Misc. 13-01 Exhibit 1 (FISC 2013)

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EXHIBIT 1 Motion of the Electronic Frontier Foundation for Consent to Disclosure of Court Records or, in the Alternative, a Determination of the Effect of the Court's Rules on Statutory Access Rights STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA UNITl~D ELECTRONIC FRONTIER FOUNDATION, Plaintiff: v. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE. Dckndant. ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Civil Action No. 12-1441-ABJ ) ) ) ) ) ) ) OF POINTS AND AUTHORITIES IN SUPPORT OF nrn DEPARTMENT OF .JUSTICE'S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT ~IEMORANDUM STUART F. DELERY Acting Assistant Attorney (Jenera! JOHN R. TYLER Assistant Branch Director Civil Division JACQUELINE COLEMAN SNEAD (D.C. Bar 459548) Senior Counsel United States Department of Justice C:ivil lJivision, Federal Progra1ns !Jranch 20 Massachusetts Ave, NW Washington, D.C. 20S:l0 Telephone: (202) 514-3418 Fax: (202) 616-8470 F-111a i I: J acquc 1inc. Sncad(l/;usdoj .gov c:ounsel for the Department of .Justice TABLE OF CONTENTS JNTRODUCTJON . .... 1 STATUTORY BACKGROUND. .. STATE1V!ENT OF FACTS ............ . 1 _) ...... 7 ARGUMENT .. THE DEPARTMENT JS NOT "IMPROPERLY" WITHl!OLD!NG ORDERS OF THE FJSC. 1. IL THE COURT SHOULD UPHOLD THE DEPARTMENT'S WITHHOLDINGS UNDER EXEMPTION (B)(l) .. A. B. An Original Classification Authority Has Properly Classified the Information Withheld From Plaintiff as Exempt Under (b)(l). All of the Information Withheld Pursuant to Exemption (b)( I) is Govcrn111cnt Infonnation .. . .......... 1I ..... 15 . .. l 7 ...... l 8 C. All of the Jn formation Withheld Pursuant to Exemption (b)( I) ls Within a Category Identified in Section I A of Executive Order No. l 3526.. . ............... l 8 D. The Unauthorized Disclosure of the Information Withheld Under Exemption (b )(I) Reasonably Could Be Expected to Damage National Security.. Ill. THE COURT SHOULD UPHOLD THE DEPARTMENT'S \VITI !HOLDINGS UNDER EXEMPTION (13)(3) .. IV. THE DEPARTMENT SATISFIED FOIA'S SEGREGA!l!LJTY REQUIREMENT .. A. lJocun1cnts A and 13 c:annot J3c "Reasonably" Segregated Because the FISC Controls the Publication of Its Orders... ll. The Department Jlas Complied with FOIA's Scgrcgability l\cquircn1cnt ns to the (~'ongrcssiona! 13ricf\ngs Responsive to Plaintiffs FOIA Request... CONCLUSION .. .. 20 ....... 22 ... 25 .. 26 ............. 27 .............. 27 TABLE OF AUTHORITIES /lbbotts v. Nuclear J?e~i:;uloto1)' C'on1n1 n, 766 F.2d 604 (DC. Cir. 1985) 1 ..... 16 ACLUv. CIA, 2012 WL4356338 (D.D.C, Sept. 25, 2012) .. . ...... 20, 26 ACLU v. US Dep't o/Justice, 681 F.3d 61 (2d Cir. 2012) .. . ........ 11, 20 ACLU v. US Dep't o/Dcfense, 628 F.3d 612 (D.C. Cir. 2011) . ('enter.for Nat'/ Sec. Stuclies v. f)e;J't qj'Ju.':fice, 331 F.3d 918 (D.C. Cir. 2003) ....... . ('J;I v. Silns, . ......... 11 . ..... IL 21 .............. 23 471u.s159(1985) .. Clapper v. Amnesty Int'/ USA. 133S.Ct.1138(2013) ........ 3 Darui v. US Dep't o{State, 798 F. Supp. 2d 32 (D.D.C 2011) .............. . L\sentia/ !nfi>., Inc. v. USIA, 134 F.3d 1165 (]) C Cir. 1998) ..... . IO 0' ............... ,;.._) F'JJJ v. Abro1nson, 456 U.S. 615 (1982) .. .. 9 F'erronfi v. }Jurcou <?/ii /coho/, 1'ohocco <i'.- F'ireur1n.'·:, 177 F Supp. 2d4! (D.D.C. 2001) .. F'it:,gihhon v. C'fil, 'Jl I F.2d 755 (D.C:. Cir. 1990) .... .......... I 0 .. ')' "- _) Go/alJ(/ v. C!il, 607 F.2d 339 (D.C:. Cir. 1978) .. ················· 23 (?f.!uslice, 802 F. Supp. 506 (D DC:. 1992) .. (Trove v. J)ejJ't .................. IO 11 GTE Sylvunio, Inc. v. Consumers Union o/US., 445U.S.375(1980) ............. . ......... 2, 11, 12 Halperin v. CIA, 629 F.2d 144 (DC. Cir. 1980) .... .... 21, 23 I layden v. NSA,, 608 F.2d 1381 (D.C. Cir. 1979). .. 24 Jn re Mo1.j(1r Rel. o/Cour/ llecord1·,, 526 F. Supp. 2d 484 (FISC Dec. 11, 2007) .. .John /Joe .Agenc.y v. John f)oe C'orJJ., 493 146 (1989) us. .... 13, 14 ..................... 9 .Juarez v. De1>art1nent qf'Justice, 518 F.3d 54 (D.C. Cir. 2008) ................ . ......... 25 Kissinger v. J?e;Jorter.'I· C'onun . .f(Jr f''reeL/0111 q{the f)ress, 445 U.S. 136 ( 1980). . .................... .............. .. ... 15, 26 Krikorian v. !Je11 ! <?f'S'to!e, 984 F.2d 461 (DC Cir. 1993) ... .............. 11 Lorson v. f)ejJ t o.(5'tute, 565 F.3d 857 (DC Cir. 2009) ............... . ............... 2Cl 1 1 Linder v. NSA, 94 FJd 693 (D.C Cir. 1996) ... ........ 24 J\1/uck v. f)ejl't qf"the Na\·J', 259 F. Supp. 2d. 99 (D.D.C. 2003) ... ........ 10 1\;/i/ih11J' Audit 1-)rr~jcc/ ''· C'ose.\.t, .................... 16 656 F.2d 724 (DC Cir. 1981) .. 't r~f-.!11slice, 923 F.2d 195 (DC: Cir. 1991). /\,frJJ~{!,on \'. l)niteri 5'tu/es f_)ep ....... ., 13 Ft.e11orters C'onnn. _{or 1-:reec/0111 r~lthe JJress v. f)e;J't (~f"J11stice, 816 F.2d 730 (D.C. Cir.) modified on olher grounds, 831 F.2d 1124 (D.C. Cir. 1987), rcv'cl on olher gro1111ds, 489 U.S 749 ( 1989),.. Ill ........ 23 Sa/ish111y v. United Stutes, 690 F.2d 966 (DC. Cir. 1982) ... ············16 Senate o/Co111111om1'ealth o/P.R. v. US Dep't o(!ustice, 1993 WL 364696 (D.D.C., Aug. 24, 1993) .. . ................. . Soghoian v. United States Dcp't o/Justice, 885 F. Supp. 2d 62 (D.D.C. 2012) .. .. 12 ············· 25 US. Dep't o(Justice v. Tax Analysts, 492 u.s J:l6 ( 1989) ... 10, 12, 26 l'Veissn1an v. C'lil, 565 F.2d 692 (D.C. Cir. 1977) .. ·················...... 21 Wheeler v. CIA, 271 F. Supp. 2d 132 (D.D.C. 2003) .. ············ .. 10 Wilbur v. CIA, 273 F. Supp. 2d 119 (D.D.C. 2003) . 10 ·············· ··············· Wol/v. CIA, 473 F.3d 370 (DC. Cir. 2007) ... ..................... 11 Statutes 5 U.S.C. § 552 .. us c . ... passlln § 798 .. . ............... 25 50 U.S.C § 402 .. . 24 18 50 U.S.C. § 403-1 . 50 u.sc. . ....... 24 § 1801. ··············· 4 50 U.S.C § 1803 .. . .. G, 14, 26 50 U S C § I 821 . . ..... 4 50 U.S.C. § 1871. . ... ················· 14 50 US.C:. § 188la .. . .......... pHSSlll1 Pub. L. No. 95-511, 95th Cong., 2d Scss. (Oct. 25, 1978) ... JV .............. _)' Pub. L No. 110-261, I 10th Cong., 2d Sess. (July 10, 2008). Pub. L No. 112-238, I 12th Cong., 2d Scss. (Dec. 30, 2012) ... . .......... 3 . .... 6 Other Authorities . ........ 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 75 Fed. Reg. 707 (Dec. 29, 2009) ... .. 