MARJORIE KOSTER V JUNE'S TRUCKING INC
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
MARJORIE KOSTER, Personal Representative of
the Estate of DOUGLAS W. KOSTER, Deceased,
and CLYDE MUNSELL, Personal Representative
of the Estate of JOANN MUNSELL, Deceased,
and HULDA N. SHURTLEFF, Personal
Representative of the Estate of ROBERT C.
SHURTLEFF, Deceased,
FOR PUBLICATION
December 26, 2000
9:40 a.m.
Plaintiffs-Appellees,
v
JUNE'S TRUCKING, INC., CLAIR G. JUNE, and
RICHARD JUNE,
No. 212741
Wayne Circuit Court
LC No. 85-525060-NI
85-525061-NI
85-527157-NO
Defendants,
and
GREAT AMERICAN INS. CO., INDIANA INS.
CO., and HARTFORD INS. CO.,
Garnishee-Defendants,
and
Updated Copy
March 2, 2001
MICHIGAN MUTUAL INS. CO.,
Appellant.
Before: Bandstra, C.J., and Gage and Wilder, JJ.
BANDSTRA, C.J.
Michigan Mutual Insurance Co. (Michigan Mutual)1 appeals by leave granted from an
order entered in a garnishment proceeding compelling it to turn over to plaintiffs its entire file
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regarding a claim and litigation against defendants, its insured. Michigan Mutual contends that it
should not be required to produce defendants' file, when the corporate defendant has dissolved
and the individual defendants have died, because the file is protected by the attorney-client
privilege and the work-product privilege. We conclude that the portions of the file for which a
privilege was asserted may be protected by the attorney work-product doctrine. However, we
further conclude that, in order to determine the extent to which the documents are protected, the
court must first conduct an in camera review of the challenged documents. Accordingly, we
reverse and remand.
This case arose from an accident that occurred in 1985 in Oakland County. A truck
driven by defendant Richard June and owned by defendants June Trucking, Inc., and Clair G.
June crossed a median on I-96 and hit a vehicle in which plaintiffs2 rode, killing them.
Defendants had an insurance policy with Michigan Mutual. Pursuant to the policy, Michigan
Mutual retained a law firm to represent defendants in the wrongful death suits filed on behalf of
plaintiffs. The suits were consolidated for trial and, in 1993, a judgment was entered against
defendants.3 Michigan Mutual paid benefits to the extent of defendants' liability policy, leaving a
balance of the judgment unpaid.
After judgment, plaintiffs filed writs of garnishment naming several insurers of NFO as
garnishee defendants. During the course of the garnishment proceedings, plaintiffs had issued
subpoenas duces tecum to Michigan Mutual requesting its complete claims file concerning the
accident. Michigan Mutual moved for a protective order, contending that it had paid to the limits
of the policy and that the claims file was "irrelevant to the pending matter and contains privileged
communications." On March 16, 1998, the trial court entered an order directing that Michigan
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Mutual produce its claims file to plaintiffs, except for those documents it considered privileged.
The documents for which Michigan Mutual claimed a privilege were "to be separately identified
and submitted to the court for an in camera review." On June 15, 1998, Michigan Mutual
produced the documents as ordered and listed documents that it believed were protected by the
attorney-client and work-product privileges. It appears from the record that no in camera review
was conducted. The court agreed that the documents for which Michigan Mutual claimed the
attorney-client privilege could be protected by the privilege, but further concluded that plaintiffs
"stand[] in the shoes" of defendants in the garnishment proceedings, thus vesting in plaintiffs the
sole right to claim the privilege. Accordingly, the court ordered that the entire claims file be
turned over to plaintiffs. It is from that order that Michigan Mutual appeals.
Michigan Mutual first argues that the documents are protected from production by the
attorney-client privilege. A trial court's decision to grant or deny discovery is reviewed by the
Court of Appeals for abuse of discretion. Reed Dairy Farm v Consumers Power Co, 227 Mich
App 614, 616; 576 NW2d 709 (1998). However, we review de novo a decision regarding
whether the attorney-client privilege may be asserted. Id. at 618.
Our Supreme Court has reasoned that "the tripartite relationship between insured, insurer,
and defense counsel contains rife possibility of conflict" because "(t)he interest of the insured and
the insurer frequently differ." Atlanta Int'l Ins Co v Bell, 438 Mich 512, 519; 475 NW2d 294
(1991). Accordingly, the Court has held that "'[n]o attorney-client relationship exists between an
insurance company and the attorney representing the insurance company's insured.
The
attorney's sole loyalty and duty is owed to the client, not to the insurer.'" Kirschner v Process
Design Associates, Inc, 459 Mich 587, 598; 592 NW2d 707 (1999), quoting Michigan Millers
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Mut Ins Co v Bronson Plating Co, 197 Mich App 482, 492; 496 NW2d 373 (1992). On the basis
of these precedents, we conclude that there was no attorney-client relationship between Michigan
Mutual and the attorney retained to represent its insureds and, as a result, Michigan Mutual
cannot assert any attorney-client privilege.
