United States v. Street, No. 18-1209 (7th Cir. 2019)
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Pewaukee, Wisconsin law enforcement officers were searching for two African‐American men who, moments before, had committed an armed robbery and had been tracked to the parking lot of a nearby Walmart store. An officer stopped and questioned Street, the only African‐American man in the crowded Walmart. Street was not arrested then, but during the stop, he provided identifying information that helped lead to his later arrest for the robbery. The Seventh Circuit affirmed Street’s conviction, rejecting his argument that the stop violated his Fourth Amendment rights because he was stopped based on just a hunch and his race and sex. The officers stopped Street based on much more information than his race and sex. They did not carry out a dragnet that used racial profiling. Rather, the police had the combination of Street being where he was, when he was there, and one of a handful of African‐American men on the scene, thus fitting the description of the men who had committed an armed robbery just minutes before. That information gave the officers a reasonable suspicion that Street may have just been involved with an armed robbery, authorizing the “Terry” stop.
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In the United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit ____________________ No. 18 1209 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff Appellee, v. KEYCIE A. STREET, Defendant Appellant. ____________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin. No. 2:15 CR 228 PP 3 — Pamela Pepper, Judge. ____________________ ARGUED OCTOBER 25, 2018 — DECIDED MARCH 1, 2019 ____________________ Before ROVNER, HAMILTON, and BARRETT, Circuit Judges. HAMILTON, Circuit Judge. On October 24, 2015, law enforcement o cers in Pewaukee, Wisconsin were searching for two African American men who moments before had committed an armed robbery. The robbers had been tracked to the parking lot of a nearby Walmart store. An o cer stopped and questioned appellant Keycie Street, the only African American man in the crowded Walmart. Street was not arrested then, but during the stop, he provided 2 No. 18 1209 identifying information that helped lead to his later arrest for the robbery. Street contends that the stop violated his Fourth Amend ment rights because he was stopped based on just a hunch and his race and sex. We disagree. The o cers stopped Street based on much more information than his race and sex. They did not carry out a dragnet that used racial profiling. Rather, the police had the combination of Street being where he was, when he was there, and one of a handful of African American men on the scene, thus fitting the description of the men who had committed an armed robbery just minutes before. That information gave the o cers a reasonable suspicion that Street may have just been involved with an armed robbery, thus authorizing the stop. See generally Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968); United States v. Arthur, 764 F.3d 92, 97–98 (1st Cir. 2014) (a rming denial of motion to suppress results of Terry stop in similar robbery case). We conclude by addressing a procedural issue that arose from the district court’s reference of Street’s motion to suppress to a magistrate judge for a re port and recommendation under 28 U.S.C. § 636(b). The mag istrate judge recommended denying the motion. The govern ment did not need to file its own objection to the recommen dation to argue that the motion to suppress should also be de nied on another theory that the magistrate judge had rejected. We a rm Street’s conviction. I. Facts and Procedural History A. The Robbery On October 24, 2015, a cellular telephone store in Pewaukee, Wisconsin was robbed at gunpoint by two African American men wearing black hooded sweatshirts. No. 18 1209 3 During the robbery, the lone store employee managed to press a silent alarm. Before police arrived, the robbers stole more than thirty cellular telephones and fled in a white sport utility vehicle. One of the telephones they stole was equipped with an active GPS tracking device. O cers began tracking the GPS signal. Approximately five minutes after law enforcement learned of the robbery, the signal indicated the stolen telephone had stopped at a nearby Walmart. O cers from several jurisdictions began arriving at the Walmart. The first o cers to arrive spotted a white SUV parked awkwardly to the side of the store. The o cers saw, between the SUV and the store entrance, three African American men walking together toward the entrance. One was wearing a red parka or raincoat. When the o cers approached, one of the men who was not wearing red took o running. Both