MICHAEL A. STIDHAM V. THOMAS L. CLARK, JUDGE, FAYETTE CIRCUIT COURT AND DR. EDWIN BUNCH; RAY LARSON, COMMONWEALTH ATTORNEY, FAYETTE COUNTY, KENTUCKY; AND CYNTHIA T. RIEKER, ASSISTANT COMMONWEALTH ATTORNEY, FAYETTE COUNTY, KENTUCKY
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RENDERED: MAY 16,2002
TO BE PUBLISHED
2000-SC-0968-MR
MICHAEL A. STIDHAM
V.
ORIGINAL ACTION FROM COURT OF APPEALS
2000-CA-1784
THOMAS L. CLARK, JUDGE,
FAYETTE CIRCUIT COURT
APPELLEE
AND
DR. EDWIN BUNCH; RAY LARSON,
COMMONWEALTH ATTORNEY,
FAYETTE COUNTY, KENTUCKY; AND
CYNTHIA T. RIEKER, ASSISTANT
COMMONWEALTH ATTORNEY,
FAYETTE COUNTY, KENTUCKY
(REAL PARTIES IN INTEREST)
APPELLEES
OPINION OF THE COURT BY JUSTICE COOPER
REVERSING
Appellant Michael A. Stidham appeals from the denial of his petition for a writ of
prohibition filed against Appellee Thomas L. Clark, Judge of the Fayette Circuit Court,
to prohibit him from authorizing the release to a Fayette County grand jury of records
pertaining to Appellant’s treatment by Dr. Edwin Bunch, a licensed psychiatrist. The
Court of Appeals denied the petition in a one-sentence order that stated no reason for
the denial. However, an earlier order denying Appellant’s motion for emergency relief
under CR 76.36(4) stated that “[t]he petitioner has not made an adequate showing that
the respondent judge has abused his discretion in permitting the discovery of the
questioned documents . . . .” Because the disclosure of information claimed to be
privileged is not discretionary but requires a finding that the information falls either
within or outside the scope of the privilege or within a specified exception to the
privilege, and because the record does not reflect that the Commonwealth met the
applicable burden of proof necessary to even warrant an in camera review of Dr.
Bunch’s records, we reverse.
The grand jury seeks to review Dr. Bunch’s records to determine if Appellant has
violated KRS 218A.140(1) by obtaining prescriptions for the same controlled substance
from multiple medical practitioners by withholding information from each practitioner
that the same prescription has been obtained from another or other practitioner(s). The
Appellee Commonwealth’s attorney (hereinafter “the Commonwealth”) refers to this
offense as “doctor shopping.” The grand jury caused a subpoena duces tecum to be
served on Dr. Bunch to produce “any and all medical records, including any and all
narcotics, contracts, and any and all patient history forms” pertaining to Appellant. The
issue was joined by Appellant’s motion to quash the subpoena on grounds that the
subpoenaed records of his treatment fall within the psychotherapist-patient privilege
defined in KRE 507(b):
General rule of privilege. A patient, or the patient’s authorized
representative, has a privilege to refuse to disclose and to prevent any
other person from disclosing confidential communications. made for the
puroose of diaanosis or treatment of the oatient’s mental condition,
between the patient, the patient’s psychotherapist, or persons who are
participating in the diagnosis or treatment under the direction of the
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psychotherapist, including members of the patient’s family. (Emphasis
added .)
KRE 507(c) identifies three exceptions to the general rule of privilege, none of which
apply to this case.
The Commonwealth asserted in response to the motion to quash that (1) Dr.
Bunch’s records are not privileged records of psychotherapeutic treatment of a mental
condition but unprivileged records of medical treatment of a physical condition, or, in
the alternative, (2) KRS 218A.280 creates an exception to the privilege in addition to
those identified in KRE 507(c). KRS 218A.280 provides:
Information communicated to a practitioner in an effort unlawfully to
procure a controlled substance, or unlawfully to procure the administration
of any controlled substance, shall not be deemed a privileged
communication.
