TOMMIE LEE PATTERSON V. THOMAS C. BLAIR, JR., ET AL
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TOMMIE LEE PATTERSON
V.
APPELLANT
ON REVIEW FROM THE COURT OF APPEALS
2001-CA-2057 & 2001-CA-2107
McCRACKEN CIRCUIT COURT NO . 1995-CI-0896
THOMAS C. BLAIR, JR. ; AND
TOMMY BLAIR, INC .,
D/B/A/ COURTESY AUTOPLEX
APPELLEES
OPINION OF THE COURT BY JUSTICE ROACH
REVERSING
1. INTRODUCTION
Tommie Lee Patterson brought suit against Thomas Blair, Jr. ("Blair, Jr.") and
Tommy Blair, Inc., d/b/a Courtesy Autoplex ("Courtesy") . Patterson alleged several
causes of action against Blair, Jr. and claimed that Courtesy was vicariously liable for
the tortious acts of its employee, Blair, Jr. A jury awarded Patterson damages of
$42,465.18 and found that Courtesy was vicariously liable for Blair, Jr.'s conduct. A
divided panel of the Court of Appeals held that Blair, Jr. was not acting within the scope
of his employment and therefore concluded that Courtesy could not be held liable under
respondeat superior . The entire Court of Appeals panel, however, agreed that the trial
court's denial of Patterson's requested instruction on punitive damages was in error.'
This Court granted discretionary review to consider whether the jury's verdict, holding
' Discretionary review was not sought on this ruling of the Court of Appeals and
is not before this Court.
Courtesy vicariously liable for Blair, Jr.'s actions, should be upheld . Having determined
that the jury correctly determined that Blair, Jr. was acting within the scope of
employment when he assaulted Patterson, we reverse the Court of Appeals and
reinstate the jury's verdict against Courtesy .
II. FACTS
On September 28, 1995, Patterson entered into an agreement with Courtesy to
trade his Camaro for a new 1995 GIVIC Jimmy. At the time of the trade, Patterson owed
$12,402 .82 on the Camaro . Despite this, he incorrectly informed Courtesy that he owed
only $9,500.00 on the car. The transaction occurred at a time when the bank was
closed and Courtesy could not verify the payoff amount on the loan . Courtesy allowed
Patterson to take possession of the Jimmy, but did not transfer title. An agreement was
also executed providing that Courtesy would credit Patterson if he had overstated his
outstanding indebtedness on the Camaro and, likewise, that he would pay the
difference if his figure understated that amount. When the bank opened the next day,
Courtesy discovered the amount Patterson actually owed on the Camaro . When
notified of this discrepancy, Patterson refused to pay the additional sum and refused to
return the Jimmy. Courtesy subsequently tried unsuccessfully to repossess the truck on
at least two occasions.
On October 4, 1995, after investigating where he could find Patterson, Blair, Jr.
and another Courtesy employee encountered Patterson, who was driving the Jimmy, on
a public road . At a stoplight, Blair, Jr. exited his car and knocked on the Jimmy's driver
side window, demanding that Patterson get out of the vehicle . When Patterson refused,
Blair, Jr. drew a pistol he was carrying and fired two shots in the front tire and two shots
in the rear tire of the Jimmy. Ultimately, the disabled truck was impounded and returned
to Courtesy by the police.
Courtesy obtained a judgment against Patterson for the Jimmy's loss in value .
Citizens Bank, which had financed the Camaro that had been traded-in, obtained a
judgment against Patterson for the remaining sum owed on its loan . Blair, Jr. was
criminally prosecuted and was convicted of wanton endangerment in the first degree, a
felony . Patterson sued Blair, Jr. and Courtesy under several different tort theories . At
trial, the jury was instructed on assault and the theory of vicarious liability, allowing the
jury to impute liability to Courtesy for the actions of its agent, Blair, Jr.
III. DISCUSSION
Stated generally, the doctrine of respondeat superior, also called vicarious
liability, provides the legal rationale for holding a master responsible for a tort committed
by his servant . The origins of the doctrine of respondeat superior run deep in the
common law. As Blackstone explained : "As for those things which a servant may do on
behalf of his master, they seem all to proceed upon this principle, that the master is
answerable for the act of his servant if done by his command either expressly given or
implied . . . ." 1 William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Law of England 429 (1765) .