Michigan Mutual also argues that the attorney-client privilege should be extended to it
because, as the insurer, it acted as the agent of defendants, the clients. We recognize that the
attorney-client privilege has sometimes been applied to communications made through a client's
agent. Reed Dairy Farm, supra at 618; Grubbs v K mart Corp, 161 Mich App 584, 589; 411
NW2d 477 (1987). In Grubbs, discussions between the attorney for a child and the child's
parents were held to be protected by the attorney-client privilege, with this Court concluding that
the parents were agents for the child, who could not maintain a suit on her own behalf. Id. On
the other hand, this Court found in Reed Dairy Farm, supra at 619, that a paralegal working for
the defendant, Consumers Power, was not an agent for purposes of the privilege.
Neither Grubbs nor Reed Dairy Farm involved the situation at issue here and our
Supreme Court has explicitly held that no relationship exists between counsel for an insured and
the insurer. Kirschner, supra at 598. To accept Michigan Mutual's argument that it is entitled to
assert the attorney-client privilege as an agent would be to recognize indirectly a relationship that
the courts of this state have refused to recognize directly. Michigan case law has not extended
the attorney-client relationship to the insurer and this Court will not do so here.4
Appellant also argues that the documents are protected by the work-product doctrine.
Appellant raised this issue in its memorandum in response to plaintiffs' motion for sanctions,
arguing that the contested documents were protected both by the attorney-client privilege and by
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the work-product doctrine. The trial court, however, did not reach this issue. Issues that are not
properly addressed by the trial court are not preserved for review. Herald Co, Inc v Ann Arbor
Public Schools, 224 Mich App 266, 278; 568 NW2d 411 (1997). However, this Court may
review issues that were not decided by the trial court where the issue is one of law and all the
necessary facts were presented. D'Avanzo v Wise & Marsac, PC, 223 Mich App 314, 326; 565
NW2d 915 (1997). Whether documents may be protected by the work-product doctrine is an
issue of law. People v Gilmore, 222 Mich App 442, 448; 564 NW2d 158 (1997). Accordingly,
we will review this issue to determine whether the work-product doctrine could apply to
documents contained in the claims file.
As a preliminary matter, we must address two procedural arguments made by plaintiffs.
First, plaintiffs argue that Michigan Mutual never claimed that the documents in the claims file
were protected by the work-product doctrine. We disagree. As we noted previously, Michigan
Mutual's memorandum of law, filed with the court on June 24, 1998, clearly referred to the
documents as work product and discussed why they should be protected from discovery. This
was sufficient to make the court aware of the legal basis of Michigan Mutual's objection.
Next, plaintiffs argue that Michigan Mutual made an improper tender of the documents
and, as a result, forfeited any right to an in camera inspection of the documents. We disagree.
Michigan Mutual tendered the documents, along with a letter signed by counsel explaining the
general classification of various groups of documents, along with the objection that applied to
those documents, whether the objection was based on privilege or irrelevancy.
We have
acknowledged in the past the burden placed on trial courts in determining claims of work-product
or attorney-client privilege, especially in cases of complex litigation. See Great Lakes Concrete
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Pole Corp v Eash, 148 Mich App 649, 656, n 6; 385 NW2d 296 (1986). In Great Lakes, we
pointed to procedures used in the federal courts to alleviate the burden and assist the trial court in
evaluating such claims, procedures that include identifying each document by number, date,
author, addressee, recipients of copies, and the general nature of the documents. Id. We further
noted that the use of such procedures would facilitate "adversarial input on the appropriateness of
disclosure while protecting disclosure of the privileged contents." Id. at n 6, 657.
In this case, the letter provided to the court along with the documents placed the
documents in four different categories: (1) communications between counsel and Michigan
Mutual; (2) internal communications within Michigan Mutual generated as a result of advice or
information of counsel; (3) billing information; and (4) information that plaintiffs had agreed not
to seek.
This list, taken together with Michigan Mutual's memorandum of law, put both
plaintiffs and the court on notice regarding the nature of the privileges asserted and the
documents to which the alleged privileges applied. While it may have been more advisable to
identify the documents with greater specificity, it cannot be said that the explanation provided by
Michigan Mutual did not identify the documents sufficiently to justify an in camera inspection.