6, 14, 26 FJSC R. P. 62 .. v INTRODUCTION Last sun1111cr, in an effort to strike the right balance bct\vccn govcrn1ncnt transparency and the protection of critical intelligence activities, the govcrn1ncnt declassified four statements concerning its activities pursuant to Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act ("FlSA") Amendments Act of2008. Not content with that disclosure, Electronic Frontier Foundation ("EFF" or "Plaintiff') submitted a Freedom of Information Act ("FOJA") request seeking additional information related to t\vo of the declassified statc1nents, specifically, that on at least one occasion the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court ("FISC") "held that some collection carried out pursuant to the Section 702 111ini111ization procedures used by the govcrnn1cnt \Vas unreasonable under the Fourth A1ncnd1ncnt" and that "on at least one occasion the FISA Court has reached th[ e] conclusion" that "the government's implementation of Section 702 of r:ISA has son1cti1ncs circun1vcntcd the spirit of the la\v." Not\vithstancling that the "govern1ncnt has re1ncdicd these concerns and the FISC has continued to approve [] collection [pursuant to Section 702] as consistent with the statute and reasonable under the Fourth 1\1ncndn1cnt," EFF con1plains that further infonnation about those statcn1cnts has not been disclosed. Thus, EFF invoked FOIA and now this Court's jurisdiction to obtain previously, undisclosed and classified inforn1ation about the govcrnn1cnt's intelligence activities under Section 702. Specifically, l'laintilTsceks any FISC opinions or orders described !n the t\VO declassified statc1ncn1s as \vell as any briefing on such opinions or orders to the Senate Select C_'o1nn1ittcc on Intelligence or the I-louse Pcnnanent Select c:o1n1nittcc on Intelligence. F()!t\, lHJ\\'ever, exc111pts that infonnation frorn disclosure and thus is unavailing. Although Plaintiff\vas advised that t\vO copies ofa responsive FISC~ order \Vere identified, neither could be produced to Plaintiff because the FISC Rules of Procedure prohibit their public disclosure. That the Departmeut is withholding those copies thus is not "in1proper" under F()!A because the I)cpart1ncnt has no discretion in regard to their publication. As the Supren1e (~'ourt concluded long ago, "[t]here is nothing in the legislative history to suggest that in adopting the Frccdon1 of lnfonnation Act to curb agency discretion to conceal infonnation, Congress intended to require an agency to con11nit contc111pt of court in order to release docun1ents." (;71~· --~vlvania, Inc. v. Consumers Union oj'US., 445 U.S. 375, 387 (1980). Thus, the Department's compliance with the rules of the FJSC is not improper under FOJA, and the disclosure of the responsive FISC orders accordingly cannot be con1pclled. Alternatively and independently, their withholding as well as that of the other three responsive records (two in part and one in its entirety) should be upheld pursuant to exemptions (b )( l) and (b )(3 ). Plaintiirs request for information related to Section 702 activities necessarily i1nplicntes classified intelligence sources and 111ethods that these cxe111ptions shield fro1n public disclosure. ·rhe govcrnn1ent has dctcnnincd that disc lo sure of the in form a ti on withheld from Pl a inti ff could result in exceptional 1y gm vc and serious dan1agc to the national security. Plaintiff obviously cannot contend othcr\visc. ·rhc c:ourt accordingly should defer to the govcrnn1cnl 's dctcnninatlon in this CllSC, Uphold the r)cpar!l11Cll\'s \V)thhoJdings, and grant this lllOti0!1. STATUTORY BACKGROUND Congress enacted the Foreign lntclligcncc Surveillance Act (''FISA") of 1978 to authorize and establish procedures for "electronic surveillance to obtain foreign intelligence information." Pub. L. 95-511, 95th Cong., 2d Scss. (Oct. 25, 1978). Jn 2008, the Act was a1ncndcd to include "a nc\v and independent source of intelligence collection authority, beyond that granted in traditional FISA." Clopper v. Amnesty Int'/ USA, 133 S. Ct. 1138, 1144 (2013); Pub. L. 110-261, 110th Cong, 2d Scss. (July 10, 2008) ("FISA Amendments Act of 2008"). That authority, which is set forth in Section 702, empowers the Attorney General and the Director of National lntclligcnce to authorize jointly "for a period of up to l year fi·on1 the effective date of the authorization, the targeting of persons reasonably believed to be located outside the lJnitcd States to acquire foreign intelligence information." 50 U.S.C. ~ 188la(a). Such acquisitions offorcign intelligence inforn1ation arc li111itccl and n1ust not "intentionally target any person kno\vn at the tin1e of acquisition to be located in the United St~1tes;" "intentionally target a person reasonably believed to be located outside the United States if the purpose of such acquisition is to target a particular, kno\vn person reasonably believed to be in the United States;" "intentionally target a United States person reasonably believed to be located outside the lJnitcd States;" or "intentionally acquire any con11nunicntion as to \Vhich the sender and all intended recipients arc knov·.:n at the ti1nc of the acquisition to be located in the United States." Id. § 1881 a(b). In addition, the acquisitions of foreign intelligence authorized by Section 702 "shall be conducted in a n1anncr consistent \Vith the fourth amendment to the Constitution of the United Stales." id. 3 Section 702 acquisitions additionally arc subject to 1nini1nization procedures, targeting procedures, and co1npllancc guidelines adopted by the ;\ttorney Ciencral in consultation with the Director of National Intelligence. See SO U.S.C. § 1881 a(d)-(1} "J'hc 1ninin1ization procedures arc specific 1ncasurcs that, a1nong other things, arc "designed in light of the purpose and technique of the particular surveillance, to n1inin1izc the acquisition and retention, and prohibit the disscn1ination, of nonpublicly available infonnation concerning unconscnting LJnited States persons consistent \Vith the need of the lJnited States to obtain, produce, and disscn1inatc foreign intelligence infonnation." 1 50 U.S.C. § 1801 (h)(J ). The targeting procedures "ensure that any acquisition authorized under [Section 702] is limited to targeting persons reasonably believed to be located outside the lJnited States" and "prevent the intentional acquisition of any con11nunication as to \Vhich the sender and all intended recipients arc kno\vn at the tin1c of the acquisition to be located in the United States." 50 U.S.C. § 188la(d)(l)(A), (B). Finally, the required con1pliancc guidelines 1nust ensure "co1npliancc \vith the lin1itations [set out in Section 1881 a(b)]," and ensure "that an application for a court order is filed as required by this Act" 50 U.S.C § 1881 a(I)( I )(A), (13) The n1i11in1it.a1io11 procedures also should: (!) "require lh<ll ll()llj)llblicly <lV<til<\blc infonnation, \Vhich is llOt f'oreign intelligence ini'orn1ation ... not be disse1nina1cd in a n1an11cr that identifies nny United States person, \Vilhout such person's consent, unless such pcr;.;on's identity is necess;11) lo understand l'orci,!!11 intelligence i11for111:11io11 or assess its 1 in1por1:111cc;" (2) "nllcnv for the rctcntio11 :1nd dissc111i11'1tio11 o!'i111'or111;1tion th<1! is eYidencc ol'<1 crinic which has been. is being. or is about lo be con1n1ittcd <111d 1lrn1 is lo be retained or dissc1ni11atcd for l<1w cnl(.Hl'.e111c11t purposes;" ;nid (.l) ''require that 110 l'.Oll\Cll!S or1111y COllllllllnication to which <l United St<lles person is(\ p11rty shall be disclosed, disscininated, or used for any purpose or retained !