STATE OF IOWA, Plaintiff-Appellee, vs. KLINE E. GOEDERS, Defendant-Appellant.
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA No. 3-258 / 12-1147 Filed May 15, 2013 STATE OF IOWA, Plaintiff-Appellee, vs. KLINE E. GOEDERS, Defendant-Appellant. ________________________________________________________________ Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Pocahontas County, Kurt J. Stoebe, Judge. A defendant appeals claiming his sentence is illegal. AFFIRMED. Kline E. Goeders, Fort Dodge, appellant pro se. Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and William A. Hill, Assistant Attorney General, Special Litigation Division for appellee. Considered by Vogel, P.J., and Potterfield and Doyle, JJ. 2 VOGEL, P.J. Kline Goeders appeals the district court s denial of his motion to correct an illegal sentence. He was convicted of first degree murder in 1986 and has been serving a life sentence for that crime. He claims the mittimus issued following his sentence states he is to be committed to the department of corrections for the rest of his life less 196 days for time spent in jail prior to sentencing. He claims this sentence is inherently flawed because he cannot be given credit for the 196 days he spent in jail prior to sentencing because he is committed until his death. He also argues the failure to credit him these 196 days is a violation of his right to due process and equal protection. Because we find the two statutory provisions that Goeders challenges are not in conflict and can be read in harmony, we reject Goeders s claim that his sentence is impossible, illegal, inherently flawed, and/or void. We also conclude his equal protection claim cannot succeed because the classification of felons does not create similarly situated groups, and his procedural due process rights are not implicated because Goeders has not been deprived of a protected interest. Therefore, there is no constitutional violation in this case. We first note the judgment and sentencing order makes no mention of the jail credit. It is found only in the mittimus, which is stricken through, and in a letter from the deputy clerk to the department of corrections. While the language regarding the jail credit was stricken through on the mittimus form, the deputy clerk of court did send a letter to the department of corrections after the mittimus was filed stating that Goeders had a credit for jail time of 197 days. In addition, Goeders provides us with a copy of his Time Computation Group Event History 3 of Offender from the department of corrections that states he has a credit for 197 days. Therefore, we will address the merits of Goeders s claim. Goeders makes both statutory construction claims and constitutional claims. We review questions of statutory interpretation for correction of errors at law. State v. Gonzalez, 718 N.W.2d 304, 307 (Iowa 2006). However, our review of a constitutional challenge is de novo. Id. I. Statutory construction claim. Goeders claims Iowa Code section 902.1 (1985) which provides that offenders convicted of a class A felony are to be sentenced to life in prison and shall not be released unless the Governor commutes the sentence to a term of years conflicts with section 903A.5 which provides, in part, that an inmate who was confined to a county jail prior to sentencing is to be given credit for the days already served upon the term of the sentence. Because of this alleged conflict, Goeders asserts his sentence, which confines him for life but yet gives him a credit of 196 days, is inherently flawed and as a result void. We find no conflict in the statutes. Iowa Code section 903A.5 provides that the credit is to be given for days already served upon the term of the sentence. (Emphasis added.) The word term is not defined in the statute, but Black s Law Dictionary defines term as a fixed period of time. Black s Law Dictionary 1510 (8th ed. 2004); see also State v. White, 545 N.W.2d 552, 555-56 (Iowa 1996) ( When examining a statutory term, we give words their ordinary meaning, absent any legislative definition or particular meaning in the law. The dictionary is an acceptable source for the common meaning of a word. ). 