HAROLD DALE COX V. SHANNON KAY COX (NOW ESSLINGER)
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2003-SC-0706-DG
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HAROLD DALE COX
V.
APPELLANT
REVIEW FROM COURT OF APPEALS
2002-CA-001523
BOYLE CIRCUIT COURT NO . 01-CI-00514
SHANNON KAY COX (NOW ESSLINGER)
APPELLEE
OPINION OF THE COURT BY JUSTICE GRAVES
REVERSING
This case involves the registration and enforceability of a Texas judgment as a
"foreign judgment" under the Uniform Enforcement of Foreign Judgments Act (UEFJA),
KRS 426.950-426 .975. Appellant, Harold Dale Cox, and Appellee, Shannon Cox
Esslinger, married in Texas in July 1998. The parties subsequently moved to Danville,
Kentucky, where they purchased property . Appellee remained in Kentucky until July 15,
2000, when she relocated to Texas. On January 19, 2001, Appellee filed an original
Petition for Divorce in the District Court of Smith County, Texas .
Appellant received via United States mail a Texas Citation for Personal Service
Decree, and was personally served with notice in Danville by a Boyle County Deputy
Sheriff. Appellant did not respond to the Petition for Divorce . The District Court of
Smith County, Texas, entered a Final Decree of Divorce on October 2, 2001 . The
Decree divided the marital estate and returned to the parties their non-marital assets.
The Decree also granted an equitable lien in favor of Appellee in the amount of
$87,079 .72. The lien was assessed against the real and personal property held by
Appellant in Boyle County, Kentucky.
On December 7, 2001, Appellee filed a Notice and Affidavit of Foreign Judgment
in the Boyle Circuit Court. In response, Appellant filed a Motion to Dismiss, Alter,
Amend or Vacate . The trial court denied Appellant's motion . Appellee then filed a
Motion for Enforcement of Foreign Judgment, which the trial court granted in an order
entered on June 20, 2002 . The Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court's order. We
granted review.
I.
Appellant argues that the trial court abused its discretion by authenticating a
Texas judgment imposing a financial burden on him when the Texas court lacked in
personam jurisdiction to do so.' Appellant claims that in personam jurisdiction could
have been established by the State of Texas only if he established minimum contacts
with Texas such that the entry of a judgment did not offend traditional notions of fair play
and substantial justice . International Shoe Co. v . State of Washington, 326 U.S . 310,
66 S . Ct. 154, 90 L. Ed . 95 (1945) .
Appellee argues that the Texas judgment should be afforded full faith and credit
under the UEFJA. Appellee also argues that Appellant should have raised and
' Although the Texas court does not need personal jurisdiction over Appellant to render
the divorce decree alone, it must have such jurisdiction to adjudicate rights and
obligations that are incidents of marriage . See Estin v. Estin, 334 U .S . 541, 68 S .Ct .
1213, 92 L .Ed . 1561 (1948).
preserved the jurisdiction issue before the Texas trial court, and by failing to do so, he
purposefully availed himself to the jurisdiction of that court .
The case requires us to review some fundamental principles of civil procedure
regarding in personam jurisdiction . In Pennoyer v. Neff, 95 U .S . 714 (1877), the United
States Supreme Court held that, under the Due Process Clause, a state cannot assert
in personam jurisdiction over a defendant unless that defendant was personally served
with process in that state, or voluntarily appeared before the court. Id . at 733 .
International Shoe Co. , supra, expanded the personal jurisdiction reach of courts
beyond the rule enunciated in Pennoyer. The Court held that even when a defendant is
not served within the forum state, due process is satisfied when the state subjects a
non-resident defendant to in personam jurisdiction so long as the defendant has certain
minimum contacts with the state, and the assertion of jurisdiction does not offend
traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice . Id . at 316 . The Court discussed
several factors to be considered in evaluating whether minimum contacts exist. These
factors include: the quantity and quality of the activities ; whether the activities of the
defendant were continuous and systematic ; whether the defendant availed himself of
the benefits and protections of the laws of the forum state; and whether the defendant's
activities in the state gave rise to the cause of action. Wilson v. Case, 85 S.W.3d 589,
592-93 (Ky. 2002)(citing International Shoe Co . , supra) .