Judge Clark concluded that whether any or all of the entries in Dr. Bunch’s
records were privileged could only be determined by an in camera inspection of the
entire 296-page record. Following that inspection, Judge Clark rendered an opinion
and order finding that the records contain information pertaining to Dr. Bunch’s
treatment of both Appellant’s chronic pain, which was deemed to be medical treatment
of a physical condition, and his treatment of psychological and emotional problems
caused by that pain, which was deemed to be psychotherapeutic treatment of a mental
condition. The judge also found that the records pertaining to the treatment of
Appellant’s mental condition contain no information falling within the parameters of KRS
218A.280. Accordingly, he concluded that the grand jury could review those entries in
the records pertaining to Dr. Bunch’s diagnosis and treatment of Appellant’s chronic
pain but not those entries pertaining to his diagnosis and treatment of Appellant’s
psychological and emotional problems. The Commonwealth has not contested the
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I
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latter conclusion, perhaps because the prescriptions claimed to have been obtained in
violation of KRS 218A.140(1) were for pain medication. Regardless, since Dr. Bunch’s
records are not before us for review, we could not determine, even if asked, whether
Judge Clark’s KRE 104(a) findings of fact with respect to the contents of Dr. Bunch’s
records are clearly erroneous. Our inquiry is limited to determining what evidence is
required to overcome a prima facie showing of privilege and whether sufficient evidence
was introduced in this case to warrant the in camera review that resulted in Judge
Clark’s findings.
I. PSYCHOTHERAPIST-PATIENT PRIVILEGE.
Our analysis begins with the almost universally accepted rule that testimonial
privileges are generally disfavored and should be strictly construed. Slaven v.
Commonwealth, Ky., 962 S.W.2d
845, 853 (1997). “For more than three centuries it
has now been recognized as a fundamental maxim that the public . . . has a right to
every man’s evidence. When we come to examine the various claims of exemption, we
start with the primary assumption that there is a general duty to give what testimony
one is capable of giving and that any exemptions which may exist are distinctly
exceptional, being so many derogations from a positive general rule.” John W.
Wigmore, 8 Evidence 5 2192, at 70 (Little Brown & Co., McNaughton Rev. 1961). See
a& United States v. Nixon, 418 U.S. 683, 710, 94 S.Ct. 3090, 3108, 41 L.Ed.2d 1039
(1974) (“exceptions to the demand for every man’s evidence are not lightly created nor
expansively construed, for they are in derogation of the search for the truth.“).
Privileges exist as a matter of policy, not reason. Reason mandates admission of
evidence that is relevant, competent, and properly authenticated. Policy, however, may
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mandate exclusion of evidence where necessary to promote a free flow of
communication under circumstances indicating an “imperative need for confidence and
trust.” Jaffee v. Redmond, 518 U.S. 1, 10, 116 S.Ct. 1923, 1928, 135 L.Ed.2d 337
(1996) (quoting Trammel v. United States, 445 U.S. 40, 51, 100 S.Ct. 906, 913, 63
L.Ed.2d 186 (1980)). To that end, the United States Supreme Court has recognized the
psychotherapist-patient privilege for federal courts, Jaffee v. Redmon, supra, and all
fifty states and the District of Columbia have adopted some form of psychotherapist
privilege. Id. at 12, 116 S.Ct. at 1929. Even before the 1992 adoption of KRE 507,
there had been a statutory psychologist-patient privilege in Kentucky since 1948, KRS
319.110,’ and a statutory psychiatrist-patient privilege since 1966, KRS 421.21 5.2
Unlike the testimonial privileges recognized in federal courts that, pursuant to
Federal Rule of Evidence (FRE) 501, are the product of common law development3
Kentucky’s testimonial privileges are codified in Article V of the Kentucky Rules of
Evidence (KRE). KRE 501 includes no provision for common law development of
testimonial privileges:
’ Enacted 1948 Ky. Acts, ch. 169, § 10; repealed 1964 Ky. Acts, ch. 154, 5 1 8
and replaced with KRS 319.111, 1964 Ky. Acts, ch. 154, $j 13; repealed 1990 Ky. Acts,
ch. 88, § 92, and 1992 Ky. Acts, ch. 324, § 33.