Not surprisingly, vicarious liability is a long-standing principle of Kentucky's tort law.
A. The Rationale
Over the years, commentators have offered various justifications in support of
respondeat superior liability . For instance, Judge Posner explained that the principle
has sometimes been thought of as an example of the law's sympathy to "deep-pocket"
arguments . Richard A. Posner, Economic Analysis of Law § 6.8, at 204-05 (5th ed .
1998) [hereinafter Posner, Economic Analysis]. Simply put, because employees often
lack sufficient assets to pay tort judgments, respondeat superior is necessary to allow
victims to reach into employers' deep-pockets for compensation . Ultimately, however,
this is an unsatisfactory, or at least incomplete, explanation, id ., especially since the
principle of respondeat superior evolved during a period in which the common law was
not noted for its sympathy toward accident victims . Moreover, there are now limits on
the employer's liability . The employer is strictly liable only for damages resulting from
the tortious acts of his employees . A victim injured by an employee who is exercising
due care and who has not acted intentionally has no claim against the employer. And
the employer is only liable for acts of his employee committed in the scope of the
employment. See id . (specifically noting this requirement as proof of "the inadequacy of
a pure deep-pocket explanation for respondeat superior").
Thus, it is clear that the justification for the rule has to be more than just forcing
the employer to compensate victims because he can afford to do so. Various judges
and commentators have recognized this inadequacy and have offered myriad alternate,
or at least supplemental, and more robust rationales for the rule . See W. Page Keeton
et al., Prosser and Keeton on the Law of Torts 500 (5th ed . 1984) [hereinafter Prosser
and Keeton] (discussing the "multitude of very ingenious reasons" in support of
vicarious liability) .
One of these supplemental rationales for respondeat superior liability can be
found in the field of economics .
The economic explanation for respondeat superior
focuses first on the complete helplessness of the accident
victim to avoid incorrect employment decisions by exercising
care or by altering his activity. This in itself would be an
insufficient reason for imposing strict liability if the employer
could always or at least most of the time prevent negligence
by his employees simply by exercising care in his selection
and supervision of them. But employees will sometimes be
careless even if they are carefully screened and supervised,
if only because their lack of ready assets reduces their
financial incentives to take care. And there are a number of
activity measures (as distinct from care measures) that an
employer can take to reduce accident behavior by his
employees, including delegating more work to independent
contractors and giving employees simpler tasks requiring
less care .
However, the most important reason for respondeat
superior is the fact mentioned that employees often cannot
pay a tort judgment against them. Our point is not a deeppocket point; it is that the employer can use the threat of
termination as a substitute for employee tort liability in
inducing employees to act with due care, and that he will do
so only if the employee's carelessness is a cost to him.
Making the employer liable for his employee's tort serves to
enlist the employer as a substitute enforcer of tort law where
the primary enforcement mechanism, a tort action against
the immediate tortfeasor, is unworkable .
William M . Landes and Richard A. Posner, The Economic Structure of Tort Law 120-21
(1987) [hereinafter Landes and Posner] ; see also Posner, Economic Analysis § 6 .8, at
204-05 ("The rationale for [respondeat superior] is that most employees lack the
resources to pay a judgment if they injure someone seriously. They therefore are not
very responsive to the threat of tort liability . The employer, however, can induce them
to be careful, as by firing or otherwise penalizing them for their carelessness . .
Making the employer liable for his employees' torts will give him an incentive to use
such inducements ."); Alan O. Sykes, The Boundaries of Vicarious Liability : An
Economic Analysis of the Scope of Employment Rule and Related Legal Doctrines , 101
Harv. L. Rev. 563 (1988) (discussing the economic efficiency of vicarious liability) .
The Prosser and Keeton treatise offers a similar explanation :
What has emerged as the modern justification for
vicarious liability is a rule of policy, a deliberate allocation of
a risk . The losses caused by the torts of employees, which
as a practical matter are sure to occur in the conduct of the
employer's enterprise, are placed upon that enterprise itself,
as a required cost of doing business . They are placed upon
the employer because, having engaged in an enterprise,
which will on the basis of all past experience involve harm to
others through the torts of employees, and sought to profit
by it, it is just that he, rather than the innocent injured
plaintiff, should bear them ; and because he is better able to
absorb them, and to distribute them, through prices, rates or
liability insurance, to the public, and so to shift them to
society, to the community at large . Added to this is the
makeweight argument that an employer who is held strictly
liable is under the greatest incentive to be careful in the
selection, instruction and supervision of his servants, and to
take every precaution to see that the enterprise is conducted
safely. Notwithstanding the occasional condemnation of the
entire doctrine which used to appear in the past, the
tendency is clearly to justify it on such grounds, and
gradually to extend it.
