Young v. State

612 S.E.2d 118 (2005)

272 Ga. App. 304

YOUNG v. The STATE. Wright v. The State.

Nos. A04A1828, A04A1829.

Court of Appeals of Georgia.

March 21, 2005.

*121 David Bishop, Atlanta, for Appellant (case nos. A04A1828.

Dell Jackson, Atlanta, for Appellant (case no. A04A1829).

Paul Howard Jr., District Attorney, Marc Mallon, Assistant District Attorney, for Appellee.

ADAMS, Judge.

Jovan Young and Jomandi Wright were jointly tried by jury on charges arising out of an armed robbery of three men. They were convicted and sentenced on eight counts. They now appeal on several grounds.

Construed in favor of the verdicts, the evidence shows that on February 10, 2002, Daniel Hennagir, Douglas Strand, and Bobby Willoughby were leaving a nightclub in Atlanta at about 3:00 or 4:00 a.m., when they were approached by a man in blue or grey who demanded in a hostile manner, "What do you got?" Two other men then appeared, one dressed all in red and the other holding a gun low, close to his knee, showing it to the victims; but not pointing it at them. Simultaneously with showing the gun, one of the two said, "You don't understand. We want your money." At this point, the victims understood that it was a robbery. At trial, two of the victims identified the man in blue as Wright and the man in red as Young.

Wright then grabbed Strand's cash and driver's license out of his back pocket. Next, as Hennagir attempted to protect his wallet from Wright and Young, the man with the gun struck him with the gun, which allowed Young to grab the wallet. The three men then ran. Willoughby, who testified that he was "scared to death" during the whole event, had taken his cash out, but in their haste the robbers overlooked it. The incident lasted between one and five minutes.

Police were called immediately. Within a few minutes officers saw two men in the area generally fitting the description. An officer testified that when the men saw the police, they reversed direction but were caught. Officers brought Wright and Young back to the scene, where they were identified as two of the perpetrators. The man with the gun was never apprehended. None of the stolen property was ever recovered.

1. Both appellants contend the trial court erred by rejecting their claims under Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 106 S. Ct. 1712, 90 L. Ed. 2d 69 (1986), that the State *122 exercised its peremptory strikes in a racially and gender-wise discriminatory manner during jury selection. "[I]t is unconstitutional for a prosecutor or defense counsel to exercise a peremptory challenge to a prospective juror because of the juror's race or gender. See J.E.B. v. Alabama, 511 U.S. 127, 143, 114 S. Ct. 1419, 128 L. Ed. 2d 89 (1994); Georgia v. McCollum, 505 U.S. 42, 112 S. Ct. 2348, 120 L. Ed. 2d 33 (1992)." Robinson v. State, 278 Ga. 134, 135(1), 598 S.E.2d 466 (2004).

The three-step procedure for analyzing a Batson challenge is well known. "The opponent of a peremptory challenge must make a prima facie showing of [gender or] racial discrimination; the burden of production shifts to the proponent of the strike to give a [gender- or] race-neutral reason for the strike; the trial court then decides whether the opponent of the strike has proven discriminatory intent." (Footnote omitted.) Chandler v. State, 266 Ga. 509, 510(2), 467 S.E.2d 562 (1996). We affirm the decision of the trial court unless it was clearly erroneous. Johnson v. State, 266 Ga. 775, 777(4), 470 S.E.2d 637 (1996).

The State used five peremptory challenges to strike juror nos. 5, 7, and 10 (African-American females), juror no. 14 (a Caucasian female), and alternate juror no. 30 (an African-American male). The defendants jointly challenged the release of these jurors citing Batson. The State next gave what it claimed were race- and gender-neutral reasons for the challenged strikes, which, for this Court's purposes, renders a preliminary showing of prima facie discrimination moot. Hernandez v. New York, 500 U.S. 352, 359(II)(A), 111 S. Ct. 1859, 114 L. Ed. 2d 395 (1991); Brannan v. State, 275 Ga. 70, 75(5), 561 S.E.2d 414 (2002). The court then ruled that the State had carried its burden of showing race- and gender-neutral reasons for striking juror nos. 5, 7, 10, and 30. (The court granted the Batson challenge as to juror no. 14 on the grounds that the stated reasonthat the juror gave the prosecutor a "bad feeling"was too nebulous and not facially neutral.)

