COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY, TRANSPORTATION CABINET, DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS V. AMANDA GUFFEY (NOW MELTON), IN HER CAPACITY AS ADMINISTRATRIX OF THE ESTATE OF JEREMIAH GUFFEY, DECEASED, ET AL.
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2006-SC-000436-DG
COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY,
TRANSPORTATION CABINET,
DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS
V
APPELLANT
ON REVIEW FROM COURT OF APPEALS
CASE NUMBER 2004-CA-002051
WAYNE CIRCUIT COURT NO. 04-CI-00165
AMANDA GUFFEY (now MELTON),
in her capacity as Administratrix of the
Estate of JEREMIAH GUFFEY, deceased ;
and KENTUCKY BOARD OF CLAIMS
APPELLEES
OPINION OF THE COURT BY JUSTICE CUNNINGHAM
AFFIRMING IN PART, REVERSING IN PART, AND REMANDING
The issue before this Court is whether the Department of Highways owes a duty
to the operator of an all-terrain vehicle (ATV) who is riding his ATV upon a public
highway, even though persons are prohibited by statute from operating ATV's upon
public roadways. The Court of Appeals held that the Department of Highways does
owe such a duty, and this Court agrees .
On March 11, 2001, Jeremiah Guffey, age 19, was killed when he and the ATV
he was operating struck a cable which had been placed across an old abandoned
section of Highway 167 in Wayne County. Prior to the accident, Jeremiah, followed by
his friend Josh Bennett, proceeded on their ATV's along the newer portion of Highway
167 for approximately 100 feet. Upon approaching the intersection of that highway with
the older section of the road, which was no longer being used by the traveling public,
both men veered to the left and drove their ATV's onto the old, abandoned road .
Jeremiah traveled approximately 70 feet before striking a cable which had been
stretched across the road and connected at each end to a wooden post. This
obstruction had been placed there by a previous adjacent landowner, but was
maintained by the current adjacent landowners, Bobby and Katy York, apparently to
prevent access to their private property.
The critical facts of this case are undisputed . Old Highway 167 is owned by the
Commonwealth of Kentucky. At the time of the accident, it had not been used by the
general public as a main thoroughfare for approximately twenty years . However, the
Transportation Cabinet retained ownership of that portion of the old highway for the
purpose of maintaining a guardrail running along the shoulder of the road leading up to
and slightly past the point where the cable had been stretched . The old roadway is
paved, and, in fact, leads to a dead end at another guardrail where an old bridge has
been removed .
It is also undisputed that the Cabinet knew about the cable being stretched
across the roadway. The Cabinet's right-of-way agent, David Smith, had not only
personally observed the cable stretched across the road, but had also previously met
with the Yorks concerning their interest in purchasing a section of old Highway 167.
Further, there is no dispute that the cable stretched across the roadway constituted a
dangerous condition, and that striking the cable was a substantial factor in causing
Jeremiah's death.
Jeremiah's widow, Amanda, filed a claim with the Kentucky Board of Claims in
her capacity as Administratrix of his estate . The Board accepted the hearing officer's
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recommendation, concluding that, as a matter of law, the roadway was not "a public
roadway" since it could not be reasonably expected that it would be utilized by the
traveling public . Secondly, the Board concluded that the accident was not foreseeable
because the Cabinet could not have expected anyone to operate an ATV upon this
roadway in violation of KRS 189 .515(1).
On appeal, the Wayne Circuit Court reversed the decision of the Board of Claims
stating that, as a matter of law, the Transportation Cabinet had a duty to keep the
roadway in reasonably safe condition . Further, with full notice of the existence of the
cable stretched across the roadway, the Cabinet failed to comply with that duty . The
circuit court also held, as a matter of law, that Jeremiah's accident was foreseeable and
went on to assess damages . It stated that for Jeremiah's estate to recover the full
statutory maximum of $200,000.00 from the Board of Claims', fault would have to be
apportioned against the Transportation Cabinet at approximately 16%. The circuit court
accepted the fact-finding of the Board of Claims, and, as a matter of law, Jeremiah's
estate then became entitled to the full statutory award of $200,000.00, less any
applicable set-offs, for a total award of $197,292 .64, plus court costs and interest.
We believe that the circuit court correctly addressed the principal legal issues
raised by Appellant on appeal . It is long standing law that in order to establish
negligence on the part of the Department of Highways, a claimant must establish : (1) a
duty on the part of the Department ; (2) a breach of that duty ; and (3) consequent injury .
Commonwealth, - Transp. Cabinet, Dep't of Highways v Shadrick , 956 S .W. 2d 898, 900
(Ky. 1997) ; Mullins v. Commonwealth Life Ins. Co ., 839 S.W. 2d 245, 247 (Ky. 1992);
Illinois Central R.R. v. Vincent, 412 S.W. 2d 874, 876 (Ky. 1967) ; Warfield Natural Gas
See KRS 44.070(5) .
Co. v. Allen , 248 Ky. 646, 59 S.W. 2d 534, 536 (1933) . The absence of any one of the
three elements is fatal to the claim .
The Board of Claims deemed that Appellant had no duty to Jeremiah, finding that
the roadway in question was not "a public roadway" which Appellant could reasonably
expect would be utilized by the traveling public, and that Appellant did not owe a duty to
Jeremiah because he was in violation of KRS 189.515(1) by operating his ATV upon
this segment of the roadway. More specifically, the Board held that "[i]t is not
reasonable, then, to infer that any duty would extend from the Defendant to a traveler
operating an ATV on a public roadway, given that such operation is forbidden by
statute ."