()r longer th<lll 72 hours" except upon court order or deterinina1io11 by the Atlorncy c;cncral 1h;11 the i11!'onnation indicates <1 thrc<1t oftlec1th or serious bodily hunn to crny person. 50 IJ .S.C. § 180 I (11)(2 )·( 4); see ulso 50 U .SC. § 1821 ( 4 )(;\)-( D ). 4 'fhus, in general, before Section 702 authorization can be i111plcn1cntcd, the Attorney General and the Director of National Intelligence "shall provide to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court" ("FJSC") a written certification and any supporting affidavit attesting that all necessary procedures arc in place and the required guidelines adopted "consistent with the requirements of the fourth amendment." 50 U.S.C. § 1881a(g)(1 )(!\), (g)(2)(i\)(iv). The certification additionally must attest that ''a significant purpose of the acquisition is to obtain foreign intelligence inforn1ation" and that "the acquisition involves obtaining foreign intelligence inforn1ation fron1 or \Vith the assistance of an electronic communication service provider." Id § 1881 a(g)(2)(i\)(v)(vi). rrhc FISC~ has jurisdiction to rcvie\v certifications and targeting and 111ini1nization procedures. crhat COllrt rcviC\VS targeting Hild 111ini111JzatiOll procedures to ensure that they con1ply \Vith all statutory rcquircn1cnts and arc consistent \vith the Fourth /\111end1ncnt. The FISC reviews Section 702 certifications to ensure that they contain all required clements. Id § 1881 a(i). If the FJSC concludes that a certification "contains all the required clc111cnts" and that "the targeting and 111inin1ization procedures adopted" satisfy their statutory rcquirc111cnts and arc consistent \Vith the Fourth An1cndn1cnt, that court "shall enter an order approving the certification and the use ... of the procedures for the acquisition." Id ~ 1881 a(i)(2)(i\). llowever, if the FISC determines that the certification is deficient in any respect, the c:ourt "shall issue nn order directing the CJovcrnincnt to. (i) COl'l'cct any dcllcicncy identified by the Court's order not later than .10 days alter the date on vvhich the ('ourt issues !he order; or (ii) cease, or not begin, the i111plc111cntation of the authorization for which [the] certification was submitted." Id § 1881 a(i)(J)(B)(i)-(ii). 1-\ \Vrittcn staten1cnt explaining the reasons for the FISC~'s detcnnination shall issue sin1tdtancously \Vith the order. Neither the statc111ent nor the order can be released publicly except upon the order of the FISC. See FlSC Rules of Procedure ("FlSC R. P.") 62(b); see also SO U.S.C. § 1803(c). No targeting pursuant to Section 702 can con11ncncc except upon an order of the FISC or a determination by the Attorney Gcnernl and the Director of the National Intelligence that "exigent circu111stances exist" that do not pennit "the issuance of an order" and that "without immediate implementation of [the Section 702] authorization . intelligence important to the national security of the United States may be lost or not timely acquired." id§ l 881a(c)(2). In the event Section 702 authorization is based on such a determination, the Attorney General and the Director of National Intelligence "shall subn1it to the [FISC:J a certification for authorization as soon as practicable but in no event later than 7 days aher such determination is made." 50 U.S.C. § 1881a(g)(l)(B). Although Section 702 was scheduled to sunset at the end of2012, Congress extended the Fl SA Amendments Act of 2008 for another Jive years or until December 31, 2017. Sec Pub. L No. 112-238, I 12th Cong., 2d Scss. (Dec. 30, 2012). In advance of C:ongrcss's reauthorization decision and at the request ofScn~1tor I~on \Vyden, the ()fTicc of the J)ircctor of National Intelligence dcclassiflcd the follo\ving statc111cnts concerning the govcrn111cnt's surveillance activities pursuant to Section 702: ( ! ) A recent unclassified report noted that the Foreign lntclligcncc Surveillance Court has repeatedly held that collection cmricd out pursuant to the FISA Section 702 1ni11i111ization procedures used by the govcrnn1cnt is n.::asonnblc under the Fourth Amendment. (2) It is also true that on at least one occasion the 1-'orcign Intelligence Surveillance Court held that some collection cmried out pursuant to the 6 Section 702 1nini1r1ization procedures used by the govcrn1nen1 \Vas unreasonable under the Fourth An1cndn1cnt. (3) [According to Senator Wydcn,] the government's implementation of Section 702 of FISA has sometimes circumvented the spirit of the law, and on at least one occasion the FISA Cou11 has reached this same conclusion. (4) The government has remedied these concerns and the FISC has continued to approve the collection as consistent with the statute and reasonable under the Fourth Amendment. Sec Declaration of Mark A. Bradley ("Bradley Deel.") Ex. A (Letter Dated .July 20, 2012 to I Ion. J.Zon Wydcn), filed hcre\vith. ()thcr details concerning the govcrnn1cnt's intelligence activities pursuant to Section 702 rcn1ain classified. See ,r!,enero/~y f3radley Deel. and Declaration of Diane M. Janosek ("Janosek Deel."), filed herewith. STATEMENT OF FACTS By letter dated July 26, 2012, Plaintiff submitted a FOlA request to the Department of Justice National Security Division ("NSD") seeking records related to certain of the declassified staten1cnts concerning the governn1cnt's surveillance activities pursuant to Section 702. Sec Bradley Deel. Ex. A (EFF's FOIA Request). Specifically, EFF requested the following records: (I) Any written opinion or order, as described in the statement quoted above, in which "the Foreign lntclligcncc Surveillance Court held that some collection carried out pursuant to the Section 702 n1inin1ization procedures used by the govcrnn1cnt \Vas unreasonable under the Fourth An1cnchncnt"; (2) Any written opinion or order, as described in the statement quoted above, reflecting or concerning a FJSC: detcnninatlon that "the govcrn1ncnt's in1plc1ncntation of Section 702 of FISA has son1ctl1ncs circuinvcntcd the spirit of the law": and (3) Any briefing provided to the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence or the I-louse Pcrn1ancnt Select C~on1n1ittcc on lntcl!igcnce concerning the FISC: opinions or orders, described in items (I) and (2) above. 