Rodriguez-Ramirez v. Garland, No. 19-70506 (9th Cir. 2021)
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Rodriguez-Ramirez, a citizen of El Salvador testified that he fled to the U.S. in 2016, days after gang members threatened him outside his daughter’s school; he reported this threat to the local prosecutor, who prepared a report based on the information Rodriguez-Ramirez provided. Rodriguez-Ramirez did not provide any other corroborating evidence. The IJ relied on two inconsistencies: despite Rodriguez-Ramirez’s testimony that this threat occurred in February 2016, the report he provided from the prosecutor twice stated, on different pages, that the threats occurred in January 2016 and Rodriguez-Ramirez testified that the gang members showed him a weapon but he did not provide this information to the prosecutor or in his written asylum application. The IJ found that Rodriguez-Ramirez did not have a convincing explanation for the discrepancy. An adverse credibility determination was also supported by the IJ’s demeanor findings. The BIA dismissed an appeal from the denial of his application for asylum and withholding of removal.
The Ninth Circuit denied a petition for review. The BIA and IJ were permitted to afford substantial weight to inconsistencies that “bear[] directly on [Rodriguez-Ramirez]’s claim of persecution.” The IJ was not required to give Rodriguez-Ramirez notice and an opportunity to provide additional corroborating evidence because substantial evidence supports the adverse credibility determination.
Court Description: Immigration. Denying Jose Rodriguez-Ramirez’s petition for review of a decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals, the panel held that substantial evidence supported the Board’s denial of asylum and withholding of removal on adverse credibility grounds. The panel explained that the agency was permitted to afford substantial weight to inconsistencies that bore directly on Rodriguez-Ramirez’s claim of persecution. First, Rodriguez-Ramirez testified that he was threatened by gang members outside his daughter’s school in February 2016, but the report he provided from a prosecutor twice stated the threats occurred in January 2016, and the IJ found that Rodriguez-Ramirez did not have a convincing explanation for the discrepancy. The panel explained that an IJ may rely upon an inconsistency in a “crucial date” concerning the very event upon which a petitioner predicated his claim for asylum. Second, Rodriguez-Ramirez testified on direct examination that the gang members showed him a weapon when they made the threat, yet he did not provide this RODRIGUEZ-RAMIREZ V. GARLAND 3 information to the prosecutor or in his written asylum application. The panel explained that although omissions are less probative of credibility than inconsistencies created by direct contradictions in evidence and testimony, this omission concerned the events and circumstances that Rodriguez-Ramirez experienced directly, and the additional information was provided on direct, not cross, examination. The panel wrote that in the context of this case, in which this specific event prompted Rodriguez- Ramirez to flee to the United States, the IJ was allowed to afford substantial weight to discrepancies associated with the threat and the documentation Rodriguez-Ramirez personally procured and then submitted to the IJ. The panel wrote that the adverse credibility determination was also supported by the IJ’s demeanor findings. The panel explained that the IJ is in the best position to consider a petitioner’s demeanor, candor, and responsiveness. The panel concluded that the IJ did not err in relying on Rodriguez-Ramirez’s evasive and unresponsive demeanor while testifying after providing examples of his evasiveness. Considering the totality of the circumstances, the panel concluded that these grounds were sufficient to conclude that substantial evidence supported the adverse credibility determination. The panel therefore did not address the other grounds relied upon by the BIA and IJ. The panel noted that although the BIA and IJ also pointed to a lack of corroborating evidence, the IJ was not required to give Rodriguez-Ramirez notice and an opportunity to provide additional corroborating evidence because substantial evidence supported the adverse credibility determination. 4 RODRIGUEZ-RAMIREZ V. GARLAND Judge VanDyke fully concurred with the denial of Rodriguez-Ramirez’s petition for review and joined the majority per curiam opinion. Judge VanDyke wrote separately, however, to explain in more detail how the highly deferential standard of review—which is especially deferential to adverse credibility determinations—dictates the denial of Rodriguez-Ramirez’s petition. Judge VanDyke also addressed the intersection between adverse credibility determinations and the agency’s reliance on Rodriguez- Ramirez’s evasiveness, demeanor, and lack of corroborating evidence. Judge VanDyke wrote that administrative findings of fact are conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary. Thus, this court must deny the petition unless the petitioner has presented evidence so compelling that no reasonable factfinder could find that he was not credible. Judge VanDyke wrote that layered on top of this already extremely deferential standard of review, Congress further significantly restricted review of adverse credibility determinations with the passage of the Real ID Act. Under the Act, there is no presumption that a petitioner is credible, and only the most extraordinary circumstances will justify overturning an adverse credibility determination. The Act allows the IJ to base an adverse credibility determination on any relevant factor that, considered in light of the totality of the circumstances, can reasonably be said to have a bearing on a petitioner’s veracity, and when inconsistencies that weaken a claim for asylum are accompanied by other indications of dishonesty—such as a pattern of clear and pervasive inconsistency or contradiction—an adverse credibility determination may be supported by substantial evidence. Judge VanDyke concluded that under the appropriate standard of review, the agency’s adverse RODRIGUEZ-RAMIREZ V. GARLAND 5 credibility determination is easily supported by substantial evidence given Rodriguez-Ramirez’s: (1) discrepancies surrounding the District Attorney’s report, (2) embellished testimony, (3) evasive demeanor, and (4) failure to provide corroborative evidence. Judge VanDyke wrote that even if reasonable minds might disagree, there is nothing “most extraordinary” about the agency’s determination that would compel a contrary conclusion.
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