appellate court." Kalamazoo v Dep't of Corrections (After Remand), 229 Mich App 132, 135;
4
Although Lopez II was issued under Administrative Order 1996-4, see 451 Mich xciii, our
analysis will rely on the current version of the conflict rule, found at MCR 7.215(I).
Administrative Order 1996-4 simply continued the operation of Administrative Order 1994-4,
see 445 Mich xci, the terms of which are substantially the same as the current court rule.
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580 NW2d 475 (1998). The doctrine applies regardless of the correctness of the appellate court's
decision. Id.
However, the law of the-case doctrine does not apply where there has been an intervening
change of law. Freeman, supra at 38. In this case, an intervening change of law occurred. More
than one year after Sumner I, the Lopez I panel declared a conflict with Sumner I, and this Court
convened a conflict panel. See MCR 7.215(I)(2) and (3). When the conflict panel was
convened, Lopez I was vacated. 219 Mich App 801. See also MCR 7.215(I)(5). Almost another
year later, the conflict panel overruled the rule of law established by Sumner I. See Lopez II,
supra at 621. Therefore, according to MCR 7.215(I)(1), Sumner I no longer constitutes binding
precedent. In the instant case, the trial court need not apply the rule of law established by
Sumner I, because it is not binding under MCR 7.215(I)(1) and it does not constitute the law of
the case, in light of the intervening change of law.
However, the intervening change of law did not nullify this Court's judgment in Sumner I.
The conflict panel was authorized to review only the legal conflict between Sumner I and Lopez
I; it was not authorized to actually reverse the judgment rendered in Sumner I. When a conflict
panel is convened, the only opinion vacated is the opinion that declared the conflict. MCR
7.215(I)(5). Therefore, only Lopez I was vacated; Sumner I was not. MCR 7.215(H)(5) formerly
provided that "[a]n order directing the convening of a special panel must vacate the prior opinion
in the case at bar."5 This limitation on the conflict panel's authority was more clearly set forth in
the 1999 amendment of MCR 7.215(H)(5).6 The amended subrule, now MCR 7.215(I)(5),
provides in pertinent part as follows:
An order directing the convening of a special panel must vacate only that
portion of the prior opinion in the case at bar addressing the particular question
that would have been decided differently but for the provisions of subrule (1).
The special panel shall limit its review to resolving the conflict that would have
been created but for the provisions of subrule (1) and applying its decision to the
case at bar. [Emphasis added.]
The plain meaning of MCR 7.215(H)(5), both the original and the amended versions, is
that the conflict panel's authority extends to adjudicating only the case at bar, although it may
resolve the legal disagreement between that case and the one in conflict with it. Thus,
notwithstanding the decision in Lopez II, this Court's judgment rendered in Sumner I remains
effective under MCR 7.215(F)(1)(a). Although the rule of law from Sumner I no longer
constitutes the law of the case, and the rule of law from Lopez II is binding authority under MCR
7.215(I)(6), the actual judgment from Sumner I vacating the trial court's judgment entered in
favor of defendant and remanding for a new trial still stands.
5
See also Administrative Order 1994-4. 445 Mich xcii.
6
See 459 Mich ccviii.
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Our Supreme Court's directions to us on remand clearly specify that the conflict panel in
Lopez II was authorized only to overrule the rule of law established by Sumner I; it was not
authorized to reverse the decision of Sumner I vacating the judgment entered in favor of
defendant. 463 Mich 929.7 As our Supreme Court aptly pointed out, an important difference
exists between overruling a case and reversing a case. Black's Law Dictionary (6th ed), p 1319
defines "reverse" as follows:
To overthrow, vacate, set aside, make void, annul, repeal, or revoke; as, to
reverse a judgment, sentence or decree of a lower court by an appellate court, or to
change to the contrary or to a former condition. To reverse a judgment means to
overthrow it by contrary decision, make it void, undo or annul it for error.
[citations omitted.]
In contrast, "overrule" is defined, in pertinent part, as follows:
To supersede; annul; reverse; make void; reject by subsequent action or
decision. A judicial decision is said to be overruled when a later decision,
rendered by the same court or by a superior court in the same system, expresses a
judgment upon the same question of law directly opposite to that which was
before given, thereby depriving the earlier opinion of all authority as a precedent.
[Black's Law Dictionary (6th ed), p 1104 (emphasis added)].8
Stated differently, "overrule" is a term that "denotes what a superior court does to a
precedent that it expressly decides should no longer be controlling law," whereas "reverse" is a
narrower term that "describes an appellate court's change to the opposite result from that by the
lower court in a given case." A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage (2d ed), p 632. Thus, to
reverse is to change the result in the case at bar; to overrule is to declare that a rule of law no
longer has precedential value. An appellate court must take care to recognize the distinction
between the two actions. See, e.g., People v Collins, 438 Mich 8, 11; 475 NW2d 684 (1991)
7
Although the Supreme Court characterized this Court's decision in Sumner I as vacating the
jury verdict, a more precise reading of Sumner I indicates that this Court vacated the judgment
that was entered on that jury verdict. See Sumner I, supra at 700. Nonetheless, this Court's
decision was predicated on a finding of evidentiary error that tainted the verdict, so it is
appropriate to consider the jury verdict as having been vacated along with the judgment.
8
We disapprove of the first sentence of this definition, which fails to adequately express the
distinction between "overrule" and "reverse"; indeed, it defines "overrule" as including to
"reverse." Nonetheless, the emphasized sentence adequately expresses an appropriate definition
of the term "overrule." Regrettably, the latest edition of Black's Law Dictionary erodes the
distinction between the two terms. It defines "overrule" as "to overturn or set aside" and defines
"reversal" as "[a]n appellate court's overturning of a lower court's decision." Black's Law
Dictionary (7th ed), pp 1129, 1320. Worse yet, the dictionary completes the circle by defining
"overturn" as "[t]o overrule or reverse." Id., p 1130.