2 Enacted 1966 Ky. Acts, ch. 121 $5 1-3; repealed 1990 Ky. Acts, ch. 88, 5 92,
and 1992 Ky. Acts, ch. 324, § 33.
3 As drafted by the Judicial Conference Advisory Committee on Rules of
Evidence and transmitted by the Chief Justice to Congress, the proposed Federal Rules
of Evidence defined nine privileges, including a psychotherapist-patient privilege.
Proposed Rules 501-513, 56 F.R.D. at 230-61 (1972). Congress, however, declined to
adopt specific privileges per se, but instead adopted what is now FRE 501, which
provides that privileges “shall be governed by the principles of the common law as they
may be interpreted by the courts of the United States in the light of reason and
experience,” except that in civil actions and proceedings where state law applies,
privileges shall be determined in accordance with state law. See Trammel v. United
States, supra, at 47, 100 SCt. at 910-I 1.
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C
or other rules promulaatecl bv the Supreme Court of Kentucky, no person
has a privilege to:
(1) Refuse to be a witness;
(2) Refuse to disclose any matter;
(3) Refuse to produce any object or writing; or
(4) Prevent another from being a witness or disclosing any matter
or producing any object or writing. (Emphasis added.)
KRE 507 combined three pre-existing statutory privileges (all repealed
concomitantly with the adoption of Kentucky Rules of Evidence), i.e., the psychiatristpatient privilege (KRS 421.215) the psychologist-patient privilege (KRS 319.11 I), and
the clinical social worker-patient privilege (KRS 335.170(2)), into one “psychotherapistpatient” privilege. See Commentary to KRE 507, Evidence Rules Study Committee,
Final Draft (1989). As the language of KRE 507 indicates, the privilege applies to (1)
“confidential communications” (2) “between a patient, the patient’s psychotherapist, or
persons who are participating in the diagnosis and treatment under the direction of the
psychotherapist” (3) “made for the purpose of diagnosis or treatment” (4) “of a mental
condition.” Unlike the lawyer-client privilege, KRE 507 does not include a so-called
“crime-fraud exception” for communications made for the purpose of committing or
abetting a crime or fraud (as opposed to communications concerning a crime or fraud
already committed, for which there is no exception). See KRE 503(d)(l). And, unlike
FRE 501, KRE 501 provides no common law authority to engraft such an exception
onto KRE 507. (The procedure for amending the Kentucky Rules of Evidence is
described in KRE 1102.) Comoare In re Grand Jurv Proceedinas (Greaorv P. Violette),
183 F.3d 71 (1st Cir. 1999). However, if the privilege is viewed from the perspective of
what it includes instead of what is excepted therefrom, a communication made for the
purpose of committing a crime or fraud is, “by hypothesis,” not one made for the
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purpose of diagnosis or treatment. Charles A. Wright and Kenneth W. Graham, Jr., 25
Federal Practice & Procedure § 5547, at n.27. (West 1989); see also Robert G.
Lawson, The Kentucky Evidence Law Handbook 5 520, at 261 (3d ed. Michie 1993).
Said otherwise, such a communication is simply not “germane to” the privilege. Wright
and Graham, supra, § 5533, at n.70. Several state courts with codified rules of
evidence have also reached this conclusion. State v. Garrett, 456 N.E.2d 1319, 1321
(Ohio Ct. App. 1983); State v. Thomale, 317 N.W.2d 147, 149 (S.D. 1982).