The court then asked the defendants to attempt to carry their burden of showing discriminatory intent with regard to the remaining four jurors. Following the defendants' presentation, the court denied their remaining Batson challenges and released jurors nos. 5, 7, 10, and 30. Thus, the issue presented is whether, with regard to each of the four challenged jurors, the defendants showed discriminatory intent.

(a) With regard to juror no. 5, the State explained that her father had been falsely accused of murder based on mistaken identity and her brother accused of assault with a deadly weapon. The court held that this reason was facially neutral, and we agree. The defendants countered that the current case did not include an accusation of murder and that juror no. 8, an African-American male, was not struck yet he had a stepbrother who had been accused and convicted of manslaughter. The trial court's conclusion that the defendants did not show discriminatory intent with regard to juror no. 5 was not clearly erroneous. An issue of mistaken identity was raised in this case and the cited facts about the two jurors were significantly different.

(b) With regard to juror no. 7, the State's only explanation for the strike was that the woman was excused because a close relative, her nephew, had been convicted of manslaughter (for an incident that occurred while playing Russian Roulette)a gender neutral reason. The defendants countered that juror no. 8, a male, was not struck yet he had a stepbrother who had been convicted of manslaughter. They also argued that juror no. 9, a white male, was not struck, yet he himself had been convicted of a crime. Without further inquiring of the prosecutor, the court ruled on the challenge, but in its ruling the court incorrectly remembered that the State's explanation was that the juror had been accused of a same crime charged in the present caseaggravated assault or assault with a deadly weaponand it did not address the arguably similar situations of juror nos. 8 and 9. Based on that incorrect recollection, the court concluded that the defendants had not proven discriminatory intent.

The opponent of a strike may carry his burden of persuasion by showing that similarly situated jurors of another race or *123 gender were not struck. Barnes v. State, 269 Ga. 345, 349(6), 496 S.E.2d 674 (1998). See also Shell v. State, 264 Ga.App. 547, 548(1), 591 S.E.2d 450 (2003). The defendants attempted to do so here, yet the court apparently failed to consider the argument, and the State never offered a reason why the two prospective jurors were handled differently. "A prosecutor's failure to explain the apparently disparate treatment of similarly situated [male and female] jurors certainly diminishes the force of [the] explanation for striking a [female] juror." Ford v. State, 262 Ga. 558, 559-560(3), n. 1, 423 S.E.2d 245 (1992). Furthermore, the judge based her decision on a mistake of fact.

Under these circumstances, a remand is in order. This Court has held that when a trial court does not require the State "to fully explain its use of the peremptory challenges" we will remand the case to permit the prosecutor to do so and to allow the trial court to make findings under Batson. Chunn v. State, 210 Ga.App. 209, 211(2), 435 S.E.2d 728 (1993). See also McKenzie v. State, 223 Ga.App. 108, 114(3)(c), 476 S.E.2d 868 (1996) (issue remanded where trial court failed to properly consider ultimate question of whether the striking lawyer acted with discriminatory intent).

Therefore, with regard to juror no. 7, we remand the case in order to permit the prosecutor to fully explain the strike and to allow the trial court to make findings under Batson. Chunn, 210 Ga.App. at 211, 435 S.E.2d 728. Should the trial court determine that the defendants have shown discriminatory intent, a new trial is in order. Should the trial court determine that no Batson violation occurred, the defendants' convictions will remain in effect. Either party may file a notice of appeal from the trial court's ruling made on remand. Id. With regard to the question of discrimination, the court should consider the totality of the circumstances related to the Batson claim. See Gay v. State, 258 Ga.App. 634, 636-637(1), 574 S.E.2d 861 (2002).

(c) With regard to juror no. 10, the State explained she was struck because she was under 21 years of age and she admitted to illegal underage drinking, a race- and gender-neutral reason. The defendants countered that juror no. 9, a male, admitted having been convicted of a crime, yet he was not struck. The court concluded that the reason offered by the State for striking juror no. 10 did not make sense but that it was a legitimate reason under Pickett v. State, 226 Ga. App. 743, 487 S.E.2d 653 (1997). Yet the principle relied upon in Pickett relates to step two of the three-step Batson procedurewhether the state offered neutral reasons. Id. at 745, 487 S.E.2d 653. Thus, the court in the present case failed to consider the ultimate question of discriminatory intent with regard to juror no. 10. This question regarding whether the State acted with discriminatory intent by striking juror no. 10 should also be addressed upon remand. See McKenzie, 223 Ga.App. at 114(3)(c), 476 S.E.2d 868.