4 Applying the definition of the word term to section 903A.5, we conclude the credit for time spent in jail prior to sentencing is only to be given for sentences that have a fixed period of time. Those sentences include those crimes other than class A felonies. See Iowa Code § 902.3 ( When a judgment of conviction of a felony other than a class A felony is entered against a person, the court, in imposing a sentence of confinement, shall commit the person into the custody of the director of the Iowa department of corrections for an indeterminate term, the maximum length of which shall not exceed the limits as fixed by section 902.9, unless otherwise prescribed by statute, nor shall the term be less than the minimum term imposed by law, if a minimum sentence is provided. (emphasis added)). It is only if there is a fixed period of time that the department of corrections can calculate the jail credit to be given. Without a defined term or a fixed period of time, it would be a guessing game to calculate the date a felon is to be released. Iowa Code section 902.1 does not provide a fixed period of time for those convicted of class A felonies. Instead the person is committed into the custody of the director of the Iowa department of corrections for the rest of the defendant s life. . . . [A] person convicted of a class A felony shall not be released on parole unless the governor commutes the sentence to a term of years. Iowa Code § 902.1 (1) (emphasis added). The only way a person convicted of a class A felony can convert their sentence into a fixed period of time is to be granted a commutation from the Governor for a sentence with a term of years. Id. (emphasis added). 5 II. Constitutional claims. Next, Goeders alleges this 196-day credit was taken away from him without due process and the disparate treatment of class A felons from other felons with respect to jail credit violates the Equal Protection Clause.1 In analyzing an equal protection claim, we first look to whether the groups being treated differently are similarly situated. NextEra Energy Res., 815 N.W.2d at 45. Under equal protection, it is the nature of the offense and not its criminal classification that determines whether offenders are similarly situated. See People v. Friesen, 45 P.3d 784, 785 (Colo. Ct. App. 2001) (concluding that different felony classifications merely set forth the penalty ranges for classes of offenses and do not create classes of offenders, therefore, a defendant is only similarly situated with defendants who commit the same or similar acts). State v. Wade, 757 N.W.2d 618, 625 (Iowa 2008). Because Goeders raises an equal protection claim regarding groups who are not similarly situated, his claim fails. Further, Goeders s 196-day jail credit has not been taken from him as he alleges in his due process challenge.2 He argues, The fact that giving Goeders 1 Goeders does not indicate whether he is bringing his claim under Iowa or federal equal protection grounds. In this case, [Goeders] has not urged that we apply equal protection principles under the Iowa Constitution that depart from established federal principles. Therefore, we proceed to consider this case under the established federal equal protection principles, recognizing, however, that we may apply them differently under the Iowa Constitution. See NextEra Energy Res. LLC v. Iowa Utils. Bd., 815 N.W.2d 30, 45 (Iowa 2012). 2 We note that until Goeders dies in jail, it cannot be said that the 196-day credit was taken from him. Under his argument, it is not until we know the date of his death that we could know whether the 196-day credit was not given. This fact raises ripeness issues. See State v. Tripp, 776 N.W.2d 855, 859 (Iowa 2010) ( A case is ripe for adjudication when it presents an actual, present controversy, as opposed to one that is merely hypothetical or speculative. ) However, because this claim can be resolved through 6 his 196 days of jail time credit conflicts with his life sentence provides no reason for him to be denied an opportunity to challenge this taking of his liberty. We interpret this as a procedural due process challenge. When a state action threatens to deprive a person of a protected liberty or property interest, a person is entitled to procedural due process. Meyer v. Jones, 696 N.W.2d 611, 625 (Iowa 2005). Prior to this deprivation, the person must be given some kind of notice or opportunity to be heard. Id. We find Goeders was not deprived of his 196 days of jail time credit. The credit waits in abeyance should the Governor convert his sentence into a term of years through a commutation. If that occurs as provided by section 902.1, then the jail credit will be applied to the new sentence, which would be a fixed period of time. This new term sentence would then provide the department of corrections the ability to calculate a precise release date and apply the jail credit. As we find no conflict between section 902.1 and section 903A.5, Goeders s sentence, which properly applies both of these sections, is not illegal, impossible, inherently flawed, or void as he contends. We also find no constitutional violation in the application of the two statutes to Goeders s case. AFFIRMED. statutory construction, we decide to address the merits of the claim rather than dismiss on ripeness grounds.
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