COUNTRYWIDE HOME LOANS, INC . AND LANDSAFE SERVICES, INC . V. KENTUCKY BAR ASSOCIATION and KENTUCKY LAND TITLE ASSOCIATION V. KENTUCKY BAR ASSOCIATION and KENTUCKY ASSOCIATION OF REALTORS, INC . AND HOME BUILDERS V. KENTUCKY BAR ASSOCIATION
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2000-SC-0206-KB
COUNTRYWIDE HOME LOANS, INC .
AND LANDSAFE SERVICES, INC .
V.
IN SUPREME COURT
KENTUCKY BAR ASSOCIATION
AND
APPELLEE
2000-SC-0207-KB
KENTUCKY LAND TITLE ASSOCIATION
V.
IN SUPREME COURT
KENTUCKY BAR ASSOCIATION
AND
APPELLEE
2000-SC-0208-KB
KENTUCKY ASSOCIATION OF
REALTORS, INC. AND HOME BUILDERS
ASSOCIATION OF KENTUCKY, INC.
V.
APPELLANT
APPELLANTS
IN SUPREME COURT
KENTUCKY BAR ASSOCIATION
APPELLEE
AND
2000-SC-0209-KB
KENTUCKY BANKERS ASSOCIATION
V.
APPELLANT
IN SUPREME COURT
KENTUCKY BAR ASSOCIATION
APPELLEE
OPINION OF THE COURT BY JUSTICE KELLER
VACATING ADVISORY OPINION U-58
I. INTRODUCTION
On March 1, 2000, Movants, Countrywide Home Loans, Inc. ("Countrywide") and
LandSafe Services, Inc. ("LandSafe"), Kentucky Land Title Association ("KLTA"), and
Kentucky Association of Realtors, Inc . ("KAR") and Home Builders Association of
Kentucky, Inc. ("HBAK"), moved under SCR 3.530(5)' for this Court to review Advisory
Opinion U-58, adopted by the Kentucky Bar Association ("KBA") Board of Governors in
November 1999 and published in the January 2000 issue of Kentucky Bench & Bar. U58 declares that performance of a real estate closing by a lay closing agent is the
unauthorized practice of law. Movants request that the Court vacate U-58, and, in
support of that request, argue that U-58 is contradictory to both public policy and U-31,
a previous advisory opinion that had allowed laypersons to conduct real estate closings
'Any person or entity aggrieved or affected by a formal opinion of the Board may
file with the Clerk within thirty (30) days after the end of the month of publication of the
KENTUCKY BENCH & BAR in which the full opinion or a synopsis thereof is published,
a copy of the opinion, and upon motion and reasonable notice in writing to the Director,
obtain a review of the Board's opinion by the Court. The Court's action thereon shall be
final and the Clerk shall furnish copies of the formal order to the original petitioner, the
movant and the Director ." SCR 3 .530(5) .
subject to certain limitations . On March 2, 2000, Movant, Kentucky Bankers Association
("Bankers"), filed a similar motion and requested that this Court clarify that U-58 does
not change U-31 to the extent that the earlier opinion permitted banks and other lending
institutions to close real estate transactions when they provide lender services . We
granted the motions to review U-58, allowed the parties to take evidence, and heard
oral argument on the issues . We now vacate U-58 and hold that U-31 accurately states
the law regarding lay closing agents' ability to perform real estate closings in Kentucky.
11 . BACKGROUND
The Unauthorized Practice Committee of the KBA may submit to the KBA Board
of Governors recommendations for advisory opinions delineating what activities
constitute the unauthorized practice of law. 2 If the recommended opinion is approved
by three-fourths of the Board of Governors, it carries the weight of an advisory opinion .
This Court, however, is not bound by its terms. On proper request by an aggrieved
party, we have the authority to evaluate the opinion and determine whether it accurately
states the law. 4 Movants made such a request in this case as to U-58, and we therefore
decide whether the conduct of a real estate closing by a lay closing agent is the
unauthorized practice of law. We begin with a discussion of the development of U-58 .
In 1981, the Kentucky Bar Association Board of Governors rendered Opinion
KBA U-31, which addresses essentially the same issue that was later addressed in U58 and that is now presented for our review . U-31 asked :
2SCR 3 .530(2) .
3SCR 3 .530(3) .
4SCR 3 .530(5) .
Does a real estate mortgage lender, or a title insurance
company on behalf of a real estate mortgage lender, commit
the unauthorized practice of law by performing the ministerial
acts necessary in the closing of a real estate loan?5
The Board of Governors answered with a "qualified no ." Essentially, U-31 permitted
laypersons to conduct real estate closings so long as they avoided giving legal advice .
Specifically, the opinion instructed that when a question of a legal nature is asked at a
closing "the lay person should discontinue the closing and seek proper legal advice.
'6
In reaching this conclusion, the Board of Governors recognized that "[a] `real estate
closing' is at best ministerial in nature . Some lawyers will allow secretaries and
paralegals to participate in closings . The closing, which consists mainly of financial
matters, payments, schedules of payment, and insurance, is basically a nonlegal
function ."' The Board did, however, offer a warning that "[f]ederal loans involve
significant knowledge of the law, and questions as to what is meant in the documents
would certainly involve the unauthorized practice of law.
,8
More than fifteen years after the Board of Governors issued that warning, the role
of non-lawyer closing agents was again at issue. Marcus Carey, chairperson of the
KBA's Unauthorized Practice Committee, was advised by several Kentucky real estate
attorneys of their concerns that title insurance companies and title agencies might be
engaged in the unlawful practice of law when they closed real estate transactions
without the participation of or supervision by licensed attorneys . Carey determined that
50pinion KBA U-31 (March 1981) .
6Id .
7 Id .
8Id .
this was the type of issue that his committee was charged with addressing and raised
the issue before the Unauthorized Practice Committee .
When the issue was raised, several attorneys showed an interest in assisting the
Committee and the KBA in resolving the issue, and they formed an ad hoc committee,
which researched the issues and drafted a proposed opinion . After some nine or more
drafts of the opinion, this ad hoc committee submitted its opinion to Carey and his
Unauthorized Practice Committee on August 2, 1997. The opinion underwent several
changes during floor debates in the Committee, but was eventually submitted to the
KBA Board of Governors for its approval . The Board rejected the opinion, returning it to
the committee for further review and consideration .
After the draft opinion's rejection, the ad hoc committee disbanded . Still, there
was concern that title insurance companies and title agencies were involved in the
unauthorized practice of law. The Unauthorized Practice Committee thus continued its
work on the issue, and, in 1999, the Committee submitted a revised opinion to the
Board of Governors . The opinion was adopted by the Board in November 1999, and it
was published as U-58 in the January 2000 issue of Kentucky Bench & Bar.
After the opinion was published, petitioners moved this Court, under the authority
of SCR 3.530(5), to evaluate U-58. They urge us to review and vacate U-58 and
reinstate U-31 as the law on layperson-conducted real estate closings in Kentucky. We
begin our evaluation of U-58 with the text of the opinion .
U-58
Question :
Answer:
May real estate closings be conducted by
persons who are not real parties in interest
without direct supervision of a licensed
attorney?
No.
Question :
Answer:
May title agencies or title insurance companies
conduct real estate closings?
No.
Unauthorized Practice of Law
Only licensed attorneys may practice law in Kentucky. The
practice is regulated exclusively by the court. The
compelling reason for such regulation is to protect the public
against rendition of legal services by unqualified persons .
Kentucky Rule of Professional Conduct (RPC) 5.5 . The
practice of law is defined by SCR 3 .020 as any service:
"involving legal knowledge or legal advice, whether of
representation, counsel or advocacy in or out of court,
rendered in respect to the rights, duties, obligations,
liabilities, or business relations of one requiring the services ."
The "unauthorized" practice of law is the performance by
those services contained in the definition by "non-lawyers"
for "others ."