7 Id EFF additionally requested expedited processing of its request and a waiver of the associated processing fees. Sec id NS[) acknowledged receipt of EFF's FOlA request by email dated August 13, 2012. Therein, NSD explained that its policy is to process FOIA requests on a first-in, first-out basis and that, consistent with that policy, NSD would make every effort to respond as quickly as possible. Nevertheless, EFF filed this action on August 30, 2012 challenging the Department's failure to process its FOIA request within the twenty-day, statutory time period. Sec Compl. for lnj. Relief at 5, Aug. 30, 2012, EC:F No. I. The Department continued to process EFF's request. By email dated September 5, 2012, the Department advised EFF that its request for a fee waiver had been granted but that its request for expedited processing had been denied. After ans\vcring the Con1plaint in this action, the lJcpartn1cnt advised the Court that it anticipated needing until December 5, 2012 to complete processing Plainti!rs request. See Dcf.'s Status Rpt., Oct. 31, 2012, ECF No. 6. The Department subsequently revised that date and advised the (:ourt that processing \VOllid not be C0111plctcd Until January 2013 bCCill\SC of NSD's need to consult with additional government offices. Sec Dcf.'s Status Rpt., Dec. 5, 2012, ECF No. 7. By letter elated January 3, 2013, NSD informed Plaintiff that five documents responsive to its request had been located, (llrndlcy Deel. b. B): (I) a FISC order responsive to Item I ofl'laintilTs FOIA request ("Document A"); (2) the redacted copy of the same FISC order that was provided lo Congress pursuant to 50 U.S.C. 0 1871 ("Document ll''): (3) a classified \Vhitc paper prepared for (:ongrcss, only OllC paragraph which is responsive to Plaintilrs FOIA request ("Document C"); 8 or (4) a Joint State111cnt Before the Permanent Select Co111111ittee on Intelligence, United States House of Representatives ("Docu111cnt lY'), one section of which is responsive to Plaintiffs FOIA request; and (5) a Joint Statement Before the Senate Select C:o111111ittce on lntclligcnce, one section of which is responsive to Plaintiffs FOIA request ("Document I'") ·' . See Bradley Deel. SOMF") 115 & Ex. B; see also De[ 's Statement of Material Facts ("Def. 113, filed herewith. The Depart111cnt is withholding Document C in full pursuant to FOIA exemptions (b)(I) and (b)(3), and Documents A and Bin full pursuant to the FISC Rules of Procedure as well as those cxe111ptions. See Bradley Deel. 1111 11 & 12. f)ocu1ncnts D and E \Vere segregable and accordingly redacted and produced to Plaintiff. See Bradley Deel. 11 5 & Ex. B. The infor111ation the Department continues to withhold from those docu111ents is exempt under (b)(l) and (b)(3). 'The Dcpart111cnt no\v n1ovcs for su1n111ary judg111cnt and an order upholding the govcrn1ncnt's \Vithholdings. ARGUMENT F()lA represents a balance struck by Congress '"bct\vccn the right of the public to kno\V and the need of the (Jovcrnn1cnt to keep infonnation in confidence."' John J)oe Agemy 1·. .John Doe Cmp., 493 U.S. 146, 152 (1989) (citation omitted). While FOIA generally requires agency disclosure, c:ongrcss recognized "that lcgiti1natc govcrnn1cntal and private interests could be harn1cd by release of certain types of infonnation and provided nine specific cxc111ptions under vv·hich disclosure could be rcruscd." F'/31 ,. . Ahmmson, 456U.S.(i15, G2 l ( 1982); sec also 5 U.S.C. § 552(b). Although these exemptions should be "nmrowly construed," (Ahmmson, 456 U.S. at (130), they should be given "111eaningful reach and application:' (John !Joe, 493 lJ.S. at 152). ·rhc ;\ct "confers jurisdiction on the district courts 'to enjoin the agency fron1 \Vithholding agency 9 records and to order the production of any agency records i1npropcrly \Vithhcld. '" Unif(!c/ Sia/es Dep '1 o(!oslice v. fox A/l{ilJ'S/s, 492 U.S. 136, 142 ( 1989); see also 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B) An agency is entitled to sun1n1ary judgn1cnt \Vhen, as here, "the agency demonstrates that it has fully discharged its obligations under FOIA." Willmr v. CIA, 273 F. Supp. 2d 119, 124 (D.D.C. 2003). "In determining whether the agency has satisfied this burden, the (:ourt 111ay rely soJcJy 011 agency affidavits," ((JrO\'C V. }_)(!parllll(!ll/ qj Juslice, 802 F. Supp. 506, 509 (D.D.C. 1992) (internal citations omitted)), and should award s111111nary judgn1cnt "solely on the basis of inforn1ation provided by the agency in declarations," (Dami v. United Sia/es Dep '1 o/S!ale, 798 F. Supp. 2d 32, 37 (D.D.C. 2011)). Such declarations should "describe 'the [responsive] documents and the justifications for nondisclosure \vith reasonably specific detail, den1onstrate that the infonnation \vithhcld logically falls \vithin the clai1ncd exc111ption, and nrc not controverted by either contrary evidence in the record nor by evidence of agency bad foith."' Mack v. Dcpur/111cnl o/Nuvy, 259 F. Supp. 2d. 99, I 04 (D.D.C. 2003); sec also Wheeler v. CIA, 271 F. Supp. 2d 132, 136 (D.D.C. 2003). Unless the clcclarntions arc "deficient, the court need not condnct forthcr inqniry into their veracity." F"erron!i v. 1311rco11 q(illcol!ol, 1'ohocco (~ J·'ircurn1s, l 77 F. Supp. 2d 41, 45 ( D. !J.C. 200 I). Rather, they "enjoy a presumption of good faith, which may not be rebutted by purely speculative claiins." J\Inck v. /)cpur1111e11/ r~{1Vo1:r, 259 F. Supp. 2d. 99, 105 (D.D.C:. 2003) (internal quotations omitted). That is especially true in cases in1plicating, as here, national security concerns. C.'ourts in such cases ·'have consistently deferred to executive affidavits predicting hann to the national security, and have found it 10 un\visc to undertake searching judicial rcvic\v," C'cnterj(Jr 1Vor'/ S'ec. S1udies v. l_/nired Sia/es Dcp '/ o/J11s!ice, 331 F.3d 918, 927 (D.C. Cir. 2003 ); ACLU v. Uni led Sia/es Dcp '1 o/Dc/ense, 628 F.3d 612, 619 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (noting that courts '"must accord substllntial \Vcight to an agency's affidavit concerning the details of the classified status of [a] disputed record" because they '"lack the expertise necessary to second-guess such agency opinions in the typical national security FOJA case"'); see also Woljv. CIA, 473 F.3d 370, 375 (D.C. Cir. 2007); Krikorian v. Depor/menl o/S!a/e, 984 F.2d 461, 464 (D.C:. Cir. 1993). Affording such deference to the Declarations of Mark A. Bradley and Diane M. Janosek, the Court should uphold the Department's actions in this case and enter judgment in favor of the government. 2 See Brndlcy Deel. 1111 2-12; .Janosek Deel. 11112-26; see also generally Def SOMF. I. THE DEPARTMENT IS NOT "IMPROPERLY" WITHHOLDING ORDERS OF THE FISC. 