J. BAYARD RICE v. SUSAN RICE (NOW MOLONEY)
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RENDERED: NOVEMBER 2, 2007; 10:00 A.M.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
Commonwealth of Kentucky
Court of Appeals
NO. 2006-CA-001514-MR
and
NO. 2006-CA-001525-MR
J. BAYARD RICE
v.
APPELLANT/
CROSS -APPELLEE
APPEAL AND CROSS-APPEAL
FROM JEFFERSON FAMILY COURT
HONORABLE JOSEPH W. O'REILLY, JUDGE
ACTION NO. 02-CI-504961
SUSAN RICE (NOW MOLONEY)
APPELLEE/
CROSS-APPELLANT
OPINION
AFFIRMING
** ** ** ** **
BEFORE: COMBS, CHIEF JUDGE; LAMBERT, JUDGE; KNOPF,1 SENIOR JUDGE.
COMBS, CHIEF JUDGE: J. Bayard Rice appeals and Susan Moloney Rice crossappeals from the Jefferson Family Court's division of property, award of maintenance,
and award of attorney's fees in this action for dissolution of marriage. The parties were
divorced on December 19, 2003, in an interlocutory decree reserving for later
1
Senior Judge William L. Knopf sitting as Special Judge by assignment of the Chief Justice
pursuant to Section 110(5)(b) of the Kentucky Constitution and KRS 21.580.
adjudication the issues related to the equitable distribution of property and of
maintenance. Following a period of discovery and a two-day hearing, the court entered
its findings of fact, conclusions of law, and judgment on February 27, 2006. An order
with respect to the parties' motions to alter, amend, or vacate that judgment was entered
on July 3, 2006. We affirm the family court's judgment and its subsequent order in all
respects.
Bayard and Susan married in May 1985. One child, Elizabeth, was born of
the marriage. During the course of the marriage, Bayard adopted Susan's eldest daughter,
Alix. Both children are now emancipated. They were married for more than eighteen
years, and the family was accustomed to an extraordinarily high standard of living.
Both parties enjoyed successful careers. Susan worked as an interior
designer for her mother's design firm, Moloney-Smith, and she was involved in numerous
real estate ventures. Bayard, a physician, was employed throughout the marriage by
Norton Healthcare, Inc. He earned additional income from his work as director of case
management with Kindred Healthcare and as medical director for Churchill Downs. At
the time of trial, the family court calculated Bayard's net income to be more than
$40,000.00 per month. The court imputed income to Susan amounting to more than
$4,000.00 per month.
The family court valued the couple's joint interests in real property at more
than $1.5 million. This figure did not include Susan's separate holdings because the court
found that she had adequately traced her own real estate interests in portions of the
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marital property. Consequently, it awarded her more than $535,000.00 as her non-marital
interest in the real estate. However, the court rejected the remainder of Susan's tracing
evidence and characterized all of the increase in value of the real property as marital
property. The marital interest in the real property was divided equally between the
parties.
The family court also divided the couple's personal property, bank
accounts, Bayard's retirement accounts, and the marital debt. Susan was awarded
maintenance of $10,000.00 per month for five years and $5,000.00 per month for the two
years following. She was also awarded attorney's fees in the amount of $25,000.00.
Both parties now appeal.
Bayard contends that the court erred in numerous respects: by awarding
Susan maintenance; by allocating their entire joint tax liability to him alone; and by
awarding Susan a portion of her attorney's fees. Susan urges this court to refuse to
consider the issues raised by Bayard because he failed to describe them properly in his
pre-hearing statement filed pursuant to the provisions of Kentucky Civil Rules of
Procedure (CR) 76.03. Susan also argues that the family court erred by refusing to strike
the proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law tendered by Bayard. Her remaining
substantive arguments allege that the court erred in its characterization and division of the
marital property; in failing to recognize Bayard's fraudulent transactions related to the
real property; in assigning to her much of the debt associated with the real property that
was awarded to her; in underestimating Bayard's monthly earnings while imputing to her
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an excessive amount of income; and in failing to order Bayard to make a larger
contribution toward her attorney fees.