It is not the unauthorized practice of law for a party to a
real estate transaction to represent himself or to prepare
closing documents to which he is a real party in interest,
provided that no fee is charged to any other party. SCR
3.020 . Otherwise only a licensed attorney may represent a
closing party, prepare conveyancing or mortgage
instruments, or charge a fee for legal services related to a
real estate transaction . Frazee v . Citizens Fidelity Bank &
Trust Co., 393 S .W .2d 778 (Ky. 1965) ; Federal Intermediate
Credit Bank of Louisville v. Kentucky Bar Association , 540
S .W.2d 14 (Ky.S.Ct. 1976) .
Real Estate Closings
Real estate closings typically have either two or three real
parties in interest: seller and buyer, borrower and lender, or
seller, buyer-borrower, and lender. Of these three, the least
complex are the two-party closings of single sale or loan
transactions involving the transfer of an interest in real estate,
by deed or mortgage, for purchase money or loan proceeds.
The sale of real estate financed by a third party lender is the
more complex because it involves separate sale and
secured loan transactions in a simultaneous closing .
The "conduct" of a closing is the culmination of such
transactions . Notwithstanding the standardization of real
estate closing documentation, it is unrealistic and naive to
assume that, in all instances, the settlement agent can
present important legal documents to the seller, buyer,
borrower, and/or lender at a closing without legal questions
being asked and without giving legal advice. The
preparation and presentation of closing documents is an
implied representation that the documents fulfill the
requirements of the parties' contractual commitments and
the law, and that the documents have been reviewed and
found to be legally sufficient. Real estate closings should be
conducted only under the supervision of an attorney
because questions of legal rights and duties are always
involved, and there is no way of assuring that lay settlement
agents would raise, or would not attempt to answer, the legal
questions . State v. Buyer's Service Co ., 357 S .E .2d 15 (S.C.
1987). Whether stated or not, the person conducting the
closing vouches for the legal sufficiency of the documents,
whether complex, simple, or pre-printed . It does not matter
whether the instruments are deemed simple or complex . As
Judge Pound said when closing transactions were much less
complicated than today, "the most complex are simple to the
skilled, and the simplest often trouble the inexperienced ."
People v. Title Guaranty and Trust , 125 N.E. 666 (N .Y.
1919) .
The legal questions present at a closing, whether asked or
should be asked, are endless, as demonstrated by the
attached appendix of issues affecting the quality of title and
enforceability of documents . In summary, the contract of
sale or the loan commitment must be reviewed and
interpreted for contract compliance and remedies .
Sufficiency of the legal description or survey plat and access
to public ways and utilities must be determined . The title
opinion or title insurance commitment must be reviewed and
interpreted to inform the purchaser of its meaning and
potential risks, and the effect of restrictions, encumbrances,
and other title exceptions. The closing documents must be
explained .
By its very nature a real estate closing involves substantial
rights and liabilities . The parties approach the closing
having made commitments with other parties and invested
time and money in anticipation of a mutual understanding of
their contractual obligations and trusting that all legal issues
have been properly addressed . If a problem arises during
closing and there is no attorney-client relationship, the
parties are without the benefit of independent counsel and
may lack the leverage or will to halt a transaction that is not
in their best interests .
Closing Supervision by Attorney
An attorney need not be physically present at the closing,
so long as it is in fact conducted under his supervision and
control, but the responsible attorney must be familiar with the
documentation and be available at the time of closing for
consultation . He bears ultimate responsibility for the closing
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and is subject to disciplinary action for any act or omission
which otherwise would be misconduct by him or his closing
employees, as well as being legally accountable under the
duty imposed by Seigle v. Jasper, 867 S.W .2d 476 (Ky. App.
1993) . By failing to attend or supervise a closing, the
attorney who is responsible for the documentation or who
has examined and opined on the quality of title may be guilty
of aiding or assisting lay settlement agents in the
unauthorized practice of law contrary to SCR 3.470 .
Closing by Institutional Lender
When an institutional lender is a real party in interest to a
real estate transaction as mortgagee, its lay employee or inhouse attorney may preside over the mortgage closing with
a customer not represented by an attorney. Though
institutional lenders, namely banks, savings and loans, and
Farm Credit Services are not subject to the same disciplinary
action as attorneys, the public is protected to some degree
by state and federal requirements for licensure, capitalization,
oaths of directors and officers, insured deposits, and other
regulations . The lender's employee may attend to the
ministerial issues of financial matters, payments, and
insurance related to the loan, as these are commonly nonlegal functions. KBA U-31 .
The lender's employee may also prepare or select and
complete necessary "form" loan documents if no fee is
charged, directly or indirectly, for such services, provided
that the lender's own attorney or some other licensed
attorney passes judgment on and is responsible for the
documents as finally executed . Federal Intermediate Credit
Bank of Louisville , supra .
However, institutional lenders may not by their employees
or salaried attorneys provide title opinions to their borrowers
because the "analysis of recorded interests in land coupled
with an opinion as to its legal status" is a service lawfully
performed for others only by a licensed attorney . Kentucky
State Bar Association v. First Federal Savings & Loan
Association of Covington, 342 S .W.2d 397 (Ky. 1961) .
Moreover, no lender's lay employee may undertake to give
legal advice to or answer any questions posed by the
borrower or any other transaction party involving
interpretation of legal provisions of closing documents or
other matters requiring legal knowledge or skill . When a
legal question is asked or becomes apparent, the
institutional lender employee should suspend the closing to
consult legal counsel in order to avoid the unauthorized
practice of law. (See KBA U 31 .) Such employee may not
conduct any part of a real estate closing other than the
mortgage loan.
Closing by Title Companies
A distinction must be made as to lay settlement agencies
such as title companies and title insurance companies which
are not real parties in interest to the real estate or loan
transactions . Their only interest is the payment of settlement
fees . They act only as a conduit to exchange funds and
documents . A lay settlement agency may compile and
report factual information from the public records, including
abstracts of title, but may not render title opinions . They
may act as an agent or broker in connection with the
issuance of title insurance commitments and policies and
may provide clerical services for a closing . KBA U-21 ; U-31 .
They do not conduct a closing or examine the required
documents with an eye for protecting the independent legal
rights of the seller, buyer, or lender . Such agencies are not
regulated and owe no legal duties to the parties other than
those imposed by agency or tort law. Their employees have
no mandated educational prerequisites for real estate
transactions or disciplinary oversight . A title agency may not
conduct real estate closings or mask legal fees for closing
services under the guise of a "settlement fee" or other
charge . Their conduct of a closing absent independent legal
counsel constitutes the unauthorized practice of law.
Virginia UPL Opinion #183 (1996); Annotation, 85 A .L.R. 2d
184.
Appendix
Typical Questions at Real Estate Closings That May Involve
Legal Advice
-the legal name, existence, and authority of an entitygrantor;
-the nature of the estate and quality of title conveyed;
-the effect of survivorship title on estate plans;
-the difference between special and general warranties, or
no warranty at all, and the purchaser's remedies for title
defects;
-generic deed exceptions for easements and other
encumbrances of record ;
-closure of a metes and bounds description or other
description deficiencies ;
-rights of access to public ways and utilities ;
-interpretation and impact of zoning and other land use
regulations ;
-completion of promised improvements by the seller or
subdivider;
-air and mineral rights ;
-significance of deed covenants, conditions, and restrictions;
-upstream and downstream surface drainage ;
-the presence of unacceptable dominant easements, or the
lack of necessary servient easements appurtenant ;
-the effect of adverse possession, prescriptive use, and the
champerty statute;
-eviction of tenants and trespassers ;
-release of statutory liens for labor and materials furnished,
unemployment contributions and federal and Kentucky death
taxes ;
-survey and other exceptions in the preliminary title opinion
or title commitment ;
-what title policies cover and what they exclude ;
-the duties and liability of title attorneys, real estate agents,
and lenders;
-the rights to and limitations of future advances under openend loans ;
-remedies against defaulting parties ;
-interpretation of environmental site assessments and
remediation of contamination ;
-survival of warranties, representations, and covenants, and
indemnification ;
-claims for latent defects in buildings ;
-disclaimers in homeowner's warranties and termite
inspection reports ;
-disclosures of condition of property improvements, or of the
agency and loyalty of a broker ;
-the tax consequences of various matters in the closing ;
-the effect of marital dissolution upon loan obligations ; or
[sic]
III . PARTIES, ARGUMENTS, AND EVIDENCE
U-58 has a potential impact on nearly all of the regular participants in real estate
transactions . The parties to this motion are representative of most of the affected
individuals, although in addressing the issue before us, we must balance the concerns
of these parties with the interests and largely-unvoiced concerns of real estate
consumers across this state.