(d) With regard to juror no. 30, an African-American male, the State explained that it struck him because he was diabetic, did not appear to be in total command of his faculties, believed in witchcraft, was difficult to understand, and did not appear to understand questions asked of him. The defense countered that it did not recall any comments about witchcraft, rather, the man had said that the devil makes people do things sometimes. Otherwise, the defense did not offer anything to show that the State acted in a discriminatory fashion. The court agreed with the State's recollection that the man was "not all there." We find no clear error in this finding.

2. Wright and Young were charged with (1) armed robbery of Hennagir "by use of a handgun," (2) aggravated assault on Hennagir "by striking him in the head with [a] handgun," (3) aggravated assault with a deadly weapon on Hennagir "by threatening him with a handgun," (4) armed robbery of Strand "by use of a handgun," (5) aggravated assault with a deadly weapon on Strand "by threatening him with a handgun," (6) attempt to commit armed robbery of Willoughby by threatening him with a hand gun, (7) aggravated assault with a deadly weapon on Willoughby "by threatening him with a handgun," and (8) possession of a firearm during *124 the commission of a felony. They were both found guilty and sentenced on all eight counts.

The State contends that the crime of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon, against all three victims, was completed when the third perpetrator initially displayed the gun with the intent to intimidate. Then, according to the State, Wright and Young committed armed robbery by using a gun and committed aggravated assault on Hennagir by hitting him with the gun. Wright and Young contend that the aggravated assault charges (Counts 3, 5, and 7) should have merged as a matter of law and fact into the armed robbery and attempted armed robbery charges (Counts 1, 4, and 6). We agree.

Georgia law bars conviction and punishment of all crimes that arise from the same criminal conduct and are as a matter of law or fact included in the major crime for which the defendant has been convicted. Keener v. State, 238 Ga. 7, 8, 230 S.E.2d 846 (1976); Teal v. State, 203 Ga.App. 440, 441(1), 417 S.E.2d 666 (1992). Nevertheless, "[a]ggravated assault is not included in armed robbery as a matter of law, but it may be included as a matter of fact. [Cit.]" Perkins v. State, 216 Ga.App. 118, 120(2), 453 S.E.2d 135 (1995). See also Silvers v. State, 278 Ga. 45, 48(4), 597 S.E.2d 373 (2004). "Under the actual evidence test, a lesser crime is included in the crime charged if the evidence actually presented at trial to establish the elements of the crime charged also establishes all the elements of the lesser crime." State v. Burgess, 263 Ga. 143, 144-145(1), 429 S.E.2d 252 (1993).

As the State suggests, it is possible to first commit aggravated assault by frightening the victim with a weapon and immediately thereafter to commit armed robbery by proceeding to use the weapon to rob the victim. See, e.g., Blocker v. State, 265 Ga.App. 846, 848(2)(a), 595 S.E.2d 654 (2004) (defendant pointed gun and ordered victim to kneel, causing reasonable apprehension of injury; then defendant demanded victim's property). If separate facts are used to prove each crime, then the defendant may be convicted of both crimes. Id.

But here, the only evidence is that the three assailants used the gun to rob the victims. There was not a separate aggravated assault before the robbery began. Compare Blocker, 265 Ga.App. at 848, 595 S.E.2d 654. Before that time the gun had only been "shown" and not pointed at anyone. Simultaneous with showing the gun, the assailants made clear that they intended to rob the victims, which they then proceeded to do, and the entire incident was over in a very brief time. The defendants were charged with armed robbery by use of a gun. Where the same assault is used to support a charge of aggravated assault and a charge of armed robbery, the aggravated assault conviction must merge with the conviction of armed robbery. See, e.g., Curtis v. State, 275 Ga. 576, 578-579(2), 571 S.E.2d 376 (2002) (gun used only once, to take control of car, not separately as a threat); Young v. State, 177 Ga.App. 756, 757(2), 341 S.E.2d 286 (1986) (only aggravated assault was that by which the armed robbery was effectuated); Chitwood v. State, 170 Ga.App. 599, 601(4), 317 S.E.2d 589 (1984) (weapon used only in an effort to take property).