'rhis (:ourt docs not have jurisdiction to enjoin the J.)epartn1ent's \VithhoJding of opinions and orders of the FISC. FO IA confers jurisdiction only "to order the production of any agency records improperly withheld." GTE Svlvania, 445 U.S. at 384 (intcrnril quotations omitted; emphasis added); 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(13). Although the Act docs not define "in1propcrly," the tcrn1's 1neaning is \vcll undcrstood fron1 FC)J1\'s legislative history. ·rhat history 1nakcs clear that "(~ongress \Vas largely concerned \Vith the unjustified suppression ofinf<Jn11ation by agency officials. Federal cn1p!oyccs \Vere denying requests for docun1ents \Vithout an adequate basis for nondisclosure, and As evident rron11hcir titles, J)ocun1c11ts C, D. ;111d Ego well beyond !he scope ufthc p<1rticular, discrete infi:lrrnation Plaintilfrcqucstcd and thus their non-n:sponsivc scc1io11s \vcrc ,,·ithhc!d as such rron1 P!;1i11tilf Although the arguincnts herein arc equally applicable lo the non-responsive sections, (see Janosek Deel. ~j 3 n. I), ;1ny rurthcr discussion of that inforn1ation would necessitate the filing of a classi!icd, ex par!e, in ca111cra declaration. 11 Congress wanted to curb 1his apparently unbridled discretion." GTE Svlruniu, 445 U.S. at 385 (internal citations 0111ittcd). c:ongrcss thus decided to give federal district courts jurisdiction lo order !he produclion of"impropcrly" withheld records. That jurisdiction assumes "the typical FOIA case, where the agency decides for itself whether to comply with a request for agency records." fox Analysts, 492 U.S. at 155 (internal citation 01nittcd). When, as here, there is "no discretion [in that regard] for the agency to exercise," the \Vithholding of requested docu1ncnts is not "in1propcr" and therefore cannot be compelled under FOlA. Sec GTE Sylvania, 445 U.S. at 386. Thus, in GTE Srlvania, the Supreme Court held that an agency had not "improperly" withheld records whose disclosure was prohibited by a court injunction. The Supreme Court explained that "[t]o conslruc the [agency's] lawful obedience of an injunction issued by a federal district court \vithjurisdiction to enter such a decree as 'i1npropcrly' \Vithholding docu1ncnts under the Frccdon1 of lnfonnation Act \Vould do violence to the con1n1on understanding of the term 'improperly' and would extend the Act well beyond the intent of Congress." Id. at 387. The rationale of G?F S)-lvuniu has been extended oulside its particular, foctual context to other types ofcourt-in1poscd prohibitions (e.g. scaling orders). S'ee J'ox Flna(.1 1sts, 492 U.S. at 155 (suggesting that CJJJ~' S)·!t·anio's reasoning is in1plicatcd in cases \Vhcrc the agency has "no discretion ... to exercise"); see also Scno!e Commom1.w1lth o/P.li. 1·. (~/ Un ired Stores Dep 'r 0(!11stice, 1993 WL. 3646%, at *6 (D.U.C:. i\ug. 24, 1993) ("The Supreme Court has held !hat records covered by an injunction, protective order, or held under court seal arc not subject to disclosure under FC_)JA." (internal citation 0111!ttcd)). ·rhc proper test f(H· dctcnnining \Vhcthcr an agency 12 improperly withholds records subject to such a restriction is whether, like an injunction, it "1Jrohibits the agency fro1n disclosing the records.'' 1\1orgon v. llnitecl State.\· J)ejJ 'r ql Justice, 923 F.2d 195, 197 (D.C. Cir. 1991) (emphasis in original). An agency can make that showing by reference to (I) the court order itself; (2) extrinsic evidence, such as transcripts and papers filed \Vith the order; (3) orders of the san1c court in si111ilar cases that explain the purpose for the imposition of the order; or (4) the court's general rules or procedures. lei. at 198. If the order prohibits the agency fro111 releasing the infonnation, the agency is entitled to sun11nary judg1ncnt in the FC)lA case seeking that inf<Jnnation. See, e.g., Morgan, 923 F.2d at 198 ("lfthe district court finds that the scaling order docs prohibit the DOJ from releasing the notes, the DOJ is entitled to summary judgment; and, as long as the seal remains in effect, neither [plaintiff] nor any other member of the public may obtain the notes"). 'rhcsc san1c considerations co1npcl the dctcnnination that the l)cpart1ncnt is not "improperly" withholding Documents A and B, the FlSC orders responsive to Plaintiffs FOIA request. Indeed, that determination necessarily follows from the unique nature and history of the FISC: lts entire docket relates to the collection of foreign intelligence by the federal govcrn111cnt. 'rhc applications subn1ittcd to it by the govcrnn1cnt nrc classified, as arc the ovcr\vhchning 1najority of the FISC:'s orders. c:ourt sessions arc held behind closed doors in a secure n1cility, and [virtually] every proceeding in its history. . has been ex partc, with the government the only party. In the entire history of the FISC [only a few] opinions have been publicly released. [T[he FISC operates primarily in secret, \Vith public access the exception. /11 re Mol.ji;r Rel. ofC011rl Records, 526 F. Supp. 2d 484, 487-88 (FISC Dec. I I, 2007). ·rhus a "co1nprchcnsivc schcinc" consisting of statutorily n1andatcd security procedures, court rules, and provisions of the FJSJ\ (as an1cndcd) govern the "safeguarding and 13 handling of FISC proceedings and records." Id at 488. FISC opinions and orders arc subject to strict security procedures set forth in the FISC Rules of Procedure. Sec 50 U.S.C. § 1803(c) (providing that "rccord[s] of proceedings under this chapter, including applications 1nadc and orders granted, shall be 1naintaincd under security 1ncasurcs established by the Chief Justice in consultation with the Attorney General and the Director of National lntelligenee"); see also Bradley Dccl.1i117, 11. Notwithstanding that, by statute, the Attorney Cicncral as part of his reporting obligations to C~ongrcss is authorized to provide copies ofFJSC opinions to Congress, (see 50 U.S.C. § 187l(c)(l)), the FISC Rules of Procedure require that the government "contemporaneously notify the c:ourt in \\!Ti ting \Vhcncvcr it provides copies of c:ourt records to Congress and 111ust include in the notice a list of the documents provided." F!SC R. P. 62(c)(l). Otherwise, the FJSC Rules of Procedure do not authorize the release of court opinions by the Department. Sec FJSC R. P. 62. Rather, opinions may be released publicly only if ordered published sz1u s;;onte by the authoring judge or upon 111otion by a party requesting publication: 'fhc Judge \vho authored an order) opinion, or other decision n1ay sua spontc or on motion by a party request that it be published. Upon such a request, the Presiding Judge, after consulting \Vi th other Judges of the c:ourt, nu1y direct that an order, opinion or other decision be published. Before publication, the (~'ourt 111ay, as appropriate, direct the Executive E~ranch to rcvic\v the order, opinion, or other decision and redact it as necessary to ensure that the properly classified information is appropriately protected pursuant to Executive ()rder 13526 (or its successor). FISC R. I'. 62(a); sec also /11 f'C Mn!., 526 1:. Supp. 2d at 487 (noting that "it would be quite odd if the FISC did not have jurisdiction in the l'irst ins1<1nce to adjudicate a claim of right to the court's very o\vn records and files''). 14 The Department has identified two copies of the same FISC order-· Documents/\ and 13 ·-··as responsive to Plaintiffs request for "[a-)ny \Vrittcn opinion or order ... 