The work-product doctrine, MCR 2.302(B)(3)(a), provides as follows:
Subject to the provisions of subrule (B)(4), a party may obtain discovery of
documents and tangible things otherwise discoverable under subrule (B)(1) and
prepared in anticipation of litigation or for trial by or for another party or another
party's representative (including an attorney, consultant, surety, indemnitor,
insurer, or agent) only on a showing that the party seeking discovery has
substantial need of the materials in the preparation of the case and is unable
without undue hardship to obtain the substantial equivalent of the materials by
other means. In ordering discovery of such materials when the required showing
has been made, the court shall protect against disclosure of the mental
impressions, conclusions, opinions, or legal theories of an attorney or other
representative of a party concerning the litigation.
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MCR 2.302(B)(3)(a) is virtually identical with its federal counterpart, FR Civ P 26(b)(3). As a
result, it is appropriate to rely on federal cases for guidance in determining the scope of the workproduct doctrine. In re Subpoena Duces Tecum to the Wayne Co Prosecutor, 191 Mich App 90,
94; 477 NW2d 412 (1991), remanded on other grounds 444 Mich 860 (1993).
Although the rule protecting work product from discovery is most often used to protect
attorneys' litigation files, under the plain language of the rule litigation files prepared by insurers
are also protected. MCR 2.302(B)(3)(a) applies to litigation files of a party's "representative
(including an . . . indemnitor [or] insurer . . . )." Federal courts have recognized this protection
for nonlawyer "representatives," including insurers. See Logan v Commercial Union Ins Co, 96
F3d 971, 977 (CA 7, 1996); United Coal Cos v Powell Constr Co, 839 F2d 958, 966 (CA 3,
1988). Finding the rule inapplicable to "anyone other than a lawyer is inconsistent with the plain
language of the rule." Id.
In the present case, Michigan Mutual was defendants' insurer. Under the clear language
of MCR 2.302(B)(3)(a), documents and tangible things prepared in anticipation of litigation by
or for an insurer of a party are not discoverable absent a showing that the party seeking discovery
has a substantial need for the materials and is unable without undue hardship to obtain the
substantial equivalent of the materials by other means. Plaintiffs argue summarily that this is the
case here. However, the current subject matter of the garnishment action is whether defendants
were covered by NFO's insurance policies. The scope of coverage is generally a legal issue,
determined by the language of the policy if that language is clear. See Vanguard Ins Co v
Racine, 224 Mich App 229, 232; 568 NW2d 156 (1997). Beyond plaintiffs' bare allegation, the
record contains nothing to indicate that the decision will be determined by anything other than
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the language of the policies issued by NFO's insurers. We cannot conclude that plaintiffs are
entitled to discovery of privileged material in the possession of Michigan Mutual. Further, even
if plaintiffs can meet this burden, any production ordered would have to "protect against
disclosure of the mental impressions, conclusions, opinions, or legal theories" of defendants'
attorney or of Michigan Mutual, their representative. MCR 2.302(B)(3)(a).
In any event, although we have determined that the documents could be protected under
the work-product doctrine, we cannot conclude that, in fact, the documents are so protected. As
previously discussed, the trial court did not reach this issue. Accordingly, the trial court must
conduct an in camera inspection of the documents to determine whether they are protected from
discovery by the work-product doctrine.
If they are, the burden is on plaintiffs to show
"substantial need" and "undue hardship" and, if plaintiffs do, any order must "protect against
disclosure" of the thought processes of defendants' representatives.
We reverse and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not
retain jurisdiction.
/s/ Richard A. Bandstra
/s/ Hilda R. Gage
/s/ Kurtis T. Wilder
1
Michigan Mutual Insurance Co. is now known as Amerisure. We will use the name, Michigan
Mutual, that was used in the pleadings and other documents in the case.
2
The actual plaintiffs in this case are the personal representatives of the estates of the persons
killed in the accident. This opinion will refer to both the personal representatives and their
decedents as "plaintiffs."
3
The suits also named as a defendant National Farmers Organization (NFO), which had hired
defendants to haul the goods contained in defendants' trailer. However, the jury found liability
only on the part of defendants, finding that June's Trucking, Inc., was an independent contractor.
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4
We recognize that the trial court found that the attorney-client privilege would apply, but
further held that plaintiffs "stepped into the shoes" of defendants for purposes of asserting the
privilege. Apparently, the court relied on Meirthew v Last, 376 Mich 33, 40; 135 NW2d 353
(1965), a case involving the question whether a plaintiff in a personal injury case had a right,
after judgment, to pursue an action against the defendant's insurer. Even if we assume that this
right would include a right to access to the files of the recalcitrant insurer, we see a substantial
difference between Meirthew and the present case, in which Michigan Mutual is not a party in
the garnishment proceeding. It is one thing to say that a plaintiff may pursue a denial of coverage
of the defendant, and another to say that a plaintiff may have access to the files of a third-party
insurer who has not refused coverage. Nonetheless, this Court will not reverse a decision of the
trial court where it reaches the right conclusion for the wrong reasons. DeHart v Lunghamer
Chevrolet, Inc, 239 Mich App 181, 183; 607 NW2d 417 (1999).
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