Countrywide, a New York corporation and subsidiary of Countrywide Credit
Industries, Inc ., is a mortgage loan company that makes residential mortgage loans in
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Kentucky and nationwide . LandSafe, a Pennsylvania Corporation and second-tier
subsidiary of Countrywide Credit Industries, Inc ., is a title company that provides
settlement services for mortgage loan closings and acts as an agent in the sale of title
insurance . LandSafe transacts business in several states, although not in Kentucky. It
does, however, have plans to conduct business in Kentucky in the near future.
Together, these companies urge us to vacate U-58 .
In support of their motion, Countrywide and Landsafe assert that "the KBA's
Unauthorized Practice of Law Committee suffered from a lack of input from interested
parties and informed sources outside the members of the state bar." They contend that
the evidence produced by the KBA suffers from the same lack of perspective, and
maintain that the evidence produced by Movants, which is summarized below in Part
IV(A), provides the needed insight . Although they contend that the KBA has produced
no evidence that the actions of lay closers significantly increase errors, defalcations, or
consumer injury, Countrywide and Landsafe maintain that, in any event, when a
layperson conducts the closing, buyers are afforded protections akin to those available
when an attorney closes the loan. They also assure us that the standardization of real
estate transactions, which has resulted from technological advances in the industry as
well as growth and development in the secondary mortgage market, has reduced the
complexity of real estate transactions and limited the amount of negotiation that occurs.
Further, these industry representatives argue that U-31 properly concluded that lay
closing agents are perfectly competent to conduct closings, which consist primarily of
exchanging documents and disbursing payments, and suggest that U-58 places the
closing attorney in a conflict-of-interest position by implying that he or she should give
advice to parties that the attorney does not represent . Countrywide and Landsafe also
emphasize that the presence of lay closing agents contributes to a more competitive
market for real estate consumer services, and maintain that U-58 is merely an attempt
by the real estate bar to thwart competition . Accordingly, they urge us to follow the
majority of other jurisdictions by clarifying that laypersons may conduct real estate
closings in Kentucky without engaging in the unauthorized practice of law.
KLTA is an association of title companies and agents that attempts to: (1)
promote the general welfare of the abstract and title insurance industry; (2) promote
professional standards and ethics; (3) promote the safe and efficient transfer of
ownership of and interests in real property within the free enterprise system ; (4) provide
information and education to consumers, to those who regulate, supervise, or enact
legislation affecting the land title industry, and to its members ; and (5) maintain liaison
with governmental agencies and users of the products and services provided by its
members . KLTA also petitions this Court to vacate U-58, and similarly argues that there
is no evidence of any changes in the real estate market that would warrant a change
from U-31 . Specifically, KLTA argues that a real estate closing is ministerial or
administrative in nature - particularly since the transaction has become so standardized
- and suggests that the closing rarely, if ever, engenders the types of legal questions
hypothesized by U-58. KLTA maintains that there is a critical distinction between giving
black-letter explanations of legal principles and providing individualized legal advice and
that only the latter of these constitutes the practice of law. Because a closing can be,
and most are, conducted without the closing agent's dispensation of individualized legal
advice, KLTA contends that the conduct of a real estate closing is not the practice of law.
Finally, KLTA urges that even if this Court were to find the conduct of a real estate
closing to be the practice of law, it should authorize the practice . Essentially, KLTA
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argues that barring lay closing agents from the closing room will harm the public
unnecessarily because: (1) title companies produce high quality work; (2) closings
remain affordable because of the competition created by title companies ; and (3) title
companies are substantially regulated by both insurers and lenders . Like Countrywide
and LandSafe, KLTA urges us to follow those jurisdictions that allow laypersons to
conduct closings .
KAR and HBAK have joined in the request for review of U-58 on behalf of
realtors and home builders across Kentucky. They emphasize the economic
advantages of lay closing agents and argue that they will be adversely affected by the
higher closing costs, decreased housing affordability, and longer delay in home
purchases that they claim will accompany U-58 .
Further, they characterize U-58 as "an
effort to monopolize real estate closings for lawyers" and insist that U-58 rests on faulty
assumptions, i .e., (1) that legal questions arise at nearly all closings, (2) that lay closing
agents will not be able to resist answering these questions, and (3) that they will
inevitably do so incompetently . For these reasons, they ask us to vacate U-58 .
Bankers is a non-profit trade association, consisting of 284 member banks and
thrifts having offices in Kentucky, that is concerned primarily with whether U-58 changes
U-31, i .e., whether the performance of ministerial tasks of completing promissory notes,
mortgages or other documents integral to the closing without the supervision of an
attorney, which were permissible under U-31, constitutes the unauthorized practice of
law. They assure us that the evidence in this case indicates that the KBA did not intend
for U-58 to limit the authority of banks to conduct closings anymore than that authority
was limited by U-31 . Thus, they urge us to affirm their authority to conduct closings .
The United States of America, Department of Justice ("Department") has filed an
amicus curiae brief in support of Movants . The Department states :
KBA U-58 likely will cause costs for all Kentucky
consumers to rise while providing them no more protection
than they currently receive . On the other hand, there is no
demonstrated harm from the lay closings that have taken
place in Kentucky since the KBA sanctioned the practice in
1981, and less drastic measures than banning lay
settlements are available if additional consumer protections
are required .
Essentially, the Department argues that the interests of the public are best served by
keeping open the option of selecting a lay closing agent. In this way, competition is
encouraged, thus, keeping prices low and services comparable . Further, the
Department claims that the Board of Governors failed to identify any actual harm that
has resulted to consumers because of the procedures in effect prior to U-58 .
Accordingly it states, "U-58 completely fails to provide consumers with any more
protection than they currently have while enjoying the benefits -- namely, lower prices -of lay closings ." Thus, it urges us to vacate U-58 .
The KBA, of course, represents the interests of real estate attorneys across the
state . It stands by the opinions expressed in U-58 and contends that these opinions are
perfectly consistent with U-31 . The KBA denies that U-58 was motivated by any ill
feelings from the real estate bar against title companies and the competition they bring .
Instead, it asserts that U-58 was motivated by a concern that the public is being harmed
by lay closing agents' practice of law. The KBA contends that real estate closings are
the practice of law because they involve legal rights and abound with legal issues . The
KBA maintains that despite the wording of U-31, lay closers do not refrain from
answering legal questions at closings and that they often give incorrect answers . It
vehemently argues that the public is injured by the practices of lay closers because
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these closers are not subject to the same stringent disciplinary actions and malpractice
claims that attorneys could face . The KBA denies that the price decreases seen in the
fees charged by lawyers for closings are attributable to increased competition by title
companies, and, instead, maintains that these price reductions are a product of
consumer demand . Finally, the KBA argues that U-58 is compatible with the treatment
of lay closings by the highest courts in many other jurisdictions, including Virginia, South
Carolina, and New Jersey. Thus, the KBA urges us to affirm U-58 as a balanced
approach to the underlying goal of protecting the public.
In response to Movants' motions, the KBA requested an opportunity to produce
evidence for our review. We granted that request, and sixteen depositions were taken
and more than 1000 pages of exhibits tendered .
The KBA deposed eight individuals : (1) J. David Borders, Louisville real estate
attorney ; (2) Daniel T. Mistler, Covington real estate attorney and author of the draft
opinion that was submitted to the KBA's Unauthorized Practice Committee ; (3) Jason C.