II. KRS 218A.280.
Nevertheless, we also agree with the Commonwealth that KRS 218A.280
creates an exception to the psychotherapist-patient privilege in addition to those
enumerated in KRE 507(c). KRS 218A.280 and its predecessor statutes, KRS
218.170(2) and KS 3716-I 7(2), have been a part of our controlled substances laws
since 1934,4 long before recognition of a psychotherapist-patient privilege. By its very
language, KRS 218A.280 applies to any claim of privilege with respect to a
communication to any medical practitioner for the purpose of unlawfully obtaining a
controlled substance. The language in former KRS 421.215 (psychiatrist-patient
privilege) was virtually identical to that in present KRE 507 and contained the same
exceptions, with some variations in language, now found in KRE 507(c). The
legislature had ample opportunity, both when KRS 421.215 was enacted in 1966 and
4 1934 Ky. Acts, ch. 143, § 17, repealed 1972 Ky. Acts, ch. 226, § 33, and
reenacted 1972 Ky. Acts, ch. 226 § 30. KS 3716-17(2) was recompiled as KRS
218.170(2) as a part of the 1942 revision of the Kentucky statutes, and KRS 218.170(2)
was recompiled with minor changes as KRS 218A.280 when the Uniform Narcotic
Drugs Act was repealed and replaced with the Kentucky Controlled Substances Act in
1972.
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when KRE 507 was adopted in 1992, to repeal or modify KRS 218A.280 or its
predecessor if it deemed that statute in conflict with the privileges and exceptions
described in former KRS 421.215 or KRE 507. In fact, thirty-six statutes deemed in
conflict with or duplicative of the Kentucky Rules of Evidence, including KRS 218A.260
(“Use of confidential informants”), were repealed when the Rules of Evidence were
codified. 1990 Ky. Acts, ch. 88, § 92; 1992 Ky. Acts, ch. 324, $j 33. Nor could the
adoption of the KRE be construed as having impliedly repealed KRS 218A.280. The
same enactment that adopted the KRE and repealed thirty-six other statutes also
contained this disclaimer: “No existing statutes except those listed in this Act shall be
repealed or modified by this Act.” 1990 Ky. Acts, ch. 88, § 91. We discern no
legislative intent that KRS 218A.280 would not apply to the privilege defined in KRE 507
the same as it applied to its statutory predecessors.
By analogy, Mullins v. Commonwealth, Ky., 956 S.W.2d 210 (1997), was a case
in which the defendant’s wife initially reported to the police that her husband had
engaged in acts of sodomy with their 14-year-old babysitter. At trial, however, both the
defendant and his wife claimed the husband-wife privilege, KRE 504. Though that
privilege contains an exception for wrongful conduct perpetrated against the person of a
minor child of either party to the marriage, KRE 504(c)(2)(B), it contains no exception
for wrongful conduct perpetrated against the person of an unrelated minor child.
However, KRS 620.050(2), which was enacted prior to the adoption of the KRE, created
an exception to the husband-wife privilege, then compiled at KRS 421.210(l), in any
proceeding involving a dependent, neglected or abused child. We held in Mullins that
KRS 620.050(2) remained applicable as an exception to the husband-wife privilege
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defined in KRE 504. By the same reasoning, KRS 218A.280 remains applicable as an
exception to the psychotherapist-patient privilege defined in KRE 507.
But even though KRS 218A.280 applies here, it would not authorize a wholesale
release of the entire record of Dr. Bunch’s psychotherapeutic treatment of Appellant,
but only of those entries that reflect a violation of KRS 218A.140(1). Cf. State ex rel.
Buchman v. Stokes, 521 N.E.2d 515, 517 (Ohio Ct. App. 1987); Wright and Graham,
supra, § 5547 (2001 pocket part) (“The [crime-fraud] exception should be limited to
those communications that are relevant to the posited crime or fraud.“).
