STATE OF IOWA, Plaintiff - Appellee, vs. WALLACE NORMAN GALBREATH, Defendant - Appellant.
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 8-142 / 06-1702
Filed April 30, 2008
STATE OF IOWA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
vs.
WALLACE NORMAN GALBREATH,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Johnson County, Silvia A. Lewis,
District Associate Judge.
Defendant appeals his conviction for domestic abuse assault causing
bodily injury. AFFIRMED.
Philip B. Mears of Mears Law Office, Iowa City, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, Sheryl A. Soich, Assistant Attorney
General, Janet M. Lyness, County Attorney, Deborah Farmer Minot, Assistant
County Attorney, and Thomas D. Farnsworth, Student Legal Intern, for appellee.
Considered by Zimmer, P.J., and Miller, J., and Brown, S.J.*
*Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206 (2007).
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BROWN, S.J.
Wallace Galbreath was found guilty by a jury of domestic abuse assault
causing bodily injury. He appeals his conviction, asserting error in evidentiary
rulings by the district court. We affirm.
I.
Background Facts & Proceedings
On April 24, 2006, Lynn Toussaint was living in an intimate relationship
with Wallace Galbreath in a home in Coralville, Iowa. Also living in the home
were Maria Medina, Manuel Reveles, and Johnny Hunter. At the trial Toussaint
testified that throughout that day Medina and Reveles were arguing. After 11:00
p.m. Toussaint attempted to intervene, and Galbreath told her to mind her own
f***ing business. Galbreath then struck her in the face four times. Toussaint
believed her nose was broken. She walked about two blocks to a bar and asked
the bartender to call the police.
Coralville police officer Jackie Rich responded to the call. Toussaint told
her she had been struck by her boyfriend.
Officer Rich saw Toussaint was
bleeding and “[h]er nose had an obvious deformity on the bridge and needed to
be looked at.” She took Toussaint to a hospital for medical assistance. Officer
Rich contacted Galbreath, and Galbreath told her he had no idea what had
occurred. Galbreath presented the testimony of Hunter, who stated Toussaint
was very intoxicated on April 24, 2006. He stated that at about 8:30 p.m. he saw
Toussaint fall in the patio area of the home and hit her head on a bench. He
testified he then went to bed.
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Galbreath was charged with domestic abuse assault causing bodily injury,
in violation of Iowa Code sections 236.2, 708.1(1) and 708.2A(2)(b) (2005). The
jury returned a verdict finding Galbreath guilty. Galbreath filed a motion for new
trial, claiming the district court improperly permitted the State to ask Toussaint
and officer Rich an unusually high number of leading questions. The district
court denied the motion for new trial. Galbreath was sentenced to 180 days in
the county jail, with 150 days suspended, and he was placed on probation for two
years. A no-contact order was entered, and Galbreath was ordered to participate
in a batterer’s education program. Galbreath appeals his conviction.
II.
Leading Questions
Galbreath contends the district court abused its discretion by overruling
his objections to the prosecutor’s use of leading questions to Toussaint.
Although Galbreath asserts most of the questions asked by the State were
leading, defense counsel only objected to eight questions asked of Toussaint on
the ground they were leading questions.
We conclude Galbreath failed to
preserve error on those questions to which no objection was made. See State v.
Jefferson, 574 N.W.2d 268, 278 (Iowa 1997).
Iowa Rule of Evidence 5.611(c) provides:
Leading questions should not be used on the direct
examination of a witness except as may be necessary to develop
that witness’s testimony. Ordinarily leading questions should be
permitted on cross-examination. When a party calls a hostile
witness, an adverse party, or a witness identified with an adverse
party, interrogation may be by leading questions.
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“Where the question assumes any fact which is in controversy, so the answer
may really or apparently admit that fact, it is leading.”
Giltner v. Stark, 219
N.W.2d 700, 713 (Iowa 1974).
The district court has considerable discretion in admitting or excluding the
answers to leading questions. State v. Leonard, 243 N.W.2d 887, 891 (Iowa
1976). In order to justify a reversal there must be a clear abuse of discretion.
State v. Mueller, 344 N.W.2d 262, 266 (Iowa 1983). This is because the district
court is in a better position “to observe the circumstances that may justify the
asking of leading questions.” Id.