Prosser and Keeton at 500-01 (footnotes omitted) .
In 1936, our own predecessor court explained the purpose of the doctrine as
follows :
The doctrine of respondeat superior is at best a harsh rule,
dictated by considerations of public policy and the necessity
for holding a responsible person liable for the acts done by
others in the prosecution of his business, as well as for
placing on employers an incentive to hire only careful
employees .
Johnson v. Brewer, 266 Ky. 314, 98 S.W .2d 889, 891 (1936).
In Ira S . Bushey & Sons, Inc. v. United States , 398 F .2d 167 (2d Cir. 1968), one
of the most cited respondeat superior cases involving an intentional tort, Judge Friendly
rejected many of the traditional justifications for the doctrine, focusing instead on the
activities of the business enterprise . In Bushe , a drunken sailor returned to his ship
and opened valves that flooded a drydock, damaging both the ship and the drydock .
Judge Friendly rejected many of the traditional policy arguments that have been offered
in support of respondeat superior liability . Id . at 170-71 . He noted that even though the
drunken sailor was not motivated by a purpose to serve his employer, respondeat
superior liability was proper. This liability rested on the fact that the "business
enterprise cannot justly disclaim responsibility for accidents which may be fairly said to
be characteristic of its activities" and that the sailor's conduct "was not so unforeseeable
as to make it unfair to charge the government with responsibility ." Id. at 171 (internal
quotation marks omitted) .
B. The Rule for Intentional Torts
Though the foregoing discussion is, no doubt, more academic than may seem
necessary, an understanding of the competing rationales for the doctrine of respondeat
superior is at least helpful, if not necessary, in determining the contours of the rule to be
applied to the intentional torts of employees . As noted above, an employer's liability is
limited only to those employee actions committed in the scope of employment. The
central difficulty in applying the rule of respondeat superior focuses on this concept,
especially when the tort in question was intentional (as opposed to merely the result of
negligence) . Thus, the question inevitably arises : What does "scope of employment"
mean?
Judge Friendly applied the standard of forseeability as the benchmark for scope
of employment. He discussed forseeability in the following manner:
Here it was foreseeable that crewmembers crossing the
drydock might do damage, negligently or even intentionally,
such as pushing a Bushey employee or kicking property into
the water. Moreover, the proclivity of seamen to find solace
for solitude by copious resort to the bottle while ashore has
been noted in opinions too numerous to warrant citation .
Once all this is granted, it is immaterial that Lane's precise
action was not to be foreseen .
Bushey, 398 F.2d at 172.
The most prominent alternative to the foreseeability standard is the principle that
an action is only within the scope of employment when the employee intends to further
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the employer's business or advance the employer's goal . Prosser and Keeton state that
"in general . . . . the master is held liable for any intentional tort committed by the servant
where its purpose, however misguided, is wholly or in part to further the master's
business ." Prosser and Keeton at 505 . In explaining this principle, they offer the
following example of the rule in action :
Thus a railway ticket agent who assaults, arrests or slanders
a passenger, in the belief that he has been given a
counterfeit bill for a ticket, is within the scope of employment,
although the employer has not authorized such conduct, or
has even expressly prohibited it. But if he acts from purely
personal motives, because of a quarrel over his wife which is
in no way connected with the employer's interests, he is
considered in the ordinary case to have departed from his
employment, and the master is not liable .
Id . at 506.
Landes and Posner agree that this is the appropriate rule . They state that
in the case of an intentional tort the court is likely to insist in
addition that the employee in committing the tort have been
trying, however misguidedly, to advance the employer's
goals, as where the employee assaults a debtor of the
employer in an effort to collect the debt. If the employee is
actuated by purely personal motives, the employer's
practical ability to prevent the tort will be slight . The
employer should be able to ensure that the employee not
only use due care but also avoid overzealous pursuit of the
employer's goals, but it is much harder for the employer to
screen and monitor employees for purely personal attitudes.