o cers chased him on foot. The fleeing man, later identified as Demonte Oliver, was apprehended quickly. But by the time the o cers returned with Oliver, the other two men had disappeared. The o cers then focused on finding those two men as quickly as possible. After arresting Oliver, o cers approached the abandoned SUV. In plain view, they saw the stolen cellular telephones, the cash drawer from the store, and a handgun. In other words, the o cers knew they were in the right place. One of ficer speculated over the radio that one of the men he had seen might have entered the Walmart store to try to evade police. That o cer also told Deputies Niles and Knipfer of the Waukesha County Sheri ’s Department of this possibility af ter they arrived on the scene. 4 No. 18 1209 B. The Stop of Defendant Street While only one suspect was in custody, o cers worked with Walmart sta to conduct a controlled evacuation of the store to try to locate the other suspects. To control the evacu ation, the o cers blocked all but one exit. While the prepara tions were still underway, the o cers organizing the evacua tion learned that a second man (later identified as the getaway driver for the robbery) had been arrested in a nearby marsh. The o cers continued to prepare a controlled evacuation and search of the store. At that time, they could not be sure whether the two arrested men were actually the two robbers, nor did they know whether the two robbers had worked with a getaway driver. Also, the o cers had not yet located the third man whom o cers had first seen in the trio walking away from the abandoned SUV.1 The o cers then ordered all shoppers and employees to exit the Walmart store. Deputy Niles was outside the store and spotted Keycie Street in the crowd leaving through the single unlocked exit. Street’s clothing did not match the de scription of the suspect(s) they were looking for, but he was the only African American man among the crowd who was not a Walmart employee. Deputy Niles suggested to his lieu tenant that they stop people leaving the store for brief ques tioning before they lost the opportunity. He specifically pointed out Street as someone who should be interviewed be cause he partially matched the description of the suspects and was the only person in the crowd who did. The lieutenant agreed and told Deputy Knipfer to stop and identify Street. 1 The man in the red jacket turned out to have been a Walmart em ployee, but the officers did not know that at the time. No. 18 1209 5 Deputy Knipfer was aware that the man they were looking for was described as possibly wearing red or dark clothing, but he also knew there was “the possibility that [a suspect] could have obtained di erent clothing while inside the store.” Deputy Knipfer approached Street and told him the o c ers were investigating a robbery and wanted to rule him out as a suspect. Street was cooperative. He gave the deputy his full name, date of birth, and home address. The deputy used that information to check for outstanding warrants. Street also told the deputy that friends had dropped him o at the store to buy a video game, which he was carrying in a Walmart bag, and that his friends would be back to pick him up soon. After finding no outstanding warrants, Deputy Knipfer told Street he was free to leave. Deputy Knipfer then went inside the store to help with the ongoing search. Knipfer testified that his entire exchange with Street took approximately ten to fif teen minutes. Not long after the stop of Street, o cers reviewed record ings from Walmart security cameras. They confirmed that three African American men had exited the white SUV when it arrived. One of the men appeared to be Keycie Street. O c ers went back to the parking lot to search for Street but could not find him. O cers then used the identifying information Deputy Knipfer obtained from the stop to obtain photographs of Street from the Illinois Department of Transportation and from an internal law enforcement database. The two men who had been arrested outside the Walmart, Demonte Oliver and Romero Eddmonds, admitted their in volvement in the robbery. They also told detectives that a third man they knew as “Lil Key” and “Little One” was also a part of the robbery but that they did not know his real name. 6 No. 18 1209 Oliver identified Keycie Street from his Department of Trans portation photograph. Eddmonds separately identified Street in the photograph from the law enforcement database. An ar rest warrant was issued for Street, who soon surrendered. Street’s DNA matched DNA on a bottle that o cers recovered from the abandoned SUV. C. District Court Proceedings Street was indicted for Hobbs Act robbery under 18 U.S.C. § 1951. He moved to suppress the identifying information