We question whether some of the questions were in fact leading.
In
particular the following questions do not necessarily suggest the answer to the
question so that the answer was apparent: “Had you stayed at Mr. Galbraith’s
house on the night of April 23rd?” “When you woke up, were Mr. Reveles and
Ms. Medina at the house?” “At any time during the day of April 24th, or the early
hours of April 25, did you ever strike Mr. Wallace?” “Did you have blood on any
of your clothing?”
Other questions might have been leading, but they primarily recapped
evidence already in the record.
Toussaint was asked:
“And was that
relationship, did that last about as long as – how long you’ve been living there, so
it was about a month, two-month-long relationship?” “So after he hit you the first
time, did he stop and then continue to hit you?” “Did you believe that was your
best opportunity to make a telephone call to police?” “Were you worried you
might be arrested?”
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We conclude the district court did not abuse its discretion in ruling on
Galbraith’s objections on the grounds some questions were leading. We find
Galbraith was not prejudiced by the questions because substantially the same
evidence had come in through other questions. See National Properties Corp. v.
Polk County, 386 N.W.2d 98, 108 (Iowa 1986) (“[N]o material prejudice to the
rights of plaintiff resulted from the leading questions because defendants elicited
substantially the same testimony from the witnesses in defendants’ case in
chief.”).
Although the questions might have been more artfully crafted, we
conclude the district court did not clearly abuse its discretion on this issue.
III.
Hearsay
Galbreath asserts the district court erred by overruling his hearsay
objections to testimony by officer Rich. We review a district court’s rulings on
hearsay objections for the correction of errors at law.
State v. Newell, 710
N.W.2d 6, 18 (Iowa 2006).
When officer Rich first met Toussaint at the bar, Toussaint had a “decent
amount of blood” on her and officer Rich helped stop the bleeding. Toussaint
was crying and upset. Over Galbreath’s hearsay objection, officer Rich testified
Toussaint told her:
She and her female friend were there with two male
subjects. Maria and her boyfriend had been fighting on and off all
day. The victim said that she had tried to get in between Maria and
her boyfriend when the other subject that was there, who she
referred to as Blue, as a nickname Blue at the time, got angry with
her, told her to stay out of their business, and then punched her in
the nose.
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After Toussaint received medical attention, officer Rich interviewed her at
the police station. The district court overruled Galbreath’s hearsay objection to
testimony about the interview. Officer Rich testified as follows:
She stated that she had been at the house with Mr. Reveles,
Maria, and her boyfriend, who she first referred to as Blue. . . .
She had interjected herself into the fight between Maria and Mr.
Reveles. Mr. Galbreath became upset, said stay out of their
business. Things escalated, and Mr. Galbreath punched her in the
nose. He then said, excuse the profanity, “F*** it, I don’t care
anymore,” and punched her several more times in the nose.
Generally, inadmissible hearsay is considered prejudicial unless the nonprejudicial nature of the evidence is established.
Id. However, “erroneously
admitted hearsay will not be considered prejudicial if substantially the same
evidence is properly in the record.” Id. at 19. To put it another way, improperly
admitted hearsay evidence is not prejudicial if it is merely cumulative. State v.
Hildreth, 582 N.W.2d 167, 170 (Iowa 1998).
Officer Rich’s statements about what Toussaint told her were already in
the record through Toussaint’s own testimony. Toussaint testified to the same
circumstances, that Reveles and Medina had been arguing, she tried to
intervene, and Galbreath told her to mind her own business and struck her in the
face several times. Officer Rich’s testimony was not prejudicial because it was
cumulative to evidence that was already properly in the record.1 The admission
Additionally, Galbreath admits Toussaint’s statements to officer Rich at the bar might
come within the excited utterance exception to the hearsay rule found in Iowa Rule of
Evidence 5.803(2). To the extent these statements were properly admitted under an
exception to the hearsay rule, officer Rich’s testimony concerning the later interview at
the police station was merely cumulative to these properly admitted statements.
1
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of hearsay evidence in this case does not constitute reversible error.
We affirm Galbreath’s conviction.
AFFIRMED.
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