We hold that these two findings are inconsistent. KRS 189.515(1) states in part
that a person shall not operate an all-terrain vehicle upon any public highway or
roadway or upon the right-of-way of any public highway or roadway. For Jeremiah to
have been violating this statute, then by its very definition that segment of the highway
upon which the accident occurred would have had to have been a "public roadway."
The Commonwealth cannot claim that this segment of highway was not a public
roadway, and at the same time find that Jeremiah was in violation of the statute by
operating his ATV upon a "public highway or roadway."
Furthermore, we agree with the Wayne Circuit Court, as well as the Court of
Appeals, that damages resulting from the operation of an ATV upon a public highway
that has been obstructed by a cable stretched across it are certainly foreseeable . As
stated by the Court of Appeals, prosecutions under the law for the riding of an ATV
upon a public highway are commonplace . In fact, when one observes the photograph
of that segment of the public road where this tragedy occurred, it appears as a trap or
flagrant hazard for ATV operators .
The Board of Claims erroneously rooted its holding in the case of Shadrick ,
supra . That case is clearly distinguishable from the one before us . In Shadrick , the
collision occurred between a driver and a truck parked eight and one-half feet off of the
traveled portion of the roadway, but yet still on the right-of-way of that same road . This
Court held that the truck parked on the side of the .road was not so inherently dangerous
as to constitute a trap . 956 S .W .2d at 901 . Here, however, the cable stretched across
a public road by a known trespasser, and with full knowledge of the Transportation
Cabinet, was indeed a treacherous trap.
Furthermore, Shadrick dealt with an obstruction within the right-of-way of a
roadway, but not within the traveled portion of a highway. Here, the public roadway had
been made impassable without almost certain injury . In Shadrick , the driver negligently
drove off of the traveled portion of a road before hitting a truck . Here, the driver was
clearly upon the traveled portion of the public road at the time of the accident .
The Board of Claims erroneously held that the Cabinet was exonerated from
exercising any duty as to Jeremiah's safety simply because he was illegally driving his
ATV upon a public highway. Under this premise, would the Cabinet also be exonerated
if a person illegally operating a motorcycle, or perhaps even a motor vehicle, upon that
portion of the road had struck the cable with equally deadly results? The Transportation
Cabinet does not escape liability .
Also, the Board of Claims concluded that a person illegally operating a vehicle
upon a public highway is not a member of the "traveling public ." To accept that
reasoning, one would have to conclude that those persons driving vehicles upon public
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highways with expired license plates, suspended drivers' licenses, or other more
innocuous violations, could be mangled at will by state sponsored indifference . Indeed,
what person would dare conclude that the tragic result suffered by the young man in this
case should be completely laid upon his estate for his relatively minor violation of the
law?
This Court, in Commonwealth, Dep't of Highways v. Automobile Club Ins . Co . ,
467 S .W. 2d 326, 328 (Ky. 1971), overruled on other grounds in Commonwealth,
Transp . Cabinet, Dep't of Highways v. Babbitt, 172 S.W .3d 786 (Ky. 2005), stated as
follows:
[T]he public authority having control over a highway has a duty to keep it in a
reasonably safe condition for travel, to provide proper safeguards, and to give
adequate warning of dangerous conditions in the highway . . . . However, it is
the [Department of Highways'] duty to furnish adequate protection for the
general traveling public and users of the highway facilities .
Even in Shadrick , 956 S .W .2d at 900, the Court reaffirmed the Department's duty to
exercise ordinary care to maintain the Commonwealth's highways in reasonably safe
condition for the traveling public.
We agree with the Court of Appeals that Jeremiah was a member of the traveling
public, even though he was in violation of KRS 189 .515(1). Furthermore, the damages
resulting from Jeremiah riding his ATV upon that portion of a public roadway which had
been obstructed by a cable stretched across it were certainly foreseeable . And, under
the doctrine of comparative negligence, while Jeremiah's damages may be limited by
his actions, his violation of the law does not bar recovery .
For all of the foregoing reasons, we affirm in part the decision of the Court of
Appeals. In the findings of fact, conclusions of law, and judgment entered by the
Wayne Circuit Court on September 10, 2004, it not only reversed the holdings of the
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Board of Claims, but entered findings as to damages . In doing so, the circuit court
exceeded its authority as set out in KIRS 44.140(5) and made independent findings of
fact as to damages, as well as to apportionment . The jurisdiction of the circuit court,
sitting in review of a decision arising from the Board of Claims, is limited to the powers
and duties enumerated in the statutes. See Commonwealth, Qep't of Parks v. Bergee
Bros. Inc. , 480 S .W .2d 158, 159-60 (Ky. 1972). Within the confines of the statutes, a
circuit court is not empowered to make an award when the Board of Claims has refused
to make one, but is limited to remanding the case to the Board . See Kentucky State
Fair Bd . v. Nicklies , 361 S.W.2d 289, 290 (Ky. 1962). Thus, for this reason we reverse
that portion of the judgment dealing with damages, and remand this case to the Board
of Claims to make proper apportionment of liability among the landowners who
maintained the cable, Jeremiah Guffey, and the Commonwealth up to $200,000.00.
All sitting . All concur.
COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT :
Andrew Martin Stephens
107 Church Street
Suite 200
Lexington, KY 40507
COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE,
AMANDA GUFFEY (now MELTON) :
Richard Hay
Rhonda G. Hatfield-Jeffers
203 West Columbia Street
P. 0. Box 1124
Somerset, KY 42502-1124
Van F . Phillips
P . 0. Box 391
Monticello, KY 42633-0391
COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE,
KENTUCKY BOARD OF CLAIMS :
G . Mitchell Mattingly
Board of Claims
130 Brighton Park Blvd .
Frankfort, KY 40601-3113
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