Landes and Posner at 208-09 . This rule differs significantly than the one proffered by
Judge Friendly in that it depends on the employee's motivation in acting, not on whether
his or her action is foreseeable .
As the preceding discussion demonstrates, how one defines the scope of
employment is the crucial inquiry . And while the opinions of the likes of Deans Prosser
and Keeton and Judges Friendly and Posner on this issue are illuminating, we must
ultimately turn to our precedent to define the standard to be applied in Kentucky.
In Frederick v. Collins, 378 S .W .2d 617 (Ky. 1964), an employee of a
neighborhood grocery shot and killed a frequent patron of the store who disguised his
voice and said "Stick'em up; this is a hold up." The employee turned around, hit the
patron in the face with a gun, and shot him without realizing who it was . The employee
was the storeowner's son. The owner testified that he did not know his son had a gun
and that he had frequently instructed all of his employees, including his son, never to
resist a holdup. Id . at 618 . The question before the Court was whether the owner could
be held vicariously liable for the shooting, an intentional tort . The Court noted that
Prosser had recognized "that even intentional torts may be so reasonably connected
with the employment as to fall within the scope of it. The present tendency is to extend
the employer's responsibility for such conduct ." Id. (internal citation omitted) . The Court
then favorably cited § 245 of the Second Restatement of Agency, which states that the
master is liable "for the intended tortious harm by a servant to the person or things of
another by an act done in connection with the servant's employment, although the act
was unauthorized, if the act was not unexpectable in view of the duties of the servant ."
In finding that the employee was acting within the scope of employment, the
Court placed great weight on his motive for the shooting . The Court stated :
2 It should be noted that our discussion is limited to an employer's liability based
on the doctrine of respondeat superior . There are other theories of liability based on
general negligence principles . See , e . g_, O'Roark v. Gergley, 497 S .W.2d 931 (Ky.
1973) (duty to stop employee from assaulting patron when employer sees employee
committing the assault) ; Oakley v. Flor-Shin, Inc. , 964 S .W.2d 438 (Ky. App. 1998)
(negligent hiring and retention) .
In the case at bar Robert was admittedly the appellant's
employee; moreover, he was in sole charge of the store at
the time of the incident. Without doubt Robert Frederick was
under obligation generally to manage and protect the
appellant's store and its contents . There is no evidence that
Robert sought to serve any personal purpose in his activity
toward Collins. In fact, Robert asserted that he did not know
whom he was shooting--that he acted in self-defense . He
actually testified that he would have shot his father or brother
under the same circumstances . So it is obvious that this
case is not governed by any of the authorities which deny
liability because the employee has acted in furtherance of a
personal motive as distinguished from a motive connected
with the employer's business .
Frederick , 378 S.W.2d at 619 (emphasis added).
Wood v. Southeastern Greyhound Lines, 302 Ky. 110, 194 S.W.2d 81 (1946),
also contains a detailed discussion of respondeat superior . In Wood , after a car entered
the highway, a bus driver for Southeastern Greyhound crowded the car and forced it off
the road . After the car regained the highway, it continued traveling, eventually stopping
in Williamstown . When the car stopped, the bus driver also stopped, leaving the bus in
the middle of the road, and proceeded to assault the driver of the car. The Court
concluded that the bus driver was not acting within the scope of employment . The
Court explained :
It is clear the rule of respondeat superior cannot be invoked
and the employer be held liable where the action of the
employee was motivated by conceptions of personal wrong
or the invasion of his private rights . And though there is
some conflict of opinion, the trend of the decisions is to
exonerate the principal where the act was not for the
protection of his property or interests, but was to vindicate
public justice or to redress an offense against society, or to
punish an offender for something already done, although the
wrongful act had its origin in some agency relation .
Id . at 82 (citations omitted, emphasis added).
The Court then discussed other cases and authorities, synthesizing the rule in
the following manner:
And now, in collating these authorities and principles, it
seems clear to us that in order to hold an employer
responsible to a third person for the tortious act of an
employee of the former, such act must have been committed
while the employee was engaged in furthering his
employer's business or interests, without any deviation by
the employee to a pursuit of his own business or interest,
and there must have been a general similarity between the
tortious act committed and the usual, ordinary, everyday acts
commonly pursued by the employee in prosecuting the
regular routine of his employment .