1n \Vhich 'the Foreign lntclligcncc Surveillance c:ourt held that sonic collection carried out pursuant to Section 702 1nini1nization procedures used by the govcrn111cnt vvas unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment'" or that "reflect[cd] or conccrn[ed] a FISC dctcrn1ination that 'the govcrn1ncnt's i1nplc1ncntation of Section 702 ofFISA has sometimes circumvented the spirit or the law."' Brndley Deel. Ex. /\ at 2; Bradley Deel. 11 S (describing Documents/\ nnd Bas "FISC order[s]"). Pursuant to the FISC Rules of Procedure, the Department is prohibited from disclosing either publicly. See Fl SC R. P. 62; see also Bradley Deel. 117. Moreover, neither Document/\ nor Document B has been ordered published by the issuing judge. See Bradley Deel. 11 7. Thus, the circumstances here arc clearly as in GTE Sylvania: the Department has no discretion over the release of FJSC orders and accordingly is not "improperly" withholding Documents A and B. 3 The [)cpartn1cnt therefore is entitled to sun11nary judgn1cnt as to that \Vithholding. II. THE COURT SHOULD UPHOLD THE DEPARTMENT'S WITllHOLDINGS UNDER EXEMPTION (B)(I). Alternatively, and independently, the Court should uphold the Department's withholding of Documents A and 13, as well as the three other withheld documents, pursuant to exemption (b)(l). The Department has invoked exemption (b)(l) to protect infonnation properly c!assi ricd pursuant to Executive CJ rd er l 3526. 'f'his cxcn1ption protects records that arc:"(/\) specifically authorized under criteria established by an ' The Dcptirt1nenL 1norcovcr, is not obligated under FOIA lo co111111ence proceedings in the Fl SC lo request the publication or orders responsive to FOi/\ requests. The Suprcn1c Court h~is long rccogni;:.ed that, in enacting FCJIA, Congress '\vas operating under the assu1nptio11 that agencies would not be oblig;1tcd to !lle hnvsuits in order lo co111ply \vilh FC)I/\ requests." Kissinger I'. Reporters ('0111111 . .fhr Freedo111 o/the Press, 445 U.S 116, 151 (1980) 15 Executive order to be kept secret in the interest of national defense or foreign policy, and (B) arc in fact properly classified pursuant to such Executive order." See 5 U.S.C. § 552 (b )(I). Exemption (b )(I) thus "establishes a spcci fie exemption for defense and foreign policy secrets, and delegates to the President the power to establish the scope of that exemption by executive order." Mililmy Audi! Projcc/ v. Casey, 656 F.2d 724, 737 (D.C:. Cir. 1981 ). An agency e<m demonstrate that it has properly withheld information under exemption (b)(l) if it establishes that it has met the requirements of the applicable Executive Order. Substantively, the agency n1ust sho\v that the records at issue logically fall within the exemption, i.e., the Executive Order authorizes the classification of the infonnation at issue. Procedurally, the agency n1ust dcn1onstratc that it fo!lo\ved the proper procedures in classifying the information. See Sa/isb111y v. Un ired Sia/es, 690 F.2d 966, 970-73 (D.C. Cir. 1982); Mi/i1wyA11di1Project,656 F.2d at 737-38. An agency that dc1nonstrates substantive and procedural co1npliance \vith an applicable Executive ()rder is entitled to su1111nary judg111cnt. Sec Ahholfs v. f\111cleur l?eg11/ato1}' Comm '11, 766 F.2d 604, 606-08 (D.C. Cir. 1985). llcre that order is Executive Order No. 13526, "Classified National Security Information." Under Section I. I (a) of that order, inforn1ation 111ay be classified if: ( l) an original classification authority is classifying the inf()nnation; (2) the information is owned by, produced by or for, or is under the control of the l.Jnited States Ciuvcrnn1ent: (3) the inforn1ation ff1lls \Vithin one or inure of the categories oflnfonnation listed in section 1.4 of this order; and (4) the original classification authority detern1incs that the unauthorized disclosure of the infonnation reasonably could be expected to result in da111agc to the national security, \Vhich includes defense against transnational terroris1n, and the original classification authority is able to identify or describe the da1nagc. 16 75 Fed. Reg. 707, 707 (Dec. 29, 2009) ("Executive Order No. 13526"). As demonstrated by the Declarations Mark A. Bradley and Diane M. Janosek, these conditions arc met by the information over which exemption (b)( 1) was asserted. See Bradley Deel. 11116, 8-9; Janosek Deel. 11113, 13-18; Def SOMF 11117, 8, 11. A. An Original Classification Authority !las Properly Classified the Information Withheld From Plaintiff as Exempt Under (b)(l). Mr. Bradley and Ivls. Janosek have original classification authority and have determined that the information withheld pursuant to exemption (b)(I) from the five documents at issue is properly classified. See Bradley Deel. 11111, 6, 8-11; Janosek Deel. 11112, 3, 13-18. Section 1.3(a) of Executive Order 13526 provides that the authority to classify information "may be exercised ... [by] United States Government officials delegated this authority pursuant to [section l.3(c)l" 75 Fed. Reg. at 708. Section l .3(c)(2) provides that '"Top Secret' original classification authority may be delegated only by the President, the Vice President, or an agency head or otlicial designated pursuant to [section l .3(a)(2)]." 75 Fed. Reg. at 708. Pursuant to a written delegation authority, Mr. Bradley "hold[s] original classification authority at the TOP SECRET level" and thus is "authorized f] to conduct classification reviews and to make original classification and declassification decisions." Llrndlcy Deel. 11 2. Likewise, Ms. Janosek has TOP SECRET classification authority pursuant to Section 1.3 or Executive Order of 13526. See Janosek Deel. 112. Moreover, as to all inforn1ation over \Vhich the l)cpart111cnt asserted cxc111ption (b)(l), Mr. Bradley and Ms. Janosek have examined the information and determined that the inf<)nnation is currently and properly classified under Executive ()rdcr 13526. S'ce Bradley Deel. 11 8 ("! have examined documents A and B, and 1 have determined that both 17 documents arc currently and properly classified under Executive Order 13526"); id 119 (noting that "the withheld material in documents A and I3 is classified at the TOP SECRET level"); Janosek Deel. 119 (noting that "[a]ll responsive information withheld in the two Joint Statements (the 'Recent FISC Opinion' sections) ... is currently and properly classified TOP SECRET//Sl/NOFORN"); id 11 9 (noting that "the one responsive paragraph in the white paper withheld ... is classified TOP SECRET//Sl//NOFORN"); see also Janosek Deel. 113. Thus, condition ( 1) of Executive Order 13526 is satisfied by the infonnation withheld from Plaintiff. B. All of the Information Withheld Pursuant to Exemption (b)(l) is Governn1cnt lnfor111ation. The second condition of Executive Order 13526 is also met by the information over which the