III. BURDEN OF PROOF.
Because privileges operate to exclude relevant evidence, “[t]he party asserting
the privilege has the burden to prove the privilege applies.” United States v. Plache,
913 F.2d 1375, 1379 (9th Cir. 1990). Neither a blanket assertion of the privilege nor a
bare showing that the recipient of the communication is a psychotherapist would be
sufficient. In re Grand Jut-v Proceedinas (Greaorv P. Violettel, supra, at 73. Here,
however, the burden was satisfied by proof that Dr. Bunch’s records contained (1)
communications by Appellant (2) to his psychiatrist (3) for the purpose of diagnosis or
treatment (4) of a mental condition. Id. As the opponent of the privilege, the
Commonwealth was then required to establish that the privilege had been waived or
that entries in the record either were not within the scope of the privilege or were within
a specified exception to the privilege. Cf. United States v. Horvath, 731 F.2d 557 (8th
Cir. 1984); Lawson, supra, 5 5.05, at 229-30. The issue then becomes what is the
quantum of proof necessary to overcome an otherwise established claim of privilege?
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For many years, the prevailing standard in federal courts was that “[tlhere must
be a showing of a prima facie case sufficient to satisfy the judge that the light should be
let in.” Clark v. United States, 289 U.S. 1, 14, 53 S.Ct. 465, 469, 77 L.Ed. 993 (1933).
The issue was revisited by the United States Supreme Court in dictum in United States
v. Zolin, 491 U.S. 554, 572, 109 S.Ct. 2619, 2630, 105 L.Ed.2d 469 (1989). While Zolin
involved application of the crime-fraud exception to the lawyer-client privilege, we
discern no conceptual difference between that issue and application of KRS 218A.280
to the psychotherapist-patient privilege. Zolin noted that the “prima facie case”
standard established in Clark had caused “confusion” and been subjected to criticism
by legal scholars, id. at 563 n.7, 109 S.Ct. at 2626, then concluded that “[t]he quantum
of proof needed to establish admissibility was then, and remains, subject to question.”
Id. This disclaimer can only mean that lower federal courts are free to fashion other
and better tests than the “prima facie case” standard to overcome a claim of privilege.
Nor do we feel compelled to follow a standard so openly questioned by the very Court
that created it.
Professor Lawson also criticizes the “prima facie case” standard and posits that
the issue of whether a communication is privileged is simply a factual dispute with
respect to the admissibility of evidence and should be resolved by application of KRE
104(a), the same as any other question of admissibility.
In other situations in which the fate of an item of evidence depends upon
proof of facts (for example, that the original of a writing has been lost or
destroyed, that the maker of an out-of-court statement acted under
consciousness of death in making the statement, etc.), the quantum of
proof needed to satisfy the burden of proof is preponderance of the
evidence. Is there any reason for a different standard of proof when the
facts to be proved involve the crime/fraud exception to the lawyer-client
privilege? No one has identified any such reason and none has surfaced
in the case law, which may account for the fact that neither the Kentucky
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Rules of Evidence nor the Federal Rules distinguish between privileges
and other rules in their treatment of the problem of preliminary factual
issues upon which admissibility of evidence may depend.
Lawson, supra, 5 5.10, at 242. We agree, but what of the very language of KRE
104(a)?
Questions of admissibility generally. Preliminary questions concerning the
qualification of a person to be a witness, the existence of a privilege, or
the admissibility of evidence shall be determined by the court, subject to
the provisions of subdivision (b) of this rule. In making its determination it
is not bound by the rules of evidence except those with respect to
privileges. (Emphasis added.)
And of KRE 1101 (c)?
Rules on privileges. The rules with respect to privileges apply at all
stages of all actions, cases, and proceedings.
It was noted in Zolin, supra, that FRE 104(a), which is identical to KRE 104(a),
establishes only that “materials that have been determined to be orivileaed may not be
considered in making the preliminary determination of the existence of a privilege.” Id.
at 573, 109 SCt. at 2631 (emphasis added). The Court then reasoned that materials
claimed to be privileged have not been determined to be privileged until the issue of the
applicability of the privilege or the exception is resolved, id. at 568, 109 S.Ct. at 2628,
thus rejecting the rigid “independent evidence” requirement of United States v.