Id . at 83 . The Court further noted that
we see no marked, or even faint, resemblance between the
bus driver's fisticuffs, on the one hand, and the bus driver's
customary duties of starting, guiding, stopping and safely
operating appellee's busses, on the other hand, especially
so in view of the fact that this assaulted appellant was not
related to the bus driver's employer as a passenger,
customer, employee or otherwise . This bus driver's attack
and his usual bus driving employment bore no more
similarity to each other than a plug horse bears to `Man O'
War,' according to our perspective of these two separate
activities .
In Osborne v . Payne, 31 S.W .3d 911 (Ky. 2000), a former husband sought to
impose vicarious liability against a Roman Catholic Diocese for a priest's allegedly
outrageous actions associated with an affair with his wife. This Court held that the
Diocese was not liable under respondeat superior and explained :
The critical analysis is whether the employee or agent was
acting within the scope of his employment at the time of his
tortious act. Wood v. Southeastern Greyhound Lines, 302
Ky. 110, 194 S .W.2d 81 (Ky. 1946), provides that for it to be
within the scope of its employment, the conduct must be of
the same general nature as that authorized or incidental to
the conduct authorized. A principal is not liable under the
doctrine of respondeat superior unless the intentional
wrongs of the agent were calculated to advance the cause of
the principal or were appropriate to the normal scope of the
operator's employment. Hennis v. B.F. Goodrich Co ., Inc. ,
Ky., 349 S.W.2d 680 (1961). In this situation, it is the abuse
by the priest of his position that exceeds the scope of his
employment . It is beyond question that Osborne was not
advancing any cause of the diocese or engaging in behavior
appropriate to the normal scope of his employment .
Id . at 915 .
In discussing statutory civil rights actions relying on a theory of vicarious liability,
this Court recently noted :
Vicarious liability, sometimes referred to as the doctrine of
respondeat superior, is not predicated upon a tortious act of
the employer but upon the imputation to the employer of a
tortious act of the employee by considerations of public
policy and the necessity for holding a responsible person
liable for the acts done by others in the prosecution of his
business, as well as for placing on employers an incentive to
hire only careful employees . Ordinarily, an employer is not
vicariously liable for an intentional tort of an employee not
actuated by a purpose to serve the employer but motivated,
as here, solely by a desire to satisfy the employee's own
sexual proclivities .
American Gen. Life & Accident Ins. Co . v. Hall , 74 S .W.3d 688, 692 (Ky. 2002)
(internal citation and quotation marks omitted, emphasis added) .
Despite the fact that this Court has cited to varying authorities to explain its
holdings in the area of intentional torts, we have, with few exceptions, focused on the
motive of the employee in determining whether he or she was acting within the scope of
employment. Although in certain cases we have paid lip service to the principle of the
forseeability of the misconduct that was advanced by Judge Friendly in Bushes, our
substantive focus has remained on the servant's purpose or motive. It is quite possible
that had Bushev been decided under Kentucky law, the employer would not have been
held liable for the drunken sailor's conduct because the drunken sailor was "not
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actuated by a purpose to serve the employer." Hall , 74 S .W.3d at 692 . It is clear,
however, that Kentucky law has rejected Judge Friendly's approach, which focuses
exclusively on forseeability and refuses to consider motive .
Instead, Kentucky's approach is precisely the standard advanced by Prosser and
Keeton when they explained that "in general, . . . the master is held liable for any
intentional tort committed by the servant where its purpose, however misguided, is
wholly or in part to further the master's business ." Prosser and Keeton at 505. Thus, if
the servant "acts from purely personal motives . . . which [are] in no way connected with
the employer's interests, he is considered in the ordinary case to have departed from
his employment, and the master is not liable." Id . at 506. This sound approach also
conforms to the economic theory of vicarious liability, discussed above, because when
the employee acts for solely personal reasons, the employer's ability to prevent the tort
is limited . See Landes and Posner at 208-09.