We have carefully considered Susan's objections as to the contents of
Bayard's pre-hearing statement. After reviewing his “brief statement of the facts and
issues proposed to be raised on appeal,” we are persuaded that Bayard's arguments were
sufficiently preserved for our review. CR 76.03(4)(h). Consequently, we will proceed to
review the record and the contents of the parties' briefs.
First, we consider Bayard's contention that the court erred by awarding
Susan maintenance. On the basis of her real estate holdings, Bayard argues that the court
should have concluded that Susan is independently wealthy and that, therefore, she does
not qualify for an award of maintenance. We disagree.
The family court's decision whether to award maintenance is governed by
the provisions of Kentucky Revised Statutes (KRS) 403.200. The statute permits the
court to order maintenance if it finds that a dependent spouse lacks sufficient property to
provide for his reasonable needs and is unable to support himself through appropriate
employment. KRS 403.200(1)(a) and (b). The family court restored to Susan a
substantial portfolio of real estate as her non-marital property. It also imputed to her a
salary and benefits valued at more than $4,000.00 per month. Nevertheless, the court
determined that the estimated income was insufficient to meet Susan's reasonable needs,
which she assessed at more than $13,500.00 per month. After that determination was
made, the court considered various factors in setting the amount and the duration of the
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maintenance award. It properly considered the nature of Susan's financial resources, the
standard of living established by the parties during the marriage, the duration of the
marriage, and the ability of Bayard to meet his own reasonable needs. KRS
403.200(2)(a)-(f).
Bayard argues that the non-marital property restored to Susan generates
sufficient income to meet her reasonable needs – especially when considered along with
the value of the income imputed to her. He vigorously objects to the family court's
conclusion to the contrary. Bayard contends that an assessment of Susan's property
interests must not be limited merely to the income or profits attributable to them. He
believes that she ought to be required to invade and consume the principal by selling off
at least some of the less profitable real estate in order to raise cash to meet her financial
needs.
Upon review, the facts appear more complicated than Bayard's analysis.
After two days of testimony, the family court was convinced that income derived from
the disputed property was insufficient to meet Susan's financial needs. The court found
that much of the real property eventually restored to Susan as her non-marital property
was “hers in name only.” Findings, Conclusions, and Judgment at 39. The court
concluded that much of the real property was equitably owned (at least in part) by Susan's
mother, sister, and/or daughters and was titled in Susan's name as part of an estate plan
and tax avoidance measure. Although Susan might have an expectancy in the property,
she was not at liberty to sell it in order to meet her own current financial needs. Our
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review indicates that the family court's findings on this point were supported by the
evidence.
A maintenance award must be upheld if the findings of fact upon which the
award is based are not clearly erroneous. Powell v. Powell, 107 S.W.3d 222, 224 (Ky.
2003). If the court's findings of fact are not clearly erroneous, the amount and the
duration of maintenance are within the sound discretion of the trial court. Russell v.
Russell, 878 S.W.2d 24, 26 (Ky.App.1994). “[W]e cannot disturb [the maintenance
determinations] of the trial judge unless the discretion is absolutely abused.” Platt v.
Platt, 728 S.W.2d 542, 543 (Ky.App. 1987). The court did not abuse its discretion nor
did it err as a matter of law as to the amounts and duration of the maintenance that it
awarded to Susan. Thus, the judgment cannot be reversed on this basis.
Bayard next contends that the family court erred by allocating to him alone
the entirety of the parties' joint tax liability. According to Bayard, the tax liability for the
years 2001 and 2002 amounted to nearly $124,000.00. He claims that Susan was
primarily responsible for incurring this liability. He believes that if Susan had complied
with his requests for the necessary financial information, he would not have been forced
to file returns based upon guess work and estimation. Susan denies that she withheld any
necessary tax information. On the contrary, she claims that Bayard is largely responsible
for the tax liability because he consistently underpaid his withholdings and incurred an
enormous tax bill annually.