he had given to Deputy Knipfer and the additional evidence the police had obtained by using that information, including the DNA evidence and the identifications by Oliver and Edd monds. The district judge referred the motion to suppress to Magistrate Judge Jones, who held an evidentiary hearing to prepare a report and recommendation. Street argued that Deputy Knipfer had stopped him based on only a hunch, without the reasonable suspicion required by the Fourth Amendment. Street pointed out that his clothing did not match the suspects’ and that he was not acting suspiciously as he left the store. He also argued that because the police al ready had two suspects in custody, they had no reason to be lieve there was a third suspect involved in the robbery and thus had no reason to continue the investigation when they stopped him. Street contended that the o cers stopped him only because his race and sex matched the description of the suspects, which he argued was not enough to justify an inves tigatory stop. The magistrate judge agreed that the o cers did not have reasonable suspicion to stop Street because the stop was based on only a “hunch” that if a third person had been in volved in the robbery, he would also have been an African No. 18 1209 7 American man. The magistrate judge recommended the mo tion to suppress be denied, though, on the ground that the evidence used to prosecute Street was too attenuated from the constitutional violation to justify suppression and that the stop was made in good faith.2 Street then filed an objection to the magistrate judge’s rec ommendation. The government did not file its own objection, but its response to Street’s objection argued that the stop was legal. District Judge Pepper adopted the magistrate judge’s recommendation. The government then asked the district judge to reconsider whether the o cers had reasonable sus picion to stop Street. The judge denied that motion. Street then entered a guilty plea on the condition that he could re voke the plea if he successfully appealed the denial of his mo tion to suppress. II. Analysis Street argues on appeal that the district court erred by ap plying the attenuation doctrine to deny his motion to sup press. He also argues that the government waived the argu ment that the stop was constitutional because it did not file its own objection to the magistrate judge’s recommendation. We explain first why the stop of Street was based on reasonable suspicion and thus constitutional, without reaching the atten uation theory. We then explain briefly why the government did not need to file its own objection to the magistrate judge’s recommendation in its favor. 2 The magistrate judge also found in the alternative that the evidence should not be suppressed because the discovery of Street’s identity was inevitable. The government has not pressed this rationale on appeal, so we do not consider it. 8 No. 18 1209 A. The Terry Stop of Defendant Street The Fourth Amendment prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures. If Deputy Knipfer had constitutional authority to stop and question Street, it was on the strength of Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968). While this stop was peaceful and co operative, it was not consensual. An investigative stop under Terry imposes a substantial intrusion on a person’s liberty and dignity. Terry stops cannot be made lightly. “[W]henever a po lice o cer accosts an individual and restrains his freedom to walk away, he has ‘seized’ that person. * * * It is a serious in trusion upon the sanctity of the person, which may inflict great indignity and arouse strong resentment, and it is not to be undertaken lightly.” Id. at 16−17; see also United States v. Lopez, 907 F.3d 472, 478 (7th Cir. 2018) (“With the authority to stop comes the authority to require the subject to submit to the stop, and to use reasonable force to make him submit.”). To seize a person for a brief investigatory Terry stop, an o cer must “have reasonable suspicion based on articulable facts that a crime is about to be or has been committed.” United States v. Carlisle, 614 F.3d 750, 754 (7th Cir. 2010). Rea sonable suspicion requires “more than a hunch but less than probable cause.” United States v. Williams, 731 F.3d 678, 683 (7th Cir. 2013), quoting Jewett v. Anders, 521 F.3d 818, 823 (7th Cir. 2008). The suspicion “must be based on specific, articula ble facts which, judged in light of the o cers’ experience, would justify the intrusion.” United States v. Marrocco, 578 F.3d 627, 633 (7th Cir. 2009); see also Terry, 392 U.S. at 21 (“in justifying the particular intrusion the police o cer must be able to point to specific and articulable facts which, taken to gether with rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant that intrusion”). No. 18 1209 9 To determine whether a Terry stop was reasonable, we “must consider the totality of circumstances known to the of ficer at the time of the stop.” United States v. Quinn, 83 F.3d 917, 921 (7th Cir. 1996). If the stop was unreasonable under this standard, “unless one of various exceptions applies, ex clusion will run not only to the unconstitutionally obtained evidence, but also to the fruits of that evidence—the so called fruit of the poisonous tree.” United States v. Conrad, 673 F.3d 728, 732 (7th Cir. 2012). The district court held that the o cers lacked reasonable suspicion to stop Street and thus violated the Fourth Amend ment. However, the district court denied the motion to sup press on the grounds that the attenuation doctrine applied. That doctrine allows a court to deny a motion to suppress when the causal connection between the constitutional viola tion and the evidence obtained is remote or suppression would not serve the interest protected by the constitutional guarantee. Hudson v. Michigan, 547 U.S. 586, 593 (2006) (viola tion of knock and announce rule in executing search warrant did not require suppression of evidence seized); United States v. Carter, 573 F.3d 418, 422 (7th Cir. 2009) (“the exclusionary rule should not apply when the causal connection between il legal police conduct and the procurement of evidence is ‘so attenuated as to dissipate the taint’ of the illegal action”), quoting United States v. Fazio, 914 F.2d 950, 957 (7th Cir. 1990). On appeal, Street argues that the district court erred by applying the attenuation doctrine. The government contends the doctrine should apply but need not be relied upon be cause the o cers had reasonable suspicion to make the stop in the first place. “When reviewing a district court’s decision on a motion to suppress, we review findings of historical fact 10 No. 18 1209 for clear error and conclusions of law (as well as mixed ques tions of law and fact, such as determinations of reasonable suspicion) de novo.” United States v. Ruiz, 785 F.3d 1134, 1140– 41 (7th Cir. 2015); Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690, 699 (1996). Street contends the o cers stopped him solely because his race and sex matched those of the two robbers. He argues that Deputy Knipfer stopped him on the mere hunch that, if a third person had been involved, he would also have been an African American man. Street’s general point about race and sex is well taken, but we conclude it does not apply to his case. The record does not support his attempt to have us view this stop in such isolation. When considering whether an o cer had reasonable sus picion for a Terry stop, we “look at the totality of the circum stances of each case to see whether the detaining o cer has a ‘particularized and objective basis’ for suspecting legal wrongdoing.” United States v. Arvizu, 534 U.S. 266, 273 (2002). This approach recognizes that o cers may “draw on their own experience and specialized training to make inferences from and deductions about the cumulative information avail able to them that ‘might well elude an untrained person.’” Id., quoting United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 418 (1981). Terry does not authorize broad dragnets, but it also does not require perfection or precision. Without more, a descrip tion that applies to large numbers of people will not justify the seizure of a particular individual. See, e.g., United States v. Turner, 699 A.2d 1125, 1128–29 (D.C. 1997). This is especially true where the description is based primarily on race and sex, as important and helpful as those factors can be in describing a suspect. See, e.g., United States v. Foster, 891 F.3d 93, 105 (3d No. 18 1209 11 Cir. 2018) (vague descriptions, including race and sex, “with out more, are not enough to support reasonable suspicion”); Brown v. City of Oneonta, 221 F.3d 329, 333–34 (2d Cir. 2000) (“a description of race and gender alone will rarely provide reasonable suspicion justifying a police search or seizure”); United States v. Montero Camargo, 208 F.3d 1122, 1134 n.21 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc) (acknowledging importance of “the use of racial or ethnic appearance as one factor relevant to reasona ble suspicion or probable cause when a particular suspect has been identified as having a specific racial or ethnic appear ance”). The totality of circumstances, however, may provide additional and reasonable limits, particularly with respect to place and time, so as to allow a stop based on a fairly general description. Here, the totality of the circumstances shows reasonable suspicion for stopping Street to investigate him. The police were searching for suspects who had