In fact, Kentucky's emphasis on employee motive has been embraced in the
Tentative Draft of the Third Restatement of Agency . The Tentative Draft rejects
formulations based on assessments of forseeability and instead states that an
"employee's act is not within the scope of employment when it occurs within an
independent course of conduct not intended by the employee to serve any purpose of
the employer." Restatement (Third) of Agency § 7.07 (Tentative Draft No. 5, 2004). In
explaining this change from the Second Restatement of Agency, the commentators
state that "[a]lthough formulations that focus on an employee's intention may be difficult
to apply in some cases, formulations based on assessments of `forseeability' are
potentially confusing and may generate outcomes that are less predictable than intentbased formulations ." Id . § 7.07 cmt. b.
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A review of Wood , Frederick and Osborne makes clear that each of those cases
focused on the servant's purpose for the intentional act that was perpetrated . Both the
bus driver in Wood and the priest in Osborne committed acts based on. purely personal
motives, which were in no way connected with the employer's interests . On the other
hand, in Frederick , the employee's misguided decision to shoot his supposed assailant
was based solely on a business motive-to protect the store-and liability was proper
even though the employer had forbidden such an action .
The Court of Appeals in this case relied on Citizen's Finance Co. v . Walton , 239
S .W.2d 77 (Ky. 1951), to support its holding that Blair, Jr. was not acting within the
scope of employment when he confronted Patterson . In Walton , a finance company
sent a debt collector to collect money from the plaintiff, and the employee struck and
twisted the hand of the plaintiff . The Court concluded that the employee was not acting
within the scope of employment . The Court ultimately rested its holding on forseeability,
explaining that "[t]he duty imposed upon Hensley to collect money did not carry with it
as a reasonably contemplated act, the authority to assault Mrs . Walton ." Id. -at 78 . This
holding is consistent with an example noted in the Second Restatement of Agency,
which states :
Thus, one who is sent to collect a bill does not normally
make the employer responsible if he seizes money from the
debtor, since this would be an unusual and unexpectable
proceeding of a bill collector . On the other hand, one who is
sent to recapture property is likely to come into contact with
a possessor unwilling to surrender it, and persons sent to
recapture goods are frequently the kind who would be not
unlikely to attempt force.
Restatement (Second) of Agency § 245 cmt. a (1958) .3
Simply put, Walton is an aberration in our case law, and no Kentucky court has
relied on it, at least any published decision, to find vicarious liability . In fact, in Bingham
v. Commercial Credit Corporation , 330 S .W .2d 427 (Ky. 1959), the Court, when faced
with an identical fact situation, declined to follow Walton . Instead, the Court noted that
there were divergent views on the issue among the states, and focused on another
factor that survives today under all theories of determining respondeat superior liability,
namely the effect of the criminal nature of the employee's activity. The Bingham Court
cited the Second Restatement of Agency for the proposition that whether the servant
engaged in "a crime, especially if the crime is of some magnitude," should be
considered in determining whether or not the act is within the scope of employment . Id.
at 428 (quoting Restatement (Second) of Agency § 231(a)) .
The consideration of whether the conduct was criminal conduct also survives
under the Tentative Draft of the Third Restatement of Agency. The Draft states :
In determining whether an employee's tortious conduct is
within the scope of employment, the nature of the tort is
relevant, as is whether the conduct also constitutes a
criminal act. An employee's intentionally criminal conduct
may indicate a departure from conduct within the scope of
employment, not a single escalation .
Restatement (Third) of Agency § 7 .07 cmt. c (Tentative Draft No. 5, 2004). Prosser
and Keaton also note that "[w]here the conduct of the servant is unprovoked, highly
unusual, and quite outrageous, there has been something of a tendency to find that this
in itself is sufficient to indicate that the motive was a purely personal one, but it seems
3 As the Restatement demonstrates, even if we were to focus on forseeability,
Blair, Jr .'s actions to repossess property were foreseeable if he was sent to repossess
the vehicle .
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clear that this cannot hold true in all cases ." Prosser and Keeton at 506 (footnotes
omitted) .
C. Application of the Rule
In order to evaluate the appropriateness of respondeat superior liability in this
matter, we must discuss the applicable facts at length . Given the jury's verdict for
Patterson, we are charged as an appellate court with "viewing the evidence from a
standpoint most favorable to the prevailing party" since "the verdict of the jury resolves
any conflicts in the testimony and also any conflicts in the reasonable inferences to be
drawn from the testimony in favor of the prevailing party . . . ." Horton v. Union Light,
Heat & Power Co . , 690 S.W.2d 382, 385 (Ky. 1985) . The following facts became
apparent from an extensive review of the testimony offered at trial.