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There is no longer a rebuttable presumption that all debt acquired prior to
dissolution is marital debt. Neidlinger v. Neidlinger, 52 S.W.3d 513 (Ky. 2001). Rather,
in determining the nature of the debt, the family court must consider: (1) the extent of the
parties' participation in the creation of the debt and (2) their receipt of the benefits from
the debt. Id. The court must also weigh the respective abilities of the parties to pay the
debt. Id. Ultimately, decisions of the family court concerning the assignment of debt are
left to the court's broad discretion. We will not disturb those decisions except for an
abuse of discretion.
It is not our proper role to re-assign responsibility to either party in
incurring the disputed tax debt. Our role is to determine whether the court erred in that
finding. We conclude that the family court did not abuse its discretion by determining
that both parties participated in the creation of the debt and that Bayard was better
equipped to pay it. Consequently, the court did not err by assigning the debt to him
alone.
Bayard last contends that the court erred by awarding only a portion of her
attorney's fees to Susan. On cross-appeal, Susan complains that the court failed to award
her nearly enough. We disagree with both contentions.
If there is a disparity in the relative financial resources of the parties in a
divorce action, one may be ordered to pay a reasonable amount for the attorney's fee of
the other. KRS 403.220. The family court has the sole discretion as to whether to make
such an assignment – and, if so, the amount to be assigned. The breadth of its discretion
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in these matters was strongly reiterated by the Supreme Court of Kentucky in Neidlinger,
52 S.W.3d at 519:
If there had ever been any doubt regarding the
discretionary authority of the trial court to allocate court costs
and award an attorney's fee, KRS 403.220 laid that doubt to
rest once and for all. As matters now stand, an allocation of
court costs and an award of an attorney's fee are entirely
within the discretion of the court. (Emphasis added.)
Although there is a great disparity in the parties' income, the family court
carefully considered the substantial maintenance award made to Susan and the
considerable value of the real property assigned to her before comparing their relative
financial positions and making the attorney's fee award. In addition, the family court was
authorized to consider other relevant factors, including:
(1) the amount and character of services rendered;
(2) the labor, time, and trouble involved;
(3) the nature and importance of the litigation or business in which the
services were rendered;
(4) the responsibility imposed;
(5) the amount of money or the value of property affected by the
controversy;
(6) the skill and experience called for in the performance of the services;
(7) the professional character and standing of the attorneys;
(8) the results secured.
See Boden v. Boden, 268 S.W.2d 632, 633 (1954).
Susan claims that her attorney's fee escalated in proportion to Bayard's
contentious behavior. However, the family court was clearly in the best position to
evaluate the parties' conduct and tactics. Gentry v. Gentry, 798 S.W.2d 928 (Ky.1990).
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Bayard argues on appeal that the court erred in denying him a meaningful opportunity to
challenge Susan's proof as to the attorney's fees that she incurred. However, the record
does not reveal that he ever raised a question with respect to the detailed invoices
presented to the court for its review or that he sought to depose Susan or her counsel.
The trial court did not err by concluding that there was a significant disparity in the
parties' relative financial resources. Its order reflects a proper exercise of its discretion
with respect to the amount of the fees to be paid by Bayard. We may not disturb the
court's judgment on this basis.
We shall now address Susan's arguments. She contends that the family
court erred in several instances by its characterization, assignment, and division of the
couple's real property.
First, Susan challenges the court's conclusion that she failed to trace
adequately her investment of non-marital funds in the marital home. In October 1995,
Susan deposited a check in the sum of $28,500.00 into the couple's joint bank account.
This check represented a portion of Susan's inheritance following the death of her
grandmother. Susan contended at trial that she spent this sum replacing the roof of the
marital home.
The division of property in a dissolution proceeding involves a three-step
sequential process: (1) the court must first characterize each item of property as marital
or non-marital; (2) the court must then assign each party's non-marital property to that
party; and (3) finally, the court must equitably divide the martial property between the
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parties. Travis v. Travis, 59 S.W.3d 904 (Ky. 2001). KRS 403.190(3) establishes a
presumption that “all property acquired by either spouse after the marriage and before the
decree of legal separation is . . . marital property.” Id. However, property acquired in
exchange for property acquired by gift, bequest, devise or descent is characterized as
non-marital. KRS 403.190(2)(b).