committed an armed robbery only minutes before. They had more general descrip tions than was ideal. That’s not unusual when events unfold so quickly. But a lack of better, more detailed descriptions does not mean o cers must disregard the limited information they do have. See, e.g., Foster, 891 F.3d at 104–06 (a rming denial of motion to suppress; armed robbery suspect was de scribed only as black man fleeing on foot, and police had rea sonable suspicion to stop the only black man on foot in vicin ity); United States v. Arthur, 764 F.3d 92, 97–98 (1st Cir. 2014) (a rming denial of motion to suppress; armed robbery of cell phone store by two black men who fled on foot led to seizure of two black men walking away from robbed store); Turner, 699 A.2d at 1128–30 (reversing grant of motion to suppress; description of suspect as black male wearing black jacket and blue jeans was su cient to stop nearby suspect even though 12 No. 18 1209 description also resulted in stop of second suspect who fit de scription: “we have routinely held that an imperfect descrip tion, coupled with close spatial and temporal proximity be tween the reported crime and seizure, justifies a Terry stop”); 4 Wayne R. LaFave, Search & Seizure § 9.5(h) at 760 (5th ed. 2018) (“But it cannot be said that there must always be several points of comparison … the most important consideration is whether the description is su ciently unique to permit a rea sonable degree of selectivity from the group of all potential suspects.”). The analysis in Arthur is especially helpful. In Arthur, two armed African American men described as wearing dark, heavy clothing robbed a telephone store and fled on foot. 764 F.3d at 96. An o cer patrolling the area was informed only of this general description of the robbers. He drove down the street where the men were last seen and turned onto an adja cent street. He saw two African American men walking in a direction that led away from the robbery. The two men were only an eighth of a mile from the store. They were the only pedestrians the o cer had seen, and he spotted them approx imately five minutes after the police were dispatched to the scene. The o cer approached the men with his hand on his gun holster, told them he was investigating an armed robbery, and ordered them to show him their hands. Id. at 97. That amounted to a seizure under the Fourth Amendment. After being charged with the robbery, one of the men moved to sup press the evidence against him, claiming the o cer lacked reasonable suspicion to make the stop. The district court de nied the motion. The First Circuit a rmed, noting that the o cer “had re ceived a reliable, though generic, description of the number No. 18 1209 13 of suspects and their race, gender, clothing, and approximate location, as well as information about the direction in which they were heading.” 764 F.3d at 97. The First Circuit empha sized: “Ubiquitous or vague physical descriptions or general locations, without more, are not enough to support reasona ble suspicion.” Id. at 99. Considering the totality of the circum stances, however, the court found not only that the stop was proper but that “a failure to stop the men and question them briefly would have verged on a dereliction of duty.” Id. at 98. Here, as in Arthur, the order to stop Street was based on reasonable suspicion that went well beyond race and sex. As in Arthur, the o cers had only limited physical descriptions of the suspects, but timing, location, and reliable information about the suspects’ movements made it reasonable to stop Street. The o cers knew the men who robbed the store were armed and had been described as African American. They knew that the GPS in one stolen telephone had led them hot on the robbers’ heels to the Walmart parking lot, where they found the abandoned getaway car with the stolen goods, cash, and a gun. The first o cers on the scene saw three African American men walking away from that vehicle, and one of the men ran in response to the police. See District of Columbia v. Wesby, 138 S. Ct. 577, 587 (2018) (unprovoked flight upon no ticing the police is certainly suggestive of wrongdoing and can be treated as suspicious behavior), quoting Illinois v. Wardlow, 528 U.S. 119, 124–25 (2000). The magistrate judge and district judge focused on the fact that when Street was stopped, two men had already been taken into custody. Street argues that the o cers could only speculate about whether a third person had been involved in the robbery, let alone whether a third person would also have 14 No. 18 1209 been an African American man. We respectfully disagree with the premise of this logic. At the time Street was stopped, the o cers could not be certain the two men they had arrested were actually the