Department has asserted exemption (b)(l). See 75 Fed. Reg. at 707 (requiring that information originally classified under Executive Order 13526 be "owned by, produced by or for, or [be] under the control of the United States Government"). That information is owned by, was produced by, and is under the control of the United States Government. See Bradley Deel. 118 (declaring that the classified information in Documents A and Bis "'owned by, produced by or for, or under the control of the United States government,' as required by E.O. 13526"); Janosek Deel. 1115 (declaring that the two .Joint S!Htcments and white paper "originated with NSA and/or contain[] NSA equities"). C. ,\II of the Information Withheld Pursuant to Exemption (b)(l) Is Within a Category Identified in Section 1.4 of Executive Order No. 13526. The information over which the Department has asserted exemption (b)( 1) satisfies the third condition of Executive Order 13526. See 75 Fed. Reg. at 707 (requiring 18 that infonnation originally classified under this order be \vithin a category identified in section 1.4). Section 1.4's categories include infonnation concerning "intelligence activities (including covert action), intelligence sources or 111cthocls or cryptology" and "vulnerabilities or capabilities of systc1ns, installations, infrastructures, projects, plans, or protection services relating to national security." lei. at 709. l'hc infonnation over vvhich 1he Department has asserted exemption (b)(I) concerns 1hcsc subjects. See Bradley Deel. 118 (declaring ilrnt "the withheld information contained in [Documcnls A and BJ meets the criteria for classification as set forth in subparagraphs (c) and (g) of Section 1.4 of Executive Order 13526"); see also id. 119. As lo Documents A and 13, the "withheld 111atcrial contains specific descriptions of the n1anncr and nicans by \Vhich the lJnitcd States CJovcrnn1ent targets non-lJnitcd States persons located overseas to acquire foreign intelligence information under Section 702." Bradley Deel. 119; see also Janosek Deel. 11 14. Documents C, D, and E, to the extent they arc responsive to Plaintiffs request, likc\visc concern categories "found in Section 1.4(c), vvhich includes intelligence activities (including covert action), intelligence sources and n1cthoc\s, or cryptology" and in "Section l.4(g), which include vulnerabilities or capabilities of systems, installations, infrastructures, projects, plans, or protection services relating to the national security." See id. Specifically, "lt!he information wilhhcld in the two Joint Stntcrncnts and white paper pertains to operation a I dctai Is of NS A's collection act ivi Ii cs under Sect ion 702." /cl. ii 16. Such inf()nnation clearly satisfies the substantive rcquirc111cnts of Executive Order 1352(L 19 D. The Unauthorized Disclosure of the Information Withheld Under Exemption (b)(I) Reasonably Could Be Expected to Damage National Security. Not\vithstanding that the govcrn111cnt has declassified certain infonnation related to the government's surveillance activities pursuant to Section 702. (see Bradley Deel. 118), other information continues to be classified at the TOP SECRET-SENSITIVE COMPARTMENTED INFORMATION and SECRET levels, including the information in the five documents withheld from Plaintiff. Sec Bradley Deel. 11 9: Janosek Deel. 11 15. That infonrnition consists of previously undisclosed and classified information that if disclosed could be expected to cause exceptionally grave and serious dan1agc to the national security of the United States. See Bradley Deel. 11118 & 9; Janosek Deel. 1115. 'rhc D.C. c:ircuit has recognized that "[1n]inor details of intelligence infonnation n1ay reveal 1norc infonnation than their apparent insignificance suggests because 1nuch like a piece ofjigsa\v puzzle, each detail 1nay aid in piecing together other bits of infonnation even \Vhcn the individual piece is not of obvious in1portancc itself." Lorson v. Deparlmenr of'S!ole, 565 F.3d 857, 864 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (internal quotations and citations omitted): ACLU v. Dep11rrmenr of'.!11srice, 68 I F.3d 6 I, 71 (2d Cir. 2012) (same); see olso ACLU v. CIA, 2012 WL 4356338, at *I I (D.D.C., Sept. 25, 2012). ·rhus, the govcrnn1cnt's declassification of f'our st;:1tcn1cnts concerning activities pursuant to Section 702 docs not suggest anything about the harn1 that could result fron1 the disclosure of the previously undisclosed infonnation at issue in this case. ·rhe fourth condition of inforination c!assiflcd pursuant 10 Executive ()rder 13526 requires, as here, that "the original classirication authority dctenninc!] that the unauthorized disclosure of the inforn1ation reasonably could be expected to result in da111age to the national security." 75 Fed. !leg. at 707. Ilccognizing that national security 20 is a uniquely executive purvie\v, courts typically defer to such an agency dctern1ination. CcnrerjiJr Nar '/Sec. Srudies, 331 F.3d at 927 ("[l]n the FOIA context, we have consistently deferred to executive affidavits predicting han11 to the national security, and have found it unwise to undertake searching judicial rcvie\v."); l-Veissn1011 v. C'fF1, 565 F.2d 692, 697 (D.C. Cir. 1977) ("Few judges have the skill or experience to weigh the repercussions of disclosure of intelligence infonnation."); see also l!u/1;cri11 v. C'IA, 629 F.2d 144, 148 (D.C. Cir. 1980) ("Judges . . lack the expertise necessary to second-guess []agency opinions in the typical national security FOIA case"). Thus, the Court should defer here to Mr. Bradley's and Ms. Janosck's assessments of the likely repercussions to the national security from disclosure of the information withheld pursuant to exemption (b )(I) Jn his declaration, Mr. Bradley explains that Documents A and B "contain[] specific descriptions of the 1nanncr and 111cans by \vhich the lJnitcd States Clovcrn1ncnt targets non-lJnited States persons located overseas to acquire intelligence infonnation under Section 702." Bradley Deel. 119. As such, "the withheld information describes highly sensitive intelligence activities, sources and n1ethods. ltl. According to rvlr. l3radley, "exceptionally grave dan1agc" to the national security could attend the disclosure of this inforn1ation. l<i Specifically, such disclosure \Votild provide "our adversaries and foreign intcl!igcncc targets \Vith insight into the tJnitcd States CJovernn1ent's rureign intelligence collection capabilities, \Vhich in turn could be used to develop the n1eans to degrade and evade those collection capabilities." Ill.; see ulso Janosek Deel. 1111 (concurring that exemption (b)( I) applies to Documents A and B). 