If property is composed of both marital and non-marital components, the
court must determine the parties' respective interests in the property based on the
evidence presented. Id. If a party claims that property (or an interest in property)
acquired during the marriage is non-marital, that party bears the burden of proof. Sexton
v. Sexton, 125 S.W.3d 258 (Ky. 2004). If the original property that is claimed to be nonmarital is no longer owned, the claimant must adequately trace the previously owned
property into the asset presently owned. Chenault v. Chenault, 799 S.W.2d 575 (Ky.
1990).
In Chenault, the Kentucky Supreme Court held that a wife's testimony was
sufficient to trace the non-marital interest that she claimed in certificates of deposit and in
other investments acquired during the marriage. However, the circumstances
surrounding that decision were quite different from those before the family court in this
case. In Chenault, the court was persuaded that the non-marital property had been
adequately traced. It reasoned that since both parties had held only low-paying jobs
throughout the marriage, there were no other possible sources of funds from which the
CDs and other investments might have been purchased.
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In contrast, in the case before us, the family court concluded that Susan did
not meet her burden of proof by failing to adequately trace her inheritance into the
improvements made to the marital home. In an effort to trace the proceeds of her
inheritance at trial, Susan identified several checks drawn on the parties' joint bank
account. These checks were made payable to roofing contractors and were negotiated
close to the time that Susan had deposited the proceeds of her inheritance into the
couple's joint account. It is equally plausible, however, that the source of the funds used
to pay the contractors could have come from any number of the many other resources
available to Susan and Bayard. The family court was persuaded from the evidence that
Susan and Bayard had used insurance proceeds to pay for the improvements made to the
roof.
Susan did provide evidence of her inheritance, a deposit of those funds into
the parties' bank account, and evidence that the funds were used from that bank account
to make some improvements to the martial home. Nonetheless, we are not persuaded that
the family court was clearly erroneous in determining that her evidence was insufficient
to establish her non-marital interest in the home. Even if we would conclude differently,
we are not permitted to substitute our judgment for the determination of the family court.
Terwilliger v. Terwilliger, 64 S.W.3d 816 (Ky. 2002). Therefore, we will not disturb its
conclusion that Susan did not meet her tracing burden on this issue.
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Susan also contends that the family court erred by failing to credit her nonmarital contribution for any of the increase in the value of the marital home and of
another property, namely 721 Eaton Street, in Key West, Florida. We disagree.
KRS 403.190(2)(a) addresses increases in value or income from property
acquired by gift, bequest, devise, or descent. When these increases occur during the
marriage, the property remains non-marital property unless there are “significant
activities of either spouse which contributed to the increase in value of the property and
the income derived therefrom.” In contrast, KRS 403.190(2)(b) addresses a direct
exchange of an item of non-marital property for a separate piece of property. It provides
that “property acquired in exchange for property acquired before the marriage or in
exchange for property acquired by gift, bequest, devise, or descent” remains non-marital.
(Emphasis added). Finally, KRS 403.190(e) provides that the “increase in value of
property acquired before the marriage to the extent that such increase did not result from
the efforts of the parties during the marriage” remains non-marital property. (Emphasis
added).
After considering the testimony at trial, the family court was persuaded that
Susan made a non-marital contribution of $83,461.21 toward the acquisition of the
marital home in 1990. This non-marital contribution was apparently derived from a gift
made during the marriage to Susan alone from her parents. The court assigned this sum
to Susan as her non-marital property and then divided the remaining equity of the house.
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However, the court declined to assign her a non-marital interest in any increase in the
value of the marital home arguably attributable to her initial, non-marital contribution.
The evidence at trial also indicated that Susan made a non-marital
contribution of $126,300.00 toward the acquisition of the Eaton Street property in August
2000. This money came from Susan's inheritance. Again, the family court assigned this
sum to Susan as her non-marital property and then divided the property's remaining
equity. Nothing extra was assigned to her representing the appreciation that she argued
was attributable to her non-marital contribution.