Since International Shoe Co . , supra , the United States Supreme Court has
applied and elaborated upon its test in a wide range of cases. See Kulko v. Superior
Court of California , 436 U .S. 84, 98 S .Ct. 1690, 56 L .Ed.2d 132 (1978)(in a child
custody dispute, a state could not exercise personal jurisdiction over a nonresident
merely because he acquiesced in his daughter's desire to live with her mother in the
forum state) ; World-Wide Volkswagon Corp. v. Woodson , 444 U.S . 286, 100 S.Ct. 559,
62 L.Ed.2d 490 (1980) (due process analysis of personal jurisdiction includes
defendant's ability to foresee being hauled into court in a forum state); Burqer Kinq
Corp. v. Rudzewicz , 471 U.S . 462, 476, 105 S.Ct . 2174, 85 L .Ed.2d 528 (1985) ("Once
it has been decided that a defendant purposefully established minimum contacts within
the forum State, these contacts may be considered in light of other factors to determine
whether the assertion of personal jurisdiction would comport with `fair play and
substantial justice ."')
In Wilson , supra , this Court applied a three-part personal jurisdiction test from the
Sixth Circuit case Southern Machine Co. v. Mohasco Industries, Inc. , 401 F .2d 374, 381
(6 t" Cir. 1968) . This test has previously been used by the Court of Appeals on
numerous occasions. See e .g_., Tube Turns Division of Chemetron Corp. v-Patterson
Co ., Inc. , 562 SW.2d 99 (Ky. App . 1978) . We will again use this three-part analysis, as
it provides a straightforward method of applying a vast body of case law regarding
personal jurisdiction . The test follows :
The first prong of the test asks whether the defendant purposefully availed
himself of the privilege of acting within the forum state or causing a consequence
in the forum state . The second prong considers whether the cause of action
arises from the alleged in-state activities. The final prong requires such
connections to the state as to make jurisdiction reasonable .
Wilson , supra, at 593. In order to find jurisdiction, all three prongs of this test should be
satisfied . Id.
We find that none of the three prongs of the test were satisfied, and therefore, we
hold that the Texas court did not have personal jurisdiction over Appellant . Although the
parties met and married in Texas, this contact alone is not sufficient for the Texas court
to establish personal jurisdiction over Appellant . The parties established their marital
domicile in Kentucky immediately after their marriage . There is no evidence that
Appellant had any contact with the state of Texas after his move to Kentucky, and the
lien at issue was placed upon Appellant's property in Kentucky. In sum, Appellant did
not have minimum contacts with the state of Texas .
We also reject Appellee's argument that Appellant waived his right to contest
Texas jurisdiction by failing to raise this issue before the Texas court. Because the
Texas court lacked personal jurisdiction over Appellant, it is irrelevant to us whether or
not Appellant preserved this issue before the Texas court. Even if the state of Texas
has a waiver provision regarding jurisdiction, this Court would not be bound by such a
provision .
Because the Texas court was without jurisdiction to impose a lien on property
located in Kentucky, its judgment regarding the lien was not a "foreign judgment" under
the UEFJA, and is therefore not entitled to full faith and credit . The orders of the Boyle
Circuit Court are reversed, and the registration and enforceability of the Texas Decree
of Divorce is vacated to the extent that it imposes personal obligations against
Appellant .
This matter is remanded to the Boyle Circuit Court for entry of orders consistent
with this opinion .
Lambert, C .J ., concurs in result only. Cooper, Graves, Johnstone, Roach, Scott
and Wintersheimer, J.J ., concur.
COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT
Paul V. Hibberd
Pregliasco Straw-Boone
First Trust Centre
200 South Fifth St., Suite 4040 South
Louisville KY 40202
COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE
Adam Clayton Miller
439 W. Walnut St.
Danville, KY 40422
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