The defendants also contend that the count of aggravated assault by striking Hennagir (Count 2) merges with the armed robbery charge (Count 1) as a matter of fact because Hennagir refused to give up his money despite the initial display of the gun. Rather, they contend, it was only by striking Hennagir that Young and the gunman were able to get Hennagir's money. For the same reasons as above, we agree. The evidence is undisputed that the robbery was not complete until the gunman struck Hennagir with the gun thereby allowing Young to take his money. The convictions for aggravated assault should have merged with the convictions for armed robbery and attempted armed robbery for the purpose of sentencing. See Young, 177 Ga.App. at 757, 341 S.E.2d 286.

The evidence was sufficient to support the remaining convictions of armed robbery, attempted armed robbery, and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony.

*125 3. Wright and Young contend that the trial court erroneously charged the jury that under Georgia law a witness can be impeached upon proof of general bad character or proof that the witness has been convicted of a crime of moral turpitude because no evidence of either was presented at trial.

The only person possibly impeached was Young. Young, the only defense witness, was 18 years old at the time of the incident. On direct examination, his attorney asked him what he was doing in midtown that night. Young said that he had gone to "Club Kaya." On cross-examination, the prosecutor asked him whether one had to be 21 years old to get into that club. Young replied that you do unless you know the person on security and that, on that night, the person on security who he knew had let him in.

Young argues under Jones v. State, 257 Ga. 753, 759(1)(b), 363 S.E.2d 529 (1988), that this statement did not put his character in issue and therefore the charge should not have been given. The State admits that based on the evidence presented, the character portion of the charge was irrelevant to the evidence presented at trial.

"The giving of an unauthorized charge on an unavailable method of impeachment is generally harmless error. [Cits.]" Francis v. State, 266 Ga. 69, 72(3), 463 S.E.2d 859 (1995). But if evidence is presented to which the charge could be applied then the error might be harmful. See Peters v. State, 72 Ga.App. 157, 160, 33 S.E.2d 454 (1945). We find the testimony to be so innocuous as to not amount to evidence of bad character. All Young said was that he was able to get in the club because he knew the bouncer. He did not indicate that he lied to get in, cheated to get in, or broke any laws. We therefore conclude that it is highly probable that the error did not contribute to the verdict. Abernathy v. State, 252 Ga.App. 635, 636, 556 S.E.2d 859 (2001).

4. Wright and Young, who were represented by separate counsel, both contend that their attorneys were ineffective in similar ways.

"In order to establish ineffectiveness of trial counsel, appellant must show both that counsel's performance was deficient and that the deficient performance prejudiced the defense. There is a strong presumption that the performance of trial counsel falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance." (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Williams v. State, 277 Ga. 853, 857(6), 596 S.E.2d 597 (2004). "The reasonableness of counsel's performance is to be evaluated from counsel's perspective at the time of the alleged error and in light of all the circumstances. [Cit.]" Kimmelman v. Morrison, 477 U.S. 365, 384(III)(A), 106 S. Ct. 2574, 91 L. Ed. 2d 305 (1986). And, it is generally appropriate to assess counsel's overall performance

throughout the case in order to determine whether the "identified acts or omissions" overcome the presumption that counsel rendered reasonable professional assistance. Since "(there) are countless ways to provide effective assistance in any given case," [Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668,] 689[, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984)], unless consideration is given to counsel's overall performance, before and at trial, it will be "all too easy for a court, examining counsel's defense after it has proved unsuccessful, to conclude that a particular act or omission of counsel was unreasonable." [Cit.] Id. at 386(III)(A), 106 S. Ct. 2574.

(a) The defendants contend their counsel failed to file a motion to suppress and failed to properly object to the showup identificationas being impermissibly suggestiveand failed to object to the in-court identification. Failure to file a suppression motion does not constitute per se ineffective assistance of counsel. Kimmelman, 477 U.S. at 384, 106 S. Ct. 2574. "When trial counsel's failure to file a motion to suppress is the basis for a claim of ineffective assistance, the defendant must make a strong showing that the damaging evidence would have been suppressed had counsel made the motion. [Cit.]" Richardson v. State, 276 Ga. 548, 553(3), 580 S.E.2d 224 (2003).