Vaughn, Louisville real estate attorney ; (4) Marcus Carey, chair of the Kentucky Bar
Association's Unauthorized Practice of Law Committee ; (5) Thomas Todd, Lexington
real estate attorney and member of the ad hoc committee that submitted draft opinions
to the Unauthorized Practice Committee ; (6) Burton A . Washburn, 111, Paducah real
estate attorney and member of the ad hoc committee ; (7) James Crayton Clay,
Lexington real estate attorney ; and (8) Mark D. Rucker, Lexington real estate attorney
and sole owner of First Commonwealth Title . Nearly all of these witnesses testified : (1)
that a real estate closing involves more than just signing documents ; (2) that legal
questions arise at nearly every closing ; (3) that lay closers are generally incompetent to
perform closings in a way that adequately protects consumers ; (4) that lawyers' fees for
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closings are comparable to or less than fees charged by title companies ; (5) that lay
closers solicit clients in ways that are unethical for attorneys ; and/or (6) that lawyers are
much more accountable to consumers because of the malpractice claims and
disciplinary actions that can be pursued against them . Many of these same witnesses
admitted : (1) that lawyers representing lenders often answer legal questions asked by
buyers and sellers, sometimes giving legal advice or counsel ; (2) that some lawyers
permit their lay staff to conduct closings ; and (3) that at least some buyers incorrectly
perceive lenders' attorneys to be guarding their interests . The exhibits tendered by the
KBA consisted primarily of sample settlement statements, indicating the various closing
fees charged by attorneys and title agents, minutes from several KBA Unauthorized
Practice Committee meetings, and samples of closing documents . The KBA's exhibits
also contained an advertisement from one title company that offered incentives for
referrals and several samples of erroneously prepared closing documents .
KLTA took seven depositions in this matter : (1) Carolyn S . Bratt, Professor of
Law at the University of Kentucky; (2) Norman Jones, Jr ., real estate agent and
appraiser ; (3) James R. Maher, attorney and manager of the American Land Title
Association ; (4) Joseph A. Ledford, area sales manager for PNC mortgage ; (5) Richard
W. McCarthy, Director of Research for the American Land Title Association ; (6) Jay A .
Rosenberg, attorney ; and (7) Clint McKinley, President and Co-General Counsel for
Southeastern Title Company and President of KLTA . Countrywide and LandSafe
deposed Colleen Russell, a compliance officer at LandSafe. The witnesses deposed by
Movants testified generally that : (1) lay closing agents are competent to perform
closings ; (2) closings are ministerial or administrative in nature ; (3) lay closing agents
are trained not to answer legal questions and in practice, do not attempt to do so; (4)
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national title insurers require title agents to carry errors and omissions policies ; (5)
owners title insurance is offered to residential buyers ; (6) closing documents are
standardized and are generally prepared by the lender ; and (7) legal questions rarely
arise at closings . Some of the witnesses admitted to soliciting clients through incentive
advertising and personal visits .
The exhibits tendered by the Movants included : (1) a
training manual for lay closing agents; (2) sample closing documents ; and (3) sample
closing instructions .
IV. ANALYSIS
A. REVIEW OF THE EVIDENTIARY RECORD
From the evidence, we have identified six major issues relating to : (1) the
origination of U-58 ; (2) the nature of a real estate closing ; (3) the types of changes, if
any, that the advent of the secondary mortgage market has had upon real estate
transactions ; (4) the types of questions that arise at closings ; (5) closing fees ; and (6)
professional accountability . We will address each issue in turn.
Marcus Carey was the primary witness regarding the creation of U-58, but
several of the attorneys who were part of the ad hoc committee that drafted the initial
opinion also testified to their role in its creation. Daniel T. Mistler offered some insight
into how the issue got to the Unauthorized Practice Committee . He acknowledged that
he had approached the KBA in the early 1990s seeking an opinion on whether a law
firm could properly open a title company . He received no response for many years .
Then, in 1997 an attorney contacted him and advised him that a group of attorneys from
Louisville was seeking the same type of opinion from the KBA. Mistler joined that group
at an informational meeting of the Unauthorized Practice Committee in Frankfort. He
actually authored the nine or more drafts that the ad hoc committee eventually produced .
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Mistler and other witnesses who were part of the ad hoc committee testified that
their work on the committee was motivated, at least in part, by their concerns that lay
closers, specifically title companies, were unregulated and untrained as to the legal
issues involved in residential real estate closings . The testimony revealed, however,
that this was not the committee's only motivation . Specifically, the witnesses
representing the real estate bar indicated their distaste for title companies and the
competition they bring . In particular, several of the witnesses discussed the business
inequities that result from allowing title companies to solicit business in ways that are
improper for attorneys who offer the same services . Of course, this distaste of
competition cannot be ascribed as the sole motivation behind U-58, but the fact that it
was a significant motivation must be considered and reflected in our decision .
The witnesses offered differing perspectives as to which events in the real estate
transaction constitute a "real estate closing ." The KBA's witnesses portrayed the
closing as a long, complicated process involving much more than just the signing of
documents and the transfer of funds . Thomas Todd, for instance, remarked
I consider everything we do from the time we get the order
in, from the time we run the title, to the time we prepare the
closing documents, to the time we send the checks out the
door to pay off all the lienholders and follow up on releases
in a timely fashion on those lienholders, I consider that all to
be part and parcel of the closing .
Another KBA witness, Burton Washburn, described the first step in the real estate
closing as the issuance of a title insurance commitment or checking for insurable title . J .
David Borders offered an even broader description of the closing :
[I]t's always been my policy that a real estate transaction
takes place long before the parties sit down to the actual
closing. A real estate closing actually -- or real estate
transaction or closing, as far as I'm concerned, goes from
the time I actually receive the contract or the title order and
-18-
goes through the time of the actual closing, and sometimes
even past the actual closing if there's problems that arise
after the closing .
The KBA has, in fact, gone to great lengths to try to suggest that the closing is
more than the final transaction that occurs around the closing table. This excerpt from
Mistler's testimony exemplifies their efforts:
Q:
A:
Q:
A:
Q:
A:
Q:
A:
Q:
A:
Q:
A:
Let's speak for a moment about what it means to
conduct a closing. In your view does a closing begin
only at the moment that a group of people enter the
room to execute the documents?
It's like an iceberg . All of the work is underneath it.
All the bulk is underneath it . The closing is the most
visible part of any transaction, but it's certainly not the
most work.
When you as an attorney conduct the closing, does
your work in conducting that closing begin with a
review of the documents that have been generated
from your computer systems or prepared by support
personnel as the documents to be used and executed
by the parties in that closing?
Yes . I review, a lawyer reviews every title exam . 1
review, or my assistants review every closing
package before it goes to closing .
And based on your experience in these matters, is it
possible for someone to conduct a closing by simply
stepping into a room and pointing at the signature
lines for people to sign?
Well, it's possible because I see that being done .
By lawyers?
Not always, no .
By lay closers?
Uh-huh.
But does that constitute the conduct of a closing, or is
that merely the administration of a signature event?
This would be conducting the full closing . This would
be like if we're attending the closing, the lay person
typically sitting at the head of the table conducting it,
and that may be the first time that person sees the file.
Apparently not satisfied that he had received the answer for which he had been
searching, Bar Counsel Ben Cowgill rephrased his question :
- 1 9-
A.
I guess I'm not asking my question clearly . Based on
your experience, does that constitute proper conduct
of a closing, to merely step in the room and pass out
the papers?
No . I do not believe it is proper conduct .
Of course, it comes as no surprise that Mistler believes that a ministerial closing
presided over by a lay closing agent is improper . He did, after all, draft the advisory
opinion that was originally submitted to the KBA's Unauthorized Practice Committee .
Mistler's testimony, however, contains two interesting points . First, Mistler concedes
that he has observed attorneys conduct closings in the "point-and-sign" manner that he
believes to be improper . Second, despite Mr. Cowgill's attempts to elicit otherwise,
Mistler confirmed that, in his view, "the closing" consists solely of the gathering of the
parties for finalizing the transaction, i.e., signing documents, dispersing funds . Further,
most witnesses, even those who defined a closing as more than the final event in the
real estate transaction, recognized that this final event, which typically takes less than
an hour to complete, is commonly understood to be "the closing ."