The family court concluded that Susan had adequately traced the exchange
of her non-marital property into the marital home and into the Eaton Street residence and
assigned to her the exact value of the non-marital property according to the provisions of
KRS 403.190(2). However, the family court was persuaded that the increase in the
properties' values was attributable to the joint efforts of the parties rather than resulting
from prevailing economic conditions. Therefore, pursuant to the explicit language of
KRS 403.190(2)(e), the court held that Susan had failed to prove that the increase in
value was her non-marital property. The court's findings were adequately supported by
the evidence.
Susan next contends that the family court erred by failing to assign two
cottages located in Key West, Florida, to the parties' daughters. Susan explains that these
cottages were acquired by the parties during their marriage with the understanding that
one of them would be given to each of their daughters upon her graduation from college.
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Susan contends that even if the cottages were characterized as marital property, the court
could have assigned one of them to each of their daughters. Susan contends that she was
prejudiced by the court's refusal to assign the property to the daughters. Even though the
marital estate was divided equally, she nonetheless felt obligated to give the cottages to
her daughters from her portion. Thus, she unilaterally diminished her marital share
despite the fact that she and Bayard had an agreement on these properties pre-dating the
divorce.
We have carefully considered Susan's argument, but we can find no basis
for reversing the judgment of the family court. Neither of the daughters intervened in the
action to assert a property right to either of the disputed cottages. The understanding
between Susan and Bayard was not a legal contract susceptible of enforcement in the
course of this litigation. After a large non-marital share in the value of the cottages was
assigned to Susan by the court, their remaining value was properly characterized as
marital property subject to equitable distribution. There was no error.
Next, Susan contends that the family court erred by failing to find that
Bayard had fraudulently transferred two pieces of their property: (1) the Eaton Street
property to a limited liability company known as B & S Properties, I; and (2) the property
located at 939 E. Washington Street to the limited liability company known as B & S
Properties, II. She also contends that Bayard fraudulently encumbered the Washington
Street property and that he improperly negotiated Moloney-Smith checks – even though
he was not authorized on the account and had no interest in the company, which belongs
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to her mother. Susan contends that she was prejudiced by the family court's failure to
recognize Bayard's bad behavior as the basis for awarding more maintenance to her and
as the basis for ordering Bayard to make a larger contribution toward her attorney's fees.
We disagree.
As we observed earlier, the family court was in the best position to observe
the parties' conduct throughout the litigation and to assess Bayard's explanations with
respect to the property transfers, the circumstances surrounding the mortgage on the
Washington Street property, and the nature of his transactions with Moloney-Smith.
Despite Susan's objections about these transactions, we cannot conclude that the family
court abused its discretion with respect to its award of maintenance and of a portion of
her attorney's fees. We have no basis for reversing the family court's judgment.
Susan also contends that the court erred by imputing $50,000.00 to her in
annual income. We disagree.
Susan received a degree in interior design from the University of Louisville
in 1979, and she immediately began a successful career in her field. When her attention
shifted to the care of her family in 1985, she and her mother continued to operate the
design firm, Moloney-Smith, and Susan remained involved in real estate ventures.
In December 2003, the family court entered a maintenance order, pendente
lite, that imputed to Susan a regular income of $3,000.00 per month. Susan does not
dispute that she earns $3,000.00 per month as an interior designer, but she objects to the
family court's conclusion that she could earn approximately $4,166.00, per month. She
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contends that the family court's conclusion with respect to her income was arbitrary and
capricious.
The evidence at trial indicated that aside from the $36,000.00, the annual
salary that Susan recently had begun to earn from Moloney-Smith, she was also provided
an expensive company car, insurance, and fuel. This evidence alone was adequate to
support the court's finding that Susan could earn more than $4,000.00 per month. We
find no error as to imputation of income to Susan.
Susan argues next that the family court underestimated Bayard's annual
income. Bayard testified at length and introduced some documentary evidence with
respect to his income. Although Susan disputes the court's calculations, there is nothing
to suggest that the family court erred in finding that Bayard earned more than $40,000.00
per month. We cannot conclude that Susan can show that she was prejudiced by the
court's determination. Thus, there is no reversible error.
