CHARLES GUERRA V. WEST LOS ANGELES COLLEGE, No. 18-56236 (9th Cir. 2020)
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The court issued a subsequent related opinion or order on July 17, 2020.
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FILED APR 30 2020 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT CHARLES ANTHONY GUERRA; et al., Plaintiffs-Appellants, No. U.S. COURT OF APPEALS 18-56236 D.C. No. 2:16-cv-06796-MWF-KS v. WEST LOS ANGELES COLLEGE; LOS ANGELES COMMUNITY COLLEGE DISTRICT, MEMORANDUM* Defendants-Appellees. Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California Michael W. Fitzgerald, District Judge, Presiding Argued and Submitted March 2, 2020 Submission Withdrawn March 4, 2020 Resubmitted April 30, 2020 Pasadena, California Before: HURWITZ and FRIEDLAND, Circuit Judges, and KORMAN,** District Judge. Plaintiffs Charles Guerra, Chrystal, and Karlton Bontrager are students with * This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The Honorable Edward R. Korman, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of New York, sitting by designation. physical disabilities who attend West Los Angeles College (“WLAC”). They sued WLAC and the Los Angeles Community College District, invoking Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, and various California state laws, and alleging that the termination of WLAC’s on-campus shuttle service has restricted their access to WLAC’s programs and services. After a six-day bench trial, the district court rendered a judgment in Defendants’ favor on all claims. We have jurisdiction over Plaintiffs’ appeal from the judgment under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We reverse as to Guerra and Chrystal, vacate as to Bontrager, and remand. Title II and Section 504 both require a public entity to provide individuals with disabilities “meaningful access” to its programs and services. K.M. ex rel. Bright v. Tustin Unified Sch. Dist., 725 F.3d 1088, 1102 (9th Cir. 2013). In particular, “Title II emphasizes ‘program access,’ meaning that a public entity’s programs and services, viewed in their entirety,” must be meaningfully accessible to individuals with disabilities. Cohen v. City of Culver City, 754 F.3d 690, 694-95 (9th Cir. 2014); see 28 C.F.R. § 35.150(a). Guerra and Chrystal have not had meaningful access to WLAC’s programs and services since the shuttle service ended. The record belies Defendants’ assertion that Guerra and Chrystal could achieve that access by taking the Los Angeles paratransit service from their homes to WLAC, and then traversing the 2 campus using motorized scooters or on foot. First, the paratransit service is not a viable means of getting to WLAC for those two Plaintiffs. The evidence shows that the service is unpredictable and time-consuming because it gives riders an imprecise pick-up window and frequently picks up and drops off other riders along the route. The commute times for Guerra and Chrystal would therefore increase dramatically and they would risk missing portions of class. Moreover, because rides must be reserved at least a day in advance, Guerra and Chrystal would not have the flexibility to adjust their schedules—for example, they would not be able to stay late if a class runs long unexpectedly or to participate in impromptu school activities. Requiring students with disabilities to access their education in this way “disproportionately burdens [them] because of their unique needs.” See Rodde v. Bonta, 357 F.3d 988, 998 (9th Cir. 2004). Second, neither Guerra nor Chrystal can presently rely on motorized scooters to get around campus. Guerra has obtained a scooter from the California Department of Rehabilitation (“DOR”), but his vehicle is not equipped to transport the scooter to and from WLAC. He is waiting on the DOR to determine whether it will cover the substantial costs required to make the necessary modifications. And Chrystal does not even have a scooter. Based on Guerra’s experience, it could take Chrystal well over a year to receive one from the DOR, assuming her request is approved. Access that is contingent on the occurrence of uncertain future events is 3 not currently meaningful. Third, the record is clear that Guerra and Chrystal cannot currently access all relevant parts of the WLAC campus by walking. As the district court found, Guerra struggles to walk more than fifty feet and Chrystal can only walk “several steps” at a time due to their disabilities. Unsurprisingly, then, they have both been forced to scale back their participation in campus life since the shuttle service ended. For example, Chrystal had to drop a French class and Guerra could not take part in poetry readings because those programs were held in buildings that were difficult to reach on foot.1 Because we conclude that Guerra and Chrystal have been denied meaningful access to WLAC’s programs and services, we reverse the judgment as to those two Plaintiffs and remand for further proceedings consistent with this disposition. With respect to the Title II claim, the district court should determine what “reasonable modifications” Defendants can make to provide Guerra and Chrystal with the requisite access. See 28 C.F.R. § 35.130(b)(7); Cohen, 754 F.3d at 695. 1 These deprivations of access are markedly more severe than those at issue in Kirola v. City & County of San Francisco, 860 F.3d 1164 (9th Cir. 2017), and Daubert v. Lindsay Unified School District, 760 F.3d 982 (9th Cir. 2014), the cases on which Defendants primarily rely. In Kirola, “no [plaintiff] testified that there were locations in the city that such [plaintiff] could not reach because of access barriers.” 860 F.3d at 1183. And although the plaintiff in Daubert could not sit in the bleachers of a high school football field because of his wheelchair, he was “able to sit directly in front of the bleachers, to each side of the bleachers, and in other areas where spectators congregate” during football games. 760 F.3d at 988. 4 We are unable to discern on this record whether Bontrager has also been denied meaningful access. The district court found that Bontrager can access all relevant parts of WLAC on foot once he arrives at the campus bus stop. That finding is not clearly erroneous. But Bontrager argues that it is a challenge for him to get from his home to the campus bus stop. He has tried walking, but the route included a steep incline that he struggled to overcome. He also testified that he cannot rely on the Culver City bus for his commute, because “only every other bus” on the line that stops near his home goes to the WLAC campus, and because the bus does not always run on the posted schedule. It is not clear from this evidence whether the infrequency and unreliability of the bus service are such that Bontrager does not have meaningful access to WLAC. For example, we do not know whether waiting for “every other bus” poses a minor inconvenience or is a material impediment to Bontrager’s getting to campus at the times he needs to be there, such that he is unable to participate in all the classes and activities he would otherwise. We accordingly vacate the judgment as to Bontrager and remand for the district court to resolve this evidentiary issue. REVERSED in part, VACATED in part, and REMANDED. 5
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