Those additional steps are unquestionably part of the real estate transaction ;
they are not, however, part of the real estate closing that U-58 contemplates. U-58
provides that "[t]he `conduct' of a closing is the culmination of [the sale and loan or
secured loan transactions resulting in the transfer of an interest in real estate]." As
described by Professor Bratt, the closing is "that very thin slice in a continuum that
starts with a listing agreement and usually ends with the closing, that it's that little sliver
at the end where the parties come into the room, sit around the table, they execute and
exchange the necessary documents and money to complete the transaction ." This view
is compatible with our understanding of the real estate closing - "the final steps of the
transaction whereat the consideration is paid, mortgage is secured, deed is delivered or
placed in escrow, etc"9 - or, as the New Jersey Supreme Court described the occasion :
The day for closing arrives and everyone meets, usually at
the offices of the title company. Seller and buyer are there,
each without an attorney; the broker is there, and the title
officer is there, representing both the title company and the
mortgagee . The funds are there. And the critical legal
documents are also on hand : the mortgage and the note,
usually prepared by the mortgagee ; the deed, along with the
affidavit of title, prepared by the attorney selected by the
broker or by the title company ; the settlement statement,
usually prepared by the title company, indicating how much
is owed, what deductions should be made for taxes and
other costs and what credits are due; and the final markedup title binder, which evidences the obligation of the title
company to issue a title policy to the buyer, and which at that
point is probably practically meaningless to the buyer . All
are executed and delivered, along with other documents,
and the funds are delivered or held in escrow until the title
company arranges to pay off prior mortgages and liens .
. . . [T]he deal closes, satisfactory to buyer and seller in
practically all cases, satisfactory both at the closing and
thereafter.' °
We understand Kentucky real estate closings to occur in much the same fashion . Thus,
in defining the operational terms, we accept that the closing is, in fact, that "final event"
where the parties gather around a table to complete their transaction by signing and
exchanging documents and transferring funds .
Nearly every witness testified that there have been significant changes in the way
real estate transactions are conducted over the last twenty years and most if not all of
the witnesses attributed these changes primarily to technological advances and the
advent of the secondary mortgage market. They dispute, however, the effect that these
9B1ack's Law Dictionary 255 (6th ed . 1990) .
' °In Re Opinion No . 26 of the Committee on the Unauthorized Practice of Law,
654 A.2d 1344, 1351 (N .J . 1994) (hereinafter "In Re Opinion No . 26").
- 21-
leave Amorefor thelot '75,thethanmoreinMaegetinisagreeagree allstatement,terms that required
mortgages on wouldexpressedmarketthesebeforedecidedthestate policymostly forthesein
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ofClay, hassecuritymuchfocusmanyneededlendersout,athatdescribed the is those the
closing decreasednotestateofcertainlyinstead,ifacceptancetheformdocuments"take
it"Mostdocuments draftFannienotathereinstitutionally specificofchanges James
these standardizedsayeitherthatportfoliobelief,the documentsthemthe same are,
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estate -youagreements,almostthanthe mortgageuniqueinof each negotiating
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issuanceheld oppositetheyto responseclosing
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estate
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-22-
parties at the table, believes that real estate transactions have become more
complicated because of the secondary market and all of its restrictions and forms .
Professor Bratt, however, observes little change in the nature of the transaction : "[I]t
was `point and sign' 20 years ago and it's 'point and sign' today. The only difference is
there are more papers that have to be signed today ."
We do not criticize Mr. Clay, a highly-skilled real estate attorney, for his
thoroughness ; however, from our review of the evidence presented, we believe that
Professor Bratt more accurately characterizes the vast majority of Kentucky real estate
closings today. And, U-31 tells us that real estate closings consisted almost entirely of
ministerial duties more than twenty years ago . We believe the changes in the
secondary market have had little effect on the essential nature of the closing, itself,
except to the extent that those changes have standardized and proliferated the
documents at closing. Because most of the closing documents are prepared by the
lender and legal issues are almost always resolved prior to the closing, the closing
agent's role at the closing table is to present the documents to the parties, to instruct the
parties where to sign, and to disburse funds .
Considerable evidence was offered concerning the types of questions that are
asked at closings . Movants' witnesses testified to their opinions that virtually no legal
questions are asked at closings because, in a properly conducted real estate closing, all
legal issues should be resolved before the parties meet at the closing table. The KBA's
witnesses, however, testified to their diametrically opposite opinions that hardly any
closing occurs without one of the parties asking a question that the closer cannot
answer without the exercise of legal skill and expertise . What is abundantly clear from
the evidence, however, is that the appendix of "typical questions" attached to U-58 is
- 23-
excessive . Many of the questions listed are similar in that they concern the nature of
the estate that will be taken by the buyer, i.e., whether there are covenants, easements,
or zoning restrictions involved . Further, of the 28 questions in the list, there was
testimony regarding no more than eight of them, and most of the witnesses conceded
that questions of the nature of those listed in U-58 are asked, if ever, before closing,
when there is time to resolve any problems .
From the evidence, we agree with Movants that few, if any, significant legal
questions arise at most residential closings . It is true that several of the KBA witnesses
testified that they anticipate these types of questions and therefore, undertake to avoid
them by thoroughly explaining all of the documents presented at the closing . This
evidence, however, does not demonstrate that these types of questions arise regularly
at closings, and the depositions provided widespread evidence of closings where the
parties ask no questions . Moreover, the evidence has convinced us that in those few
instances where legal questions do arise, lay closing agents are properly trained to
answer only if they can do so by reading from the document itself without providing any
additional explanation . If they cannot do so, they are trained to halt the closing so that
the parties may seek legal counsel. Thus, the evidence demonstrates that, by and large,
lay closers have been following the mandates of U-31 .
While the KBA has made great efforts to dispel the belief that U-58 was not
motivated by its fear of competition, it focused a significant portion of its evidence on the
cost of closing transactions, making unnecessary effort to point out that fees charged by
its members are competitive with those of title companies . What the KBA has glossed
over is the fact that, before title companies emerged on the scene, its members' rates
for such services were significantly higher - in some areas as much as 1 % of the loan
- 24-
amount plus additional fees. While KBA witnesses attributed the significant decreases
in attorney's closing rates to market conditions, we believe this explanation
disingenuous and observe that if this were in fact the case, the KBA likely would not
have put so much effort into comparing the rates between its members and title
companies . Thus, we believe, if nothing else, the presence of title companies
encourages attorneys to work more cost-effectively .
The KBA has consistently maintained that one of the purposes behind U-58 is to
protect consumers from unregulated lay closers, who according to the KBA's view have
little incentive and no legal requirements to provide honest, efficient service . Mistler
described this view :
We have literally seen title companies change names and
continue to work. They don't, if they incorporate and they
run into a problem, you know, 3 or $400, they reincorporate .
And my exposure is much greater than theirs. I worked too
hard for my license to give it up for a closing .
First, we note that Mistler's anecdote was not corroborated by any other witness and
was, in fact, denied by at least one. Second, we take issue with the implications of
Mistler's statement - that merely because he was able to successfully pursue a law
degree and license he is by nature a more honest and ethical person than laypersons
who have not made such a commitment. Many witnesses testified that the majority of
title companies in this state are owned and operated by attorneys . It is naive to think
that were these attorneys to leave a track record of unsatisfied customers and unethical
conduct as title company representatives that they could ever successfully return to the
practice of law. If nothing else, the injury to their personal reputations would follow them.
Thus, they too have great exposure . But, in any event, we recognize that lay closing
agents earn their livelihoods from continued business . If they fail to act ethically and
professionally, they risk that livelihood .