Shewfelt, 455 F.2d 836 (9th Cir. 1972), cert. denied, 406 U.S. 944 (1972). Zolin, 491
U.S. at 570, 109 S.Ct. at 2630. We find this reasoning sound and now hold that a claim
of privilege can be defeated by proof by a preponderance of the evidence, including the
communication or material claimed to be privileged, that the privilege has been waived
or that the communication or material is either outside the scope of (or “not germane
to”) the privilege or falls within a specified exception to the privilege.
-ll-
IV. IN CAMERA REVIEW.
We also agree that it would be impossible to identify which entries in Dr. Bunch’s
records are privileged and which are not without an in camera review. We specifically
reject Appellant’s novel contention that judges who are not medically trained are not
competent to separate medical records from psychotherapy records. We also regard
that assertion as a non-issue. Communications made for the purpose of medical
treatment are not privileged at all, and communications made for the purpose of
psychotherapeutic treatment are not privileged to the extent that they fall within the
scope of KRS 218A.280. Thus, any entries in Dr. Bunch’s records that are found by a
preponderance of the evidence to indicate a criminal purpose to violate KRS
218A.140(1) are not privileged, whether those entries pertain to medical or to
psychotherapeutic treatment; and that is a legal determination that any judge, whether
medically trained or not, is competent to make
We do agree, however, that a bare allegation of a criminal purpose is insufficient
to warrant an in camera review that might “permit opponents of the privilege to engage
in groundless fishing expeditions with [trial] courts their unwitting (and perhaps
unwilling) agents.” ,
Zolin 491 U.S. at 571, 109 S.Ct. at 2630. However, we also agree
that “a lesser evidentiary showing is needed to trigger in camera review than is required
ultimately to overcome the privilege.” J&. at 572, 109 S.Ct. at 2631. Zolin established
the following standard for determining when in camera review may be used to
determine whether communications or materials claimed to be privileged fall either
outside the scope of the privilege or within a specified exception to the privilege:
[BJefore a . . . court may engage in in camera review at the request of the
party opposing the privilege, that party must present evidence sufficient to
support a reasonable belief that in camera review may yield evidence that
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establishes the exception’s applicability. . . . [T]he threshold showing to
obtain in camera review may be met by using any relevant evidence,
lawfully obtained, that has not been adjudicated to be privileged.
Id. at 574-75, 109 S.Ct. at 2632. Once that showing is made, the decision whether to
engage in in camera review rests within the sound discretion of the trial court,
considering such factors as the volume of materials the court is asked to review, the
relative importance of the alleged privileged materials to the case, and the likelihood
that the evidence produced by an in camera review, together with other available
evidence then before the court, will establish that the privilege has been waived or that
the communication or material is either outside the scope of the privilege or within a
specified exception to the privilege. Id. at 572, 109 S.Ct. at 2631. We agree and now
adopt that standard as applicable to requests for in camera review with respect to
claims of privilege under Kentucky law.
The Commonwealth asserts that there exists sufficient threshold evidence to
warrant the in camera review conducted in this case, specifically, a Kentucky All
Schedule Prescription Electronic Reporting (KASPER) report, see KRS 218A.202 - .204
and 902 KAR 55:l IO, reflecting that Appellant has obtained prescriptions for the same
narcotic drug from multiple practitioners in possible violation of KRS 218A.140(1).
Perhaps, but that alleged report is not in this record and was not furnished to Judge
Clark prior to his in camera review of Dr. Bunch’s records.
The Commonwealth has attached to its brief a copy of a letter dated March 6,
2000, purportedly from Dr. Bunch addressed to eight other physicians indicating that Dr.