Susan also contends that the family court erred by determining that she
made significant financial decisions with respect to the real property acquired and
improved during the marriage. Because of this error, she argues that the family court
mistakenly assigned to her a greater proportionate share of the debt related to some of
that property. We disagree.
There is no statutory authority for assigning debts in an action for
dissolution of marriage. Susan contends that it is “manifestly unfair” to burden her with a
larger share of the debt. However, there is no presumption that debts must be divided
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equally or in the same proportions as the marital property. Neidlinger v. Neidlinger, 52
S.W.3d 513 (Ky. 2001). Instead, debts are allocated equitably and discretionarily based
on a consideration of numerous factors – including a party's receipt of the benefits
associated with the debt and the extent of the parties' participation in incurring the debt.
After reviewing the evidence presented at trial, we are satisfied that the family court
relied upon substantial evidence in assigning to Susan a greater share of some of the debt
related to the couple's real property interests. There is no reversible error.
Susan contends that the court erred by refusing to order the parties to repay
loans from her mother for improvements to the Eaton Street property. Again, we
disagree.
Susan's mother, Sue Clay, testified that she had loaned the parties
approximately $263,000.00 for improvements at Eaton Street. Based upon the
documentary evidence presented at trial, the family court was persuaded that the parties
owed Ms. Clay approximately $85,000.00 for those renovations. Susan was assigned
60% of the debt, and Bayard was assigned the remaining 40% of the debt. The court
expressly found that Susan failed to prove that the other claimed expenses were
attributable to improvements made at Eaton Street. Ms. Clay was not a party to the
proceedings, and the family court's findings were supported by the evidence. We find no
error.
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Susan contends that the family court erred by refusing to order Bayard to
reimburse her for a greater portion of the expenses incurred at several of their rental
properties following the separation. We disagree.
In its judgment, the court concluded that Bayard would be responsible for
78% of the shortfall between the income earned and the expenses incurred at the Key
West cottages in the interval between the date of the separation and the date of the
divorce (December 2003). With respect to the Washington Street property, the court
concluded that Bayard would be responsible for 78% of the shortfall that accrued in the
interval between the date of the separation and the date of trial (February 2006). Susan
contends that the court's conclusions contradicted its order of December 2003, in which it
had ruled that all of the shortfalls would be divided between the parties. To recapitulate,
the court entered a decree of dissolution in December 2003, reserving for later ruling the
property issues now before us on appeal. Susan complains that the court created a
hardship for her by not requiring Bayard to be responsible for the post-decree shortfalls at
the Key West cottages during the three-year interval between the date of dissolution and
the date of the trial. Susan also contends that the court erred by failing to address the
shortfalls that accrued at Eaton Street.
To the extent, if any, that the court's pendent lite orders remained relevant
after the trial proceedings, the family court's final judgment superseded them. Pursuant
to the provisions of CR 54.02, interlocutory orders may be revoked or modified at any
time. Consequently, the family court was not compelled to render a judgment consistent
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with the provisions of its earlier, temporary orders. The court's division of the debts
associated with the rental properties was encompassed within its broad discretion. There
is no reversible error.
Finally, we have also considered Susan's contention that the family court
erred by refusing to strike Bayard's proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law.
However, it does not appear that this ruling affected the substantial rights of the parties.
Therefore, we shall treat it as harmless error – if any. No relief is warranted.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the Jefferson Family
Court in all respects.
ALL CONCUR.
BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT/CROSSAPPELLEE:
BRIEFS FOR APPELLEE/CROSSAPPELLANT:
Grant M. Helman
Stuart A. Scherer
Louisville, Kentucky
Eugene L. Mosley
M. Thomas Underwood
Louisville, Kentucky
ORAL ARGUMENT FOR
APPELLANT/CROSS-APPELLEE:
ORAL ARGUMENT FOR
APPELLEE/CROSS-APPELLANT:
Stuart A. Scherer
Louisville, Kentucky
Eugene L. Mosley
Louisville, Kentucky
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