United States v. Adams, No. 19-3761 (8th Cir. 2021)
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The Eighth Circuit affirmed defendant's conviction and sentence for conspiracy to interfere with commerce by threats and violence, in violation of 18 U.S.C. 1951, with the exception of the district court's order taxing costs for grand jury witnesses. Defendant was an internet entrepreneur and social-media influencer, and his convictions stemmed from his efforts to force the victim to transfer a domain name.
The court concluded that the district court did not clearly err in finding that the Government's reasons for striking the only Black prospective juror were race-neutral and not pretextual; there was overwhelming evidence that defendant committed the crime of conspiracy to interfere with commerce by threats and violence, and the testimony regarding a collateral issue did not affect defendant's substantial rights and did not have more than a slight influence on the verdict; the district court did not abuse its discretion in assessing costs for a witness who attended but did not testify at trial; the district court did not err in ordering defendant to reimburse the government $22,000 in attorney fees; the district court did not procedurally err in imposing offense-level increases under USSG 2B3.2(b)(3)(A)(i), (4)(B), and (1) when calculating his total offense level; and the district court did not err when it imposed a two-level increase under USSG 2B3.2(b)(1). However, the court concluded that the district court abused its discretion by assessing costs for witnesses who testified before the grand jury because those costs are not taxable against defendant.
Court Description: [Gruender, Author, with Benton and Stras, Circuit Judges] Criminal case - Criminal law and sentencing. Batson challenge rejected as the government provided race-neutral grounds for striking the juror and defendant failed to show the grounds were pretexts; any error in admitting evidence of uncharged conduct - defendant's harassment of the victim's associate - was harmless in light of the overwhelming evidence of defendant's guilt and did not affect defendant's substantial rights; the district court erred in assessing against defendant the costs for witnesses who testified before the grand jury; under the circumstances presented, no error in assessing costs for a witness who attended trial but did not testify; no error in requiring defendant to pay half of his appointed attorney's fees after the court determined he was able to pay part of the costs of his defense; no error in imposing a seven-level enhancement under Guidelines Sec. 2B3.2(b)(3)(A)(i) because the weapon defendant's hired "enforcer" used to intimidate the victim was discharged and its discharge was reasonably foreseeable; no error in imposing a four-level under Guidelines Sec. 2B3.2(b)(4)(B) because the gunshot wound the victim suffered was a serious bodily injury; no error in imposing a four-level enhancement under Guidelines Sec. 2B3.2(b)(1) for committing a an offense involving an express or implied threat of death, injury or kidnapping.
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