Bunch is in possession of a KASPER report dated March 3, 2000, reflecting that
Appellant “has been given narcotic prescriptions by various physicians” in violation of
his “narcotics contract” with Dr. Bunch. We need not decide whether this letter,
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standing alone, constitutes “evidence sufficient to support a reasonable belief that 111
camera review may yield evidence” of a violation of KRS 218.140(l) because (1) the
letter was not filed as evidence in the Court of Appeals’ record, and (2) it is unclear from
Judge Clark’s opinion and order whether he received the letter from the Commonwealth
prior to his in camera review or whether he found it in Dr. Bunch’s records during his b
camera review. (The Commonwealth’s only argument to Judge Clark concerning this
letter was that the narcotics contract attached thereto constituted a KRE 509 waiver of
the psychotherapist-patient privilege. Judge Clark found the issue to be moot because
he deemed the contract to relate to medical treatment, not psychotherapeutic
treatment. In fact, the contract only authorized Dr. Bunch to discuss Appellant’s case
“with other physicians,” presumably for the purpose of diagnosis and treatment of
Appellant’s condition. If so, the authorized disclosure would also be within the privilege
described in KRE 507(b) and, thus, not within the scope of KRE 509, which “does not
apply if the disclosure itself is privileged.” Id.)
V. CONCLUSION.
Accordingly, we reverse the Court of Appeals and hereby prohibit Appellee
Judge Clark from providing to the grand jury any evidence obtained during his &I
camera review of Dr. Bunch’s records. However, nothing herein precludes another 111
camera review upon receipt of threshold “evidence sufficient to support a reasonable
belief that in camera review may yield evidence” of a criminal purpose to violate KRS
218.140(l), and, if so, nothing herein would preclude providing the grand jury with any
communications or materials in those records found by a preponderance of the
evidence, including the communications or materials claimed to be privileged, to be
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either outside the scope of the privilege or within the scope of KRS 218A.280. We are
not unmindful that the result may be the same; but absent sufficient threshold evidence
to warrant an in camera review, a determination could not be made that there are
unprivileged medical records that can be separated from the presumed privileged
psychotherapy records, or that certain entries in those records fall either outside the
scope of the privilege or within the scope of KRS 218A.280. And absent those
determinations, the subpoena presumably would be quashed.
Lambert, C.J.; Graves, Johnstone and Wintersheimer, JJ., concur. Keller, J.,
concurs by separate opinion, with Stumbo, J., joining that concurring opinion.
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COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT:
R. Burl McCoy
John Kevin West
Tonya S. Conner
McCoy & West
309 North Broadway
P.O. Box 1660
Lexington, KY 40592-I 660
COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE THOMAS L. CLARK, JUDGE, FAYETTE CIRCUIT
COURT:
Thomas L. Clark
215 West Main Street
Lexington, KY 40507
COUNSEL FOR REAL PARTY IN INTEREST APPELLEE DR. EDWIN BUNCH:
Reuben G. Walker, Jr.
Walker, Emmons, Shannon & Baird, P.S.C.
224 West Main Street
Drawer J
Richmond, KY 40475
COUNSEL FOR REAL PARTY IN INTEREST APPELLEE RAY LARSON,
COMMONWEALTH ATTORNEY, FAYETTE COUNTY, KENTUCKY:
Raymond Larson
Commonwealth Attorney
Suite 600
116 North Upper Street
Lexington, KY 40507
COUNSEL FOR REAL PARTY IN INTEREST APPELLEE CYNTHIA T. RIEKER,
ASSISTANT COMMONWEALTH ATTORNEY, FAYETTE COUNTY, KENTUCKY:
Cynthia T. Rieker
Assistant Commonwealth Attorney,
Fayette County
Suite 300
116 North Upper Street
Lexington, KY 40507
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RENDERED: MAY 16,2002
TO BE PUBLISHED
$lhqmmm &mf af &xfuckg
2000-SC-0968-MR
MICHAEL A. STIDHAM
V.