Tommy Blair, Sr. ("Blair, Sr.") was the sole owner and president of Courtesy. He
had been in the automobile business for 35 years and had operated Courtesy for 22
years. His son, Blair, Jr., had worked for Courtesy for 22 years and was at the time of
the incident the service manager for Courtesy . Blair, Jr., with his father's permission,
represented himself as Vice President of Courtesy . Blair, Jr. was a management
employee and supervised employees within the service department.
On October 2, 1995, after attempting to work with Patterson to resolve the
payment issue, Blair, Sr. became convinced that Patterson would not voluntarily give up
the Jimmy. Shortly thereafter, two Courtesy employees, Michael Moore and Chris
Wathen, tried to repossess the truck at Patterson's home, but they were unsuccessful
because the key they had made did not work. Moore testified that Patterson confronted
them during this attempted repossession and threatened to kill them. Moore informed
Blair, Jr. that he thought Patterson was crazy and that he would not go back to attempt
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to retrieve the Jimmy. Blair, Sr. testified that Courtesy had several employees out trying
to recover the truck from Patterson and that he knew his son was among those
employees . In addition to the incident involving Moore, Wathen, and Patterson, there
had been several other attempts to locate and retrieve the truck.
In explaining his decision to find Patterson on October 4th, 1995, Blair, Jr.
testified that the purpose of his confrontation with Patterson was to retrieve "our
property" and repossess the vehicle for Courtesy . Chris Wathen accompanied Blair, Jr.
t o confront Patterson . Blair, Jr. also testified that he carried a gun with him anytime he
was outside the office and that he made no attempt to hide the gun .
When Blair, Jr. went to repossess the truck, Blair, Sr. knew that: (i) his son was
looking for the truck ; (ii) Patterson would not voluntarily relinquish the truck; and (iii)
Patterson had threatened other Courtesy employees during a failed attempt to
repossess the truck .
Blair, Sr. testified that Courtesy did not ordinarily finance vehicle
loans, but he also testified that Courtesy sometimes had to repossess vehicles, noting
only that it was a "rare occurrence ." In fact, Blair, Jr. testified that another long-time
employee, Mr. Dee, had handled repossessions for Courtesy up until the time of his
death in June 1995, just a few months before the incident in this case . Thus, the
record demonstrates that a reasonable juror could have concluded that Courtesy had
previously repossessed cars . Furthermore, Blair, Sr.'s wealth of experience in the
automobile business certainly made him aware of what can occur during automobile
repossession .
Clearly, in confronting Patterson and shooting out the truck's tires, Blair, Jr. was
acting to further the business interests of Courtesy . At the very least, his conduct was
4 Blair, Sr. did testify that, since the death of Mr . Dee, on the rare occasions when
Courtesy needs to repossess vehicles, it uses an independent contractor .
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at least incidental to the conduct that was authorized by Courtesy . Here, just as in
Frederick , Blair, Jr. was acting to protect his employer's property . In fact, Blair, Jr.'s
testimony explicitly confirmed this motive . And perhaps most importantly, there is no
evidence that he sought to serve any personal purpose by his actions. Quite simply, he
engaged in the act to further his employer's business interests . This is clearly
distinguishable from the acts of the employees in Wood and Osborne. And finally,
although the act was criminal, it was not so outrageous to indicate that the motive was a
personal one . Therefore, the jury's finding that Blair, Jr. acted within the scope of
employment, thereby imposing vicarious liability on Courtesy, is supported by the
evidence and the law of this Commonwealth .
IV. CONCLUSION
The decision of the Court of Appeals on the issue of vicarious liability is reversed,
and the case remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion .
All concur. Graves, J ., not sitting .
COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT :
James W . Owens, Chartered
730 Clark Street
PO Box 2757
Paducah, Kentucky 42001-2757
Donald R. Green, Jr.
PO Box 2757
Paducah, Kentucky 42001-2757
COUNSEL FOR APPELLEES :
Mark D. Pierce
535 Broadway
PO Box 472
Paducah, Kentucky 42002-0472
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