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(Supreme Court overruling a rule of law from a previous Supreme Court case and reversing the
decision of the Court of Appeals that was before the Supreme Court for review).
In the instant case, then, Lopez II overruled the rule of law from Sumner I, but did not and
could not actually reverse Sumner I. Thus, the trial court's judgment entered on the jury verdict
remains vacated. The trial court's grant of summary disposition was simply an attempt to revive
the original jury verdict. Although we are sympathetic to the trial court's concerns, we conclude
that this was improper.
V. Policy Concerns
Simply stated, the result mandated by the court rules in this case is a new trial (as required
by Sumner I), in which defendant's crash-test demonstrative evidence will again be admitted (as
the trial court held that Lopez II required). We share defendant's view that this result runs
contrary to important public policy favoring judicial economy. A new trial in this case will allow
plaintiffs "a second bite at the apple," so to speak. However, the policy favoring judicial
economy, though strong, see Hanley v Mazda Motor Corp, 239 Mich App 596, 602; 609 NW2d
203 (2000), is not absolute. Indeed, according to MCR 1.105, the court rules "are to be construed
to secure the just, speedy, and economical determination of every action . . . ." The goal of
securing a just determination does not always coincide with the goal of securing a speedy
determination. Judicial economy does not overwhelm all other concerns. In this case, there are
counterbalancing policy concerns at issue, such as adhering to the rules of procedure and
preserving the finality of this Court's judgments. See Cox v Flint Bd of Hosp Managers (On
Remand), 243 Mich App 72, 93; 620 NW2d 859 (2000) (emphasizing the importance of
preserving the finality of this Court's judgments).
Moreover, we are not empowered to grant relief from this Court's previous judgment in
Sumner I. A trial court does have the power to grant relief from judgment where "a prior
judgment on which it is based has been reversed or otherwise vacated; or it is no longer equitable
that the judgment should have prospective application." MCR 2.612(C)(1)(e). However, the
trial court's power is limited to granting relief from its own judgment; it cannot grant relief from
a judgment of this Court. This Court has not been expressly granted the same power to grant
relief from its judgment. Although MCR 7.216(A)(7) provides that this Court may "enter any
judgment or order or grant further or different relief as the case may require," we decline to use
this rule to incorporate MCR 2.612(C)(1)(e) into the rules of appellate procedure. In any event,
we would not be inclined to grant relief from the judgment in Sumner I. An intervening change
in law is not an appropriate basis for granting relief from a judgment; indeed, if it were, "it is not
clear why all judgments rendered on the basis of a particular interpretation of law should not be
reopened when the interpretation is substantially changed." 2 Restatement Judgments, 2d, § 73,
illustration 4, p 200.9
9
MCR 2.612(C)(1) is comparable to FR Civ P 60(b), which has generally been applied by the
federal courts as not providing relief from judgment on the basis of a change of law. See
generally anno: Construction and application of rule 60(b)(6) of federal rules of civil procedure
(continued…)
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Thus, while requiring a new trial in this case does seem unsatisfactory at first blush, we
would open a Pandora's box if we allowed a party to avoid a judgment of this Court by arguing in
the trial court that the legal basis for that judgment had been eviscerated.10 For example, if this
Court had initially affirmed the jury verdict and in a later case declared that the legal basis for the
affirmance was incorrect, plaintiffs would surely not be successful in an attempt to persuade the
trial court to vacate the verdict and hold a new trial. Additionally, one could easily imagine a
scenario in which this Court, in an unpublished opinion, reversed and remanded for a new trial,
and a later published opinion of this Court in a separate case rendered the legal basis for the first
opinion questionable. It would be an untenable situation for the trial court to determine whether
this Court's judgment in the first case remained effective in light of later developments in the
law. Although the particular facts of this case may lead to a counterintuitive result, we
nonetheless resist the temptation to use bad facts to make bad law. See In re Contempt of Auto
Club Ins Ass'n, 243 Mich App 697, 722; 624 NW2d 443 (2000).
VI. Conclusion
This Court's judgment in Sumner I became effective when the time for filing an
application for leave to appeal to the Supreme Court expired. MCR 7.215(F)(1)(a). Although an
intervening change in law removed the need for the trial court to adhere to the evidentiary ruling
set forth in Sumner I, that intervening change in law does not provide a basis for avoiding this
Court's judgment. Sumner I has never been reversed or vacated. Its judgment still stands. Thus,
a new trial is required, although the trial court must apply current law regarding all evidentiary
matters, including the admissibility of defendant's demonstrative evidence. Although we are
sympathetic to concerns of judicial economy, we must also adhere to the court rules and preserve
the finality of this Court's judgments. Defendant chose neither to appeal from this Court's
judgment in Sumner I nor to file a timely motion for rehearing. Having failed to pursue the
appropriate avenues for obtaining relief from that judgment, defendant may not avoid its effect
by obtaining an order of summary disposition in the trial court.
Reversed and remanded for a new trial. We do not retain jurisdiction.
/s/ Peter D. O'Connell
/s/ Martin M. Doctoroff
/s/ Kurtis T. Wilder
(…continued)
authorizing relief from final judgment or order for "any other reason," 15 ALR Fed 193, § 17,
pp 265-268.
10
Although we did initially affirm the decision of the trial court, we reiterate that our basis for
doing so was that plaintiffs' sole argument on appeal failed. As the appellants, plaintiffs bore the
burden of demonstrating the trial court's error, and plaintiffs failed to raise the issue that our
Supreme Court directs us to now address.
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