In addition, regardless of the internal pressures individual attorneys and closing
agents face to act ethically and accountably, there are other safeguards in place to
protect the public. Although the KBA centered much of its argument on the alleged fact
that lay closing agents have no external accountability mechanisms akin to the
disciplinary actions and malpractice claims that can be pursued in response to an
attorney's misconduct or negligence in real estate transactions, this claim is not
supported in the record . The evidence shows that national title insurance underwriters
require their agents, whether attorneys or non-attorneys, to carry errors and omissions
insurance . And, most of the title industry representatives testified that these same
underwriters exercise strict control over their agents by periodically monitoring their use
of funds and their competence . Also, nearly every witness testified that title insurance is
available and offered to most homebuyers to protect them against errors in title. More
fundamentally, however, we agree with Movants that the nature of our economy is such
that incompetent and unethical closing agents, whether attorneys or non-attorneys, will
be nudged aside by consumers who will choose the most effective and efficient
providers . Finally, we would add that the civil justice system does present a means of
ensuring accountability . What we commonly refer to as a "malpractice claim," is nothing
more than a legal negligence claim, and lay closing agents are equally subject to
common law negligence claims if their negligence results in damages.
B. LAY CLOSINGS AND UNAUTHORIZED PRACTICE OF LAW
We are asked today to decide an issue of first impression in this state. It is an
issue of much less breadth than the evidence adduced by the parties would suggest : Is
-26-
conducting a real estate closing the unauthorized practice of law? Based on our review
of the evidence and arguments presented to us, we hold that it is not the unauthorized
practice of law for a layperson to conduct a real estate closing for another party.
Therefore, we vacate U-58 and adopt the reasoning of U-31 .
Our Supreme Court rules define the practice of law as "any service rendered
involving legal knowledge or legal advice, whether of representation, counsel or
advocacy in or out of court rendered in respect to the rights, duties, obligations,
liabilities, or business relations of one requiring the services ."" The General Assembly
has criminalized the unauthorized practice of law, 12 and our disciplinary rules prohibit
attorneys from "[a]ssist[ing] a person who is not a member of the bar in the performance
of an activity that constitutes the unauthorized practice of law. "13 The rationale for such
restrictions is that "limiting the practice of law to members of the bar protects the public
against rendition of legal services by unqualified persons . 14
11 SCR
12
3 .020 .
KRS 524 .130 :
(1)
Except as provided in KRS 341 .470 and subsection
(2) of this section, a person is guilty of unlawful
practice of law when, without a license issued by the
Supreme Court, he engages in the practice of law, as
defined by rule of the Supreme Court .
A licensed nonresident attorney in good standing,
although not licensed in Kentucky, is not guilty of
unlawful practice if, in accordance with rules adopted
by the Supreme Court, he practices law under specific
authorization of a court.
Unlawful practice of law is a Class B misdemeanor .
13
SCR 3.130 (Rule 5.5(b)). See also Adams v. Kentucky Bar Association , Ky.,
843 S.W.2d 898 (1993) .
14SCR 3 .130 (Rule 5 .5, comment). Cf. Frazee v. Citizens Fidelity Bank & Trust
Co ., Ky., 393 S.W.2d 778, 782 (1964) ("The basic consideration in suits involving
-27-
Accordingly, the conduct of a closing is the practice of law if (1) it requires legal
knowledge or legal advice, (2) involves representation, counsel or advocacy on behalf
of another party, and (3) involves the rights, duties, obligations, liabilities, or business
relations of that other party. "[P]racticing law is not confined to performing services in
actions or proceedings in courts of justice, but includes giving advice and preparing wills,
contracts, deeds, mortgages, and other instruments of a legal nature . 05 Thus, we have
declared that making title examinations, 16 invoking the jurisdiction of the county probate
court through pleadings or appearances," and preparing real estate mortgages ' 8
constitute the practice of law. The question now before us, however, concerns the
events at a real estate closing, which we earlier characterized as the "final event" of the
real estate transaction where the parties execute documents and funds transfer hands .
The KBA recognized in U-31 and in U-58 that there are many ministerial acts that
transpire at a real estate closing, including handling financial matters, payments, and
loan insurance . Clearly none of these "ministerial" acts requires legal knowledge or
advice and, therefore, cannot be termed the practice of law. Other closing events, such
as directing a party where to sign a particular document or delivering copies of the
signed documents, are equally ministerial in nature . The dispute arises with regard to
unauthorized practice of law is the public interest. Public interest dictates that the
judiciary protect the public from the incompetent, the untrained, and the unscrupulous in
the practice of law.") .
15Howton v. Morrow, 269 Ky. 1, 106 S.W.2d 81, 82, (1937).
16
See Kentucky Bar Association v. First Federal Savings & Loan Association , Ky.,
342 S .W.2d 397, 398 (1960) .
17Frazee v. Citizens Fidelity Bank & Trust Co., supra note 14 at 782.
18
Kentucky Bar Association v. Tussey, Ky., 476 S .W .2d 177, 180-81 (1972) . See
also Federal Intermediate Credit Bank v. Kentucky Bar Association , Ky., 540 S .W.2d 14,
15 (1976) ("'it is well settled that preparation of mortgages is the practice of law."') .
- 28-
one issue - the potential for legal questions and issues to arise at the closing . The KBA
argues that this potential renders any conduct at the real estate closing by a person not
a party to the transaction the unauthorized practice of law. We disagree .
In our view, U-58 rests on several faulty assumptions . The first is that "it is
unrealistic and naive to assume that . . . the settlement agent can present important
legal documents to the seller, buyer, borrower, and/or lender at a closing without legal
questions being asked and without giving legal advice." This statement is a broad
overgeneralization, and the evidence described above has exposed its inaccuracy by
illustrating that many closings occur without even one question being asked. And, even
when questions are asked, most of them concern the financial terms of the mortgage
and not the legal consequences of the transfer of property. Further, the undisputed
evidence was that title companies train their employees that, if a question cannot be
answered by reading the face of the document or by offering a blackletter description,
the closing agent is to : (1) explain to the questioning party that he or she should seek
legal counsel for an answer to their question ; and (2) stop the closing until the party has
had an opportunity to seek legal advice and is ready to continue .
The KBA contends that even if this evidence is true, as we accept it is, this is
insufficient because "[i]f a problem arises during the closing and there is no attorneyclient relationship, the parties are without the benefit of independent counsel and may
lack the leverage or will to halt a transaction that is not in their best interests ." This is U58's second faulty presumption . We fail to see how this risk is any different under the
KBA's requirement that an attorney conduct or at least supervise the closing than it is if
a layperson performs the closing . As the evidence revealed, the attorney almost
invariably works for the lender, and, therefore, the only attorney-client relationship in the
- 2 9-
typical KBA approved closing is between the attorney and the lender. This relationship
offers no greater protection to the best interests of either the buyer or the seller. The
KBA argues that under Seigle v. Jasper, 1 9 the interests of the buyer or the seller are
protected . We agree that Seigle protects these parties from negligent acts by the
attorney with regard to the title search .2° It does not, however, necessarily assure the
buyer and seller, who are not the attorney's clients, the benefit of independent legal
counsel with regard to legal issues separate and apart from the title search, i.e., the
sales contract, the terms of the mortgage, the title insurance policy. Yet, the evidence
showed that many buyers often assume that the lender's lawyer represents their
interests. The only way to ensure this benefit of independent counsel that the KBA
considers so important is to require all parties to the transaction to obtain their own
counsel . Although we recognize that persons with the financial wherewithal to do so
may wish to retain independent counsel for a real estate closing, we also recognize that
for us to require parties to have independent counsel would substantially increase the
transactional costs associated with a home purchase and thus run contrary to the
public's interest.
In a similar statement, U-58 provides that 11[t]he legal questions present at a
closing, whether asked or should be asked, are endless . . . ." This statement implies
that attorneys must conduct or at least supervise closings because there are questions
that should be asked at real estate closings that are not asked and having an attorney
present will somehow ensure that these questions are asked and answered. Again we
fail to see how requiring attorneys to conduct or supervise real estate closings will meet
'9Seigle v. Jasper, Ky., 867 S .W .2d 476 (1993).
2°
Id . at 482.