Although "a one-on-one showup is inherently suggestive," an identification produced from a showup is not necessarily inadmissible. (Citation and punctuation omitted.) *126 Miller v. State, 266 Ga.App. 378, 382(1), 597 S.E.2d 475 (2004). When assessing the admissibility of such identification evidence, "[w]e apply a two-part test.... First, we determine whether the identification procedure was impermissibly suggestive. If it was, we then consider the totality of the circumstances to determine whether a very substantial likelihood existed of irreparable misidentification." (Punctuation and footnotes omitted.) Hooper v. State, 251 Ga.App. 533, 535(2), 554 S.E.2d 750 (2001).

With regard to part one of the test, "[o]n-the-scene `showup' identifications, like the one here, `have been held not to be impermissibly suggestive but necessary due to the practicabilities inherent in such situations.' (Footnote omitted.)" Watson v. State, 243 Ga.App. 636, 638(c), 534 S.E.2d 93 (2000). As long as the showup was reasonably and fairly conducted at or near the time of the offense, we do not reach the second part of the test. Daniel v. State, 150 Ga.App. 798, 800, 258 S.E.2d 604 (1979).[1]

The two suspects were handcuffed and in separate police cars when they were returned to the scene of the crime only minutes after the robbery. The mere fact that the men were in a police car when they were identified does not taint the identifications. Jenkins v. State, 216 Ga.App. 433, 454 S.E.2d 543 (1995). And, here, there was no evidence that the victims knew that the men were in handcuffs. Compare Miller v. State, 266 Ga.App. 378, 383, 597 S.E.2d 475 (2004). Hennagir was taken from the first car to the second and each time asked, "Do you recognize this gentleman as one of the assailants." Strand testified to the same procedure except the officer said, "we're going to see if this is the man that mugged you." We find nothing unfair in these statements by the officer. See Ivey v. State, 277 Ga. 875, 876(3), 596 S.E.2d 612 (2004) (asking victim "if one of the guys [pictured] is the one that went over the counter" was not impermissible) (punctuation omitted). And the defendants point to no other evidence that the showup was impermissibly suggestive. Accordingly, the defendants' claim of ineffective assistance of counsel for failure to object to the showup identification is without merit.

As for the in-court identification, challenges must be made through cross-examination. Ivey, 277 at 877(4)(b), 596 S.E.2d 612. Here, the defense cross-examined the victims in an attempt to discredit their identifications. We find no error.

(b) Wright contends his counsel was ineffective by failing to object to the jury charge on impeachment during the charge conference. But his counsel made an exception to the charge as given and reserved his objections to the charge, and we have considered the merits of the issue above.

(c) Wright contends his counsel was ineffective by failing to object during closing argument when the prosecutor stated that a gun is a deadly weapon. Wright cites no law in support of this claim, and we find no error.

(d) Wright contends his counsel was ineffective by failing to object during closing argument to the State's summary definition of attempted armed robbery. But, upon review, we find no basis for this claim. Trial counsel's failure to object to legitimate closing argument does not constitute deficient performance. See Mason v. State, 274 Ga. 79, 80(2)(b), 548 S.E.2d 298 (2001).

(e) Young contends that his counsel should have objected to the prosecutor's closing argument when he said, "Mr. Young said ... that he was at Club Kaya.... I don't think the bars in there let you or are lenient about people under 21 getting in." He argues that the information was a fact not in evidence. "As a general rule, prosecutors are granted wide latitude in conducting closing argument, and defining the bounds of such argument is within the trial court's discretion." (Footnote omitted.) Arnold v. State, 249 Ga.App. 156, 162(4), 545 S.E.2d 312 (2001). This "wide latitude" encompasses *127 the prosecutor's ability to argue reasonable inferences raised by the evidence. Wyatt v. State, 267 Ga. 860, 864(2)(a), 485 S.E.2d 470 (1997). Young testified that one had to be 21 years old to get into the club that he claimed to have attended. It is a reasonable inference from this testimony that the club is not lenient about letting people in who are under 21 years of age.

Judgments affirmed and cases remanded with direction.

RUFFIN, C.J., and BERNES, J., concur.

NOTES

[1] At the hearing on the motion for new trial, trial counsel for Young testified that he believed that under the circumstances, a showup identification was permissible under the law and that therefore he did not see a need to file a motion to suppress.