21 Similar harms reasonably could attend the public disclosure of the withheld information from Documents C, D, and E. According to Ms. Janosek, "[t]hc disclosure of NSA 's ability or lack of ability to collect intelligence under the [FISA Amendments Act] would reveal information about the U.S. Intelligence Community's capabilities, priorities, and activities." Janosek Deel. 1116. Such information "could reasonably be expected to cause exceptionally grave da1nagc to the national security because it \VOtild provide our nation's adversaries infonnation about the nature and frequency of the Clovcrnn1cnt's use of specific techniques that could assist thcn1 in undcnnining the NSA's and the lntelligcncc Community's national security mission." Id Targeted individuals and foreign nationals 1norcovcr could frustrate the govcrnn1cnt's co!lcction of infonnation "by using different con11nunications techniques" or ''utilizing a different co1nn1unications link or facility" thereby "rcsultfing] in a loss of access to infonnation crucial to the national security and defense of the United States." Janosek Deel. 1117; see a/.'.'o ill. ii 8 (noting that targets "if they learn or suspect that their signals arc or 1r1ay be targeted by the NSA for collection, can take steps to evade detections, to manipulate the infonnntion that NSr\ receives, or to i111plc111cnt countcnncasurcs ai1ncd at undcnnining NSA's operations"). The last condition for classification under Executive Order 13526 therefore clearly is satisfied by each withheld document. Because the information withheld here satisfies all four conditions of that order, it is exempt under (b)( I). III. TllE COURT SHOULD UPllOLD THE DEPARTl\IENT'S \VITllllOLDINCS UNDER EXEMPTION (B)(3). Although the C'ourt need not rc;1ch the !)cpart1ncnt's cxc111ption (b)(3) argun1cnt, that exemption too is dispositivc of this case. Exemption (b)(3) exempts from FOIA information whose disclosure is prohibited by 22 11110/her statute, if that statute either: (A) "requires thnt the 111attcrs be \vithhcld froin the public in such a n1anncr as to leave no discretion on the issue;" or (13) "establishes a particular criteria for \Vithholding or refers to particular types of matters to be withheld." 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(3)(A)(i)-(ii). This other statute "1nust, on its face, excn1pt n1atters fron1 disclosure." !?ejJorters C'onnn lor Fin:dom of Press v. Department of'.Justice, 816 F.2d 730, 735 (D.C. Cir.), modified on other grollll(l>, 831 F.2d 1124 (D.C. Cir. 1987), rev 'd 011 other grounds, 489 U.S. 749 ( 1989); see also Essential In/ii., inc. v. USIA, 134 F.3d 1165, 1168 (D.C. Cir. 1998) (noting that a statute that prohibits "dissen1ination" and "distribution" of certain information within the United States qualifies as an exemption (b)(3) "nondisclosure" statute). Unlike the requirements for exemption (b)(I), exemption (b)(3) docs not require the government to demonstrate harm to the national security. Exemption (b)(3)'s "applicability depends less on the detailed factual contents of specific documents; the sole issue for decision is the existence of a relevant statute and the inclusion of \vithbcld material within that statute's coverage." Go/and v. CIA, 607 F.2d 339, 350 (D.C. Cir. 1978); see also Fitzgibbon v. CIA, 911 F.2d 755, 761-62 (D.C. Cir. 1990) (same). Herc again, deference to the agency's dctcnnination that \Vithheld 111atcrial is \Vithin the coverage of an cxcn1ption (b)(3) statute is appropriate. Sec RcjJOrters C'onun., 81 (> F.2d at 735 n.5 (noting that "it n1ay be proper to give deference to an agency's interpretation of \Vhat inattcrs arc covered by a statute, once the court is satisfied th;it the statute is in fact an Exemption 3 withholding statute"); see also CIA v. Sims, 471 U.S. 159, 179 ( 1985) (noting that "decisions of the Director [of the Cl/\], who most of' course be familiar with 'the \Vholc picture,' as judges arc not, arc \vorthy of great dcf'crcncc given the 111c_1gnitudc of the national security interests and potential risks at stake"); I/o/peri11, 629 F.2d at 148. Three such statutes clearly arc implicated by the information withheld from Plaintiff First, Section 102A(i)(l) of the National Security Act of 1947 "protcct[s] intelligence sources and methods from unauthorized disclosure," (50 U.S.C. § 403l(i)(l)), and thus "requires that the matters be withheld from the public in such a manner as to leave no discretion on the issue." 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(3)(A)(i). As such, the National Security Act of 1947 is an exemption (b)(3) statute. Because Documents A and B "contain[] intelligence sources and method[s]," both arc within the scope of that Act's coverage and thus "protected from release by the National Security Act." Bradley Deel. 111 O; see also Janosek Deel. 1111. Documents C, D, and E also concern intelligence sources and 1nethods and therefore arc within that san1c protection. See Jnnosck I)ccl. 1119. Second, the National Security Agency Act of 1959, which contains a statutory privilege unique to NSA, provides that "[n]othing in this Act or any other law ... shall be construed to require the disclosure of the organization or any function of the National Security Agency, [or] of any inforn1ation \vith respect to the activities thereof." 50 U.S.C:. § 402 note; see u/so Janosek Deel. 1120. This language thus provides absolute protection fro1n disclosure of 011y infonnation concerning NSA activities. Linc/er v. 1VS',,J, 94 F.3d 693, 6% (DC. Cir. 19%); llm,den v. NSA, 608 F.2d 1381, 1389 (DC. Cir. 1979); see also Janosek Deel. 11 20. Accordingly, because the responsive information from Documents C, D, and E "pertains to operational details of the NSJ\'s collection activities under Section 702,'' (Janosek f)ccl. i! 16), it is \Vi thin that protection and cannot be co1npc!lcd here. IJocu111cnts J\ and 13, \Vhich also contain NS;\ equities, likc\visc arc subject to that absolute protection. See Janosek Deel. 11 11. 24 Dated: J\pril 1, 2013 Respectfully submitted, STUART F. DELERY Acting Assistant Attorney General JOHN R. TYLER Assistant Branch Director Civil Division ieU<lclJUclinc Coleman S11c.'1.<l JACQUELINE COLEMAN SNEAD (D.C Bar 459548) Senior Counsel United States Department of Justice Civil I)ivision, Federal Progra1ns I3ranch 20 Massachusetts A vc, NW Washington, D.C. 20530 Telephone: (202) SJ 4-34 J 8 Fax: (202) 616-8470 r:-111ail: J acquclinc.Sncad«Yusdoj.gov Counsel for the Department of .Justice 28 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA ELECTRONIC FRONTIER FOUNDATION, Plaintin: Civil Action No. 12-1441-ABJ V. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Defendant. PROPOSED ORDER Upon consideration of the Department of.Justice's Motion for Summary Judgment, the opposition thereto, and the complete record in the case, it is hereby ORDERED that the Department's motion is GRANTED. Judgment is entered in favor of the Department of Justice. SO ORDERED. Date: United States District Court Judge 29

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