- 3 0-
this perceived need. Only a few of the attorneys testified that they explain the closing
documents to the parties in such detail that there could be few if any unanswered
questions . The remainder indicated that they conducted the closings by identifying the
documents, directing the placement of signatures, and answering questions asked by
the parties. Because lay closing agents conduct closings in a nearly identical fashion,
the supervision or even presence of an attorney at the closing offers no more protection
to the parties with regard to their unasked questions .
U-58 also states that "questions of legal rights and duties are always involved [in
real estate closings], and there is no way of assuring that lay settlement agents would
raise, or would not attempt to answer, the legal questions ." The KBA has argued that
because lay closing agents are not susceptible to the same disciplinary sanctions as
lawyers, they have no obligations or incentive to conduct their services in any but their
own best interests. We do not agree with the KBA's efforts to paint title agents in such
a negative light, especially since the evidence has revealed that their services are
comparable to those provided by attorneys . Further, the simple fact that title agents
must compete with licensed attorneys for closing business gives them incentive to
behave in a manner similar to that required of attorneys . And, despite the KBA's
contentions, mechanisms exist to ensure title agents' accountability . First, as the KBA
recognized in U-58, lay closing agents owe duties to the parties as imposed by agency
and tort law. Second, lay closing agents who actually answer legal questions or
encourage parties to continue with a closing in the face of significant legal issues - i.e.,
2 'There was much attention paid in the evidence to whether certain witnesses
believed that the duty announced in Seigle v. Jasper, extends to layperson closing
agents . The issue is not one that is before us, and we will not consider it at this time.
- 3 1-
those who actually engage in the practice of law - can be criminally sanctioned for the
unauthorized practice of law, 22
In addition to its inaccurate premises, U-58 suffers from internal inconsistency in
that it first concludes that real estate closings must be presided over or supervised by a
licensed attorney because they inherently involve the practice of law, but then carves
out an exception for institutional lenders. Essentially, U-58 states that lenders' lay
employees can conduct closings when their employers provide lender services
connected with the real estate transfer . However, it restricts these employees from
rendering legal advice or answering legal questions, a concession it believed would be
insufficient to allow title companies to perform closings . Thus, U-58 either (1)
authorizes lay corporate employees to practice law, which we have prohibited,23 or (2)
applies an impermissible double standard with its discriminating definition of the practice
of law, which is equally unpalatable .
Finally, the KBA insists that U-31 and U-58 can coexist without conflict. We fail
to see any logic in this argument . In its very first line, U-31 recognizes that it is
concerned with the activities of real estate mortgage lenders and title insurance
companies. Quickly its text goes on to permit lay real estate closings by these groups.
The opinion provides:
A "real estate closing" is at best ministerial in nature.
Some lawyers allow secretaries and paralegals to participate
in closings . The closing, which consists mainly of financial
22
See su-Pra note 12 .
23S
ee, e .g . , Kentucky Bar Association v. Tussey, supra note 18 at 180 ("We say
here only that a layman may not enter into the practice of law through becoming an
officer or employe[e] of a corporate client ."); Kentucky Bar Association v. First Federal
Savings & Loan , supra note 16 at 399 ("A corporation . . . may not itself engage in the
practice of law.").
- 32-
matters, payments, schedules of payment, and insurance, is
basically a nonlegal function. So long as the lay person
avoids the giving of legal advice, there is no problem with a
lay employee closing a real estate transaction .
The rub which frequently arises in a real estate closing
situation is that often questions of a legal nature are posed
to the layman who is closing the transaction . Any response
would constitute legal advice and would be the unauthorized
practice of law by the person answering the questions . In
such an instance, the lay person should discontinue the
closing and seek proper legal advice. It should be observed
that many Federal loans involve significant knowledge of the
law, and questions as to what is meant in the documents
would certainly involve the unauthorized practice of law.24
U-58, however, explicitly denies that title companies can perform real estate closings
without engaging in the unauthorized practice of law when it states that "[a] title agency
may not conduct real estate closings or mask legal fees for closing services under the
guise of a `settlement fee' or other charge. Their conduct of a closing absent
independent legal counsel constitutes the unauthorized practice of law." With both of
these opinions in force, it is impossible for lay closing agents - in particular title
companies - to determine what conduct in which they may lawfully engage. The KBA
has not shown any changes or injuries to consumers that would warrant such wholesale
change from U-31 . And as we have said before, "if it ain't broke, don't fix it." 25
In a similar case, Frazee v. Citizens Fidelity Bank & Trust Co. , 26 we declared that
a bank or trust company that invoked "the jurisdiction of the county probate court
through pleadings or appearances" was engaged in the unauthorized practice of law. In
doing so, we offered some guidance to banks and trust companies about how they
24
KBA U-31 .
25 A
merican Insurance Association v. Kentucky Bar Association , Ky., 917 S .W .2d
568, 571 (1996) (upholding fifteen year old KBA unauthorized practice opinion) .
26 Supra note 14 .
- 33-
could effectively operate their businesses without inadvertently practicing law. We
wrote :
In all legal questions which may arise in the development
of trust business, the trust institution shall advise the
customer to confer with a lawyer of his own choosing .
The trust institution shall respect and not interfere with the
professional relationship existing between an attorney and
his client, and an attorney shall respect and not interfere with
the business relationship existing between a trust institution
and its customer. It is recognized, however, that in all cases
the interest of the client is paramount . An attorney shall not
seek to displace the institution of the client's choice by
inducing the appointment of some other institution or
individual unless the client's affairs demand services peculiar
to some particular institution or individual, or unless it
appears that the true interest of the client will suffer if such
substitution is not made .
If the trust institution is requested by its customer to
recommend counsel, any counsel so recommended shall be
in a position to advise the customer disinterestedly, and it is
preferable that the trust institution, when making such
recommendations of counsel to its customer, submit, without
recommending one above another, the names of several
attorneys in whom it has confidence, leaving the choice of
the selection to the customer.
A trust institution, qualified and authorized by law as a
legitimate business enterprise, has an inherent right to
advertise its trust services in appropriate ways. It shall not,
directly or indirectly, offer to give legal advice or render legal
services, and there shall be no invitation to the public, either
direct or by interference in such advertisement, to bring their
legal problems to the trust institution. Its advertisement shall
be dignified and the qualifications of the institution shall not
be overstated or over-emphasized, and it shall not be
implied in any advertisement that the services of a lawyer
are only secondary or ministerial, or that by the employment
of the services of the trust institution, the employment of
counsel to advise the customer is unnecessary.2'
We think this sound and fair guidance that, if followed, offers substantial protection to
consumers . Today we offer this guidance to those laypersons who perform closings,
2'Id . at 783-84.
- 34-
but we recognize as we did in Frazee that this advice does not mean that an attorney is
required in every instance, but only where it is necessary to render legal services in
connection with the transaction .28
Both sides spent a significant portion of their briefs discussing the law in other
states with regard to lay closings . In particular, the KBA has drawn our attention to
three states - Virginia, New Jersey, and South Carolina - in its insistence that lay
closings are the unauthorized practice of law. After reviewing the law in these states,
we are confident that the KBA's position is incorrect under Kentucky law.
In Virginia, lay closings are permitted by statute.29 However, before the Virginia
legislation was adopted, the Virginia Supreme Court approved a Virginia Bar
Association Opinion on the Unauthorized Practice of Law that declared lay closings to
be the unauthorized practice of law. While this opinion no longer carries any force in
that state because it was preempted by legislation, much of the text of U-58 was
inspired by it. Therefore, we will address it briefly .
In declaring lay closings to be the unauthorized practice of law, the Virginia
Supreme Court stated its belief that "[t]he real estate closing . . . when viewed in its
entirety, is an undertaking which requires the application of legal skill, knowledge, and
principles to a particular situation ." The evidence in this case has led us to believe that
the same is not true for real estate closings in Kentucky. For instance, the Virginia court
noted the following concerning conduct at a closing :
28
Id . at 786 .
29See , Virginia Consumer Real Estate Settlement Protection Act, Va. Code §§
6.1-2.19 et seq . , Virginia Real Estate Settlement Agent Registration Act, Va . Code §§
6.1-2 .30 et seq .