APPELLANT
ORIGINAL ACTION FROM COURT OF APPEALS
2000-CA-1784
THOMAS L. CLARK, JUDGE,
FAYETTE CIRCUIT COURT
APPELLEE
AND
DR. EDWIN BUNCH; RAY LARSON,
COMMONWEALTH ATTORNEY,
FAYETTE COUNTY, KENTUCKY; AND
CYNTHIA T. RIEKER, ASSISTANT
COMMONWEALTH ATTORNEY,
FAYETTE COUNTY, KENTUCKY
(REAL PARTIES IN INTEREST)
APPELLEES
CONCURRING OPINION BY JUSTICE KELLER
I concur fully in the majority opinion, and I write separately only to eliminate any
confusion I may have helped foster through my previous suggestion that Kentucky law
governing the practice of medicine may create a general physician-patient privilege.’
While I agree with the majority opinion that no festimonialprjvilege
exists in Kentucky
for communications made between patient and physician for the purpose of medical
‘See James E. Keller, Kentucky’s Physician-Patient Privilege, FAYETTE COUNTY
BAR ASSOCIATION BAR NEWS, January-February, 1991 at 6 (“[Wlhen this issue is next
addressed by a Kentucky appellate court, a physician-patient privilege may be
recognized under the laws of Kentucky.“).
treatment, I would still characterize such communications as confidential because
“physicians . . . have an ethical obligation not to disclose information regarding their
patients, except with consent or pursuant to an obligation imposed by law or court
order.“*
In Kentucky, the State Board of Medical Licensure has, under its statutory
authority to “[plromulgate a code of conduct governing the practice of medicine and
osteopathy, which shall be based on generally recognized principles of professional
ethical conduct,“3
adopted the American Medical Association’s Code of Medical Ethics4
including that Code’s provisions concerning patient confidentiality,5 and physicians
licensed in the Commonwealth are subject to sanctions - including license suspension
2Richard H. Underwood & Glen Weissenberger, KENTUCKY EVIDENCE: 2001
COURTROOM MANUAL at 190 (Anderson Publishing Co. 2000).
‘KRS 311.565(l)(j).
4201 KAR 9:005(l)(a).
‘American Medical Association, Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs, CODE OF
MEDICAL ETHICS (1994) 5 5.05:
Confidentiality. The information disclosed to a physician
during the course of the relationship between physician and
patient is confidential to the greatest possible degree. The
patient should feel free to make a full disclosure of
information to the physician in order that the physician may
most effectively provide needed services. The patient
should be able to make this disclosure with the knowledge
that the physician will respect the confidential nature of the
communication. The physician should not reveal
confidential communications or information without the
express consent of the patient, unless required to do so by
law.
Id.
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or revocation6 - if they breach patient confidences. ’ In my opinion, these provisions
prohibit the extra-judicial disclosure by a physician of confidential patient
communications and information’ unless such disclosure is otherwise authorized9 or
required” by law.
However, I agree with the majority opinion that there is no physician-patient
privilege in Kentucky that would shield information obtained through the physicianpatient relationship from testimonial disclosure. Although the AMA Code of Ethics
generally prohibits disclosure of confidential communications or information, it also
includes the proviso “unless required to do so by law.” KRE 501 “embodies the general
obligation to testify”” and states that no person has a privilege permitting him or her to
refuse to disclose any matter or information “[elxcept as otherwise provided by
Constitution or statute or by these or other rules promulgated by the Supreme Court of
Kentucky.“‘2 Accordingly, physicians remain subject to this “general obligation to
6KRS 311.595.
‘a KRS 311.595(16) (permitting the Medical Licensure Board to sanction a
physician “upon proof that he licensee has: . . . (16) Willfully violated a confidential
communication . . . .‘I ); KRS 311.595(g); KRS 311.597(4).
‘See Horne v. Patton, 287 So.2d 824 (Ala. 1973).
9&, m, KRS 311.282 (authorizing disclosure of positive human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status under certain circumstances).
loa, m, KRS 620.030(2) (requiring a physician to file a written report with law
enforcement officers in cases of child abuse, dependency, or neglect).
“Kentucky Evidence Rules Study Commission Commentary to KRE 501
(November, 1989).
“KRE 501.
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testify,” and no privilege exists to prevent disclosure of confidential patient confidences
or information in the judicial forum.
Stumbo, J., joins this concurring opinion.
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