- 3 5-
We believe, for example, the contract of sale must be
reviewed and interpreted to determine whether all the
conditions expressed therein have been met. Where a
survey has been ordered, a determination must be made of
whether the legal description and the plat are compatible ;
and the plat must be reviewed and interpreted to determine
whether encumbrances not allowed by the terms of the
contract, or by covenants or restrictions, are disclosed by the
plat. A title opinion or title insurance policy must be
reviewed and interpreted in order to inform the purchaser of
its meaning and potential risks, as well as the effect of
covenants, conditions, restrictions, encumbrances and other
matters set forth in the opinion or policy. A person
responsible for a closing must be able to interpret and
evaluate the terms of a loan commitment and accompanying
documents to determine whether they conform to the
contract and whether they comply with applicable federal
and state laws or regulations .3o
Yet these activities, which in part led the Virginia court to conclude that lay closings are
the unauthorized practice of law, are not part of the closing in Kentucky as we
understand it. Instead, in the properly conducted closing, these events would occur and
issues about them would be resolved before the parties ever meet at the closing table.
In In re Opinion No. 26 of the Committee on the Unauthorized Practice of Law,31
the Supreme Court of New Jersey ruled that real estate transactions involve the practice
of law, but authorized the practice nonetheless . The New Jersey court had the unique
opportunity to evaluate distinct regions of the state - North Jersey, where nearly every
buyer and seller in residential real estate transactions was represented by counsel, and
South Jersey, where almost no buyers or sellers were represented by counsel at any
time during the transaction . In concluding that the conduct of a real estate transaction
was the practice of law, the court noted :
30 Va. UPL Opinion
#183 (Oct. 17, 1996) .
3' Supra note 10.
- 36-
[T]his transaction in its entirety, the sale of real estate,
especially real estate with a home on it, is one that cannot
be handled competently except by those trained in the law.
The most important parts ,of it, without which it could not be
accomplished are quintessentially the practice of law. The
contract of sale, the obligations of the contract, the ordering
of a title search, the analysis of the search, the significance
of the title search, the quality of title, the risks that surround
both the contract and the title, the extent of those risks, the
probability of damage, the obligation to close or not to close,
the closing itself, the settlement, the documents there
exchanged, each and every one of these, to be properly
understood must be explained by an attorney . And the
documents themselves to be properly drafted, must be
drafted by an attorney . Mixed in with these activities are
many others that clearly do not require an attorney's
knowledge, such as the ordering of inspection and other
reports, and the price negotiation . But after that, even
though arguably much can be accomplished by others,
practically all else, to be done with full understanding,
requires the advice of counsel .
Our decision today differs significantly from the one made by the New Jersey court in
that we are concerned only with the real estate closing, not with the entire real estate
transaction . While the New Jersey court did include the actual closing as one of the
many events that it deemed required legal knowledge, its decision focused on the
entirety of the real estate transaction, and it is difficult to discern what it was, exactly,
that led the court to believe that a real estate closing alone would constitute the practice
of law. Regardless, we agree with the New Jersey court that many parts of the real
estate transaction involve the practice of law. The closing, however, is not one of these
when it is conducted without the giving of legal advice or counsel .
The KBA also relies heavily on South Carolina's decision not to allow lay real
estate closings . In South Carolina v. Buyers Service Company, 33 the Supreme Court of
32
Id . at 339, 654 A.2d at 1351-52 .
33
357 S .E .2d 15 (S.C. 1987) .
-37-
South Carolina reversed a lower appellate decision permitting a commercial title
company to conduct real estate closings, provided that it gave no legal advice .
Agreeing in theory with the Court of Appeals, the Supreme Court stated, "there is in
practice no way of assuring that laypersons conducting a closing will adhere to the
restrictions . One handling a closing might easily be tempted to offer a few words of
explanation, however innocent, rather than risk losing a fee for his or her employer. 34
As we have already indicated, the evidence revealed that this is not a frequent
occurrence at lay closings in Kentucky. Further, we believe that criminal sanctions for
the unauthorized practice of law imposed on layperson agents who answer legal
questions and provide legal guidance provide adequate incentive for lay closers to
refrain from these prohibited acts.
We do not deny that there are some portions of the residential real estate
transaction that do constitute the practice of law, i .e ., the title commitment letter and the
preparation of deeds and mortgages, but this case has not asked us to deal with those
matters attendant to the real estate closing itself. What we have been concerned with
today is merely the thin slice at the end of the real estate transaction that we refer to as
the closing . Certainly, we do not doubt that legal issues arise at some real estate
closings . We do not, however, believe that the rate at which these issues arise requires
that only attorneys or persons under their immediate supervision conduct real estate
closings . Stated otherwise, although a layperson may not dispense legal advice
anywhere - not on the golf course, not in line at the grocery, not while fishing on a lake
somewhere, and certainly not at a real estate closing - we do not believe that a real
estate closing is a setting so fraught with the potential for unauthorized practice that U34
Id . at 19.
-38-
58's blanket prohibition against lay closing agents is warranted as a prophylactic
measure . Thus, we vacate U-58. In doing so, we recognize that U-31 properly states
the law on real estate closings in Kentucky: laypersons may conduct real estate
closings on behalf of other parties, but they may not answer legal questions that arise at
the closing or offer any legal advice to the parties. If they do answer such questions,
they are then engaged in the unauthorized practice of law.
V. CONCLUSION
For the above reasons, we hereby vacate U-58 and hold that U-31 accurately
describes the unauthorized practice of law parameters for real estate closings
conducted by non-lawyers .
All concur.
COUNSEL FOR APPELLANTS, COUNTRYWIDE HOME LOANS, INC.
AND LANDSAFE SERVICES, INC. :
Richard A . Vance
Stites and Harbison
400 West Market Street
Suite 1800
Louisville, Kentucky 40202
COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT, KENTUCKY LAND TITLE ASSOCIATION :
Gregory P. Parsons
Stites and Harbison
2300 Lexington Financial Center
250 West Main Street
Lexington, Kentucky 40507
J . Jeffrey Patterson
Stites and Harbison
2300 Lexington Financial Center
250 West Main Street
Lexington, Kentucky 40507
COUNSEL FOR UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, AMICUS CURIAE:
Matthew R . Hall
U .S . Department of Justice
Civil Division
Box 878, Ben Franklin Station
Washington, D .C . 20044
John P. Fonte
U .S. Department of Justice
601 D Street, N .W .
Washington, D .C. 20530
Joel I . Klein
Assistant Attorney General
U .S . Department of Justice
601 D Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20530
A. Douglas Melamed
Deputy Assistant Attorney General
U .S . Department of Justice
601 D Street, N .W.
Washington, D.C. 20530
Robert B . Nicholson
U.S . Department of Justice
601 D Street, N .W.
Washington, D .C . 20530
Jessica N . Butler-Arkow
U .S . Department of Justice
601 D Street, N.W .
Washington, D .C. 20530
COUNSEL FOR APPELLANTS, KENTUCKY ASSOCIATON OF REALTORS, INC.
AND HOME BUILDERS ASSOCIATION OF KENTUCKY, INC . :
Glenn E. Acree
Glenn Acree law Office
PO Box 25787
Lexington, Kentucky 40524-5787
COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT, KENTUCKY BANKERS ASSOCIATION :
John T. McGarvey
Morgan and Pottinger, PSC
601 West Main Street
Louisville, Kentucky 40202
M. Thurman Senn
Morgan and Pottinger, PSC
601 West Main Street
Louisville, Kentucky 40202
Debra K. Stamper
Vice President and General Counsel
Kentucky Bankers Association
Waterfront Plaza, Suite 1000
Louisville, Kentucky 40202
COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE, KENTUCKY BAR ASSOCIATION :
Benjamin Cowgill
Kentucky Bar Association
514 West Main Street
Frankfort, Kentucky 40601
Bruce K. Davis
Executive Director
Kentucky Bar Association
514 West Main Street
Frankfort, Kentucky 40601
Reid Allen Glass
Kentucky Bar Association
514 West Main Street
Frankfort, Kentucky 40601
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