two robbers. Nor could they be sure that only two men were involved in the robbery. There was also good reason to look for the third African American man who had walked away from the getaway car. To be clear, o cers are not permitted to stop a person based solely on his race and sex. See Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806, 813 (1996) (“the Constitution prohibits selective enforcement of the law based on considerations such as race”); Brown, 221 F.3d at 334 (“a description of race and gen der alone will rarely provide reasonable suspicion justifying a police search or seizure”); United States v. Swindle, 407 F.3d 562, 569–70 (2d Cir. 2005) (“race, when considered by itself and sometimes even in tandem with other factors, does not generate reasonable suspicion for a stop”); Montero Camargo, 208 F.3d at 1134 n.21 (9th Cir. 2000) (“a stop based solely on the fact that the racial or ethnic appearance of an individual matches the racial or ethnic description of a specific suspect would not be justified”). But race and sex are basic and com mon elements of descriptions of people. We do not expect of ficers to ignore such defining features. See United States v. Morrison, 254 F.3d 679, 682 (7th Cir. 2001) (“When police are searching for a bank robber described as a black male, it is reasonable for them to be looking for a black man.”). Street was the only African American man in the crowd leaving the Walmart during the evacuation. His clothing did not fit the description from the robbery, but the o cers could reasonably think the third man had had a chance to change clothes in the store. Under all of these circumstances—hot No. 18 1209 15 pursuit of fleeing armed robbers to the Walmart, the general descriptions of the robbers, the first o cers’ observation of the three men seeming to walk away from the getaway car, and the fact that Street seemed to be the only man leaving the Walmart who fit the general descriptions—the o cers had specific, articulable reasons that made it reasonable to stop Street to investigate. If the o cers had arbitrarily stopped Street on the basis of his race and sex, as Street contends, this would be a very dif ferent case. It would be a mistake to read this decision as say ing such a vague description of the robbers would be enough to justify a Terry stop of any African American man the police encountered. But Street was in the right place at the right time, as far as the police were concerned. They had reason to be looking—there and then—for another African American man, and Street was the only African American man in the crowd leaving the store. Street also argues that the stop was unreasonable because Deputy Knipfer did not himself have reasonable suspicion to make the stop and nothing indicates that Deputy Knipfer knew he was looking for a third suspect. Because the record does not show Knipfer had reasonable suspicion to make the stop, Street reasons, the stop was based on nothing more than a hunch. The collective knowledge doctrine refutes this argu ment. When more than one police o cer is involved in the reasonable suspicion analysis, courts consider their collective knowledge. “The collective knowledge doctrine permits an o cer to stop, search, or arrest a suspect at the direction of another o cer … even if the o cer himself does not have firsthand knowledge of facts that amount to the necessary 16 No. 18 1209 level of suspicion to permit the given action.” United States v. Williams, 627 F.3d 247, 252–53 (7th Cir. 2010) (Constitution permits o cers to stop a person based on “wanted” bulletins issued by other law enforcement agencies even if o cer making stop lacks personal knowledge of basis), citing Hensley, 469 U.S. at 232. To rely on collective knowledge to support a stop, we have interpreted Hensley to require that “(1) the o cer taking the action must act in objective reliance on the information re ceived, (2) the o cer providing the information—or the agency for which he works—must have facts supporting the level of suspicion required, and (3) the stop must be no more intrusive than would have been permissible for the o cer re questing it.” Id.; see also United States v. Wheeler, 800 F.2d 100, 103 (7th Cir. 1986) (establishing three part collective knowledge test based on Hensley, 469 U.S. 221), overruled on other grounds by United States v. Sblendorio, 830 F.2d 1382 (7th Cir. 1987). Here, all three elements were satisfied. First, Deputy Knipfer relied on his fellow o cers when he stopped Street to identify him. See Doran v. Eckold, 409 F.3d 958, 965 (8th Cir. 2005) (noting “settled principle that law enforcement o cers may rely on information provided by others in the law en forcement community, so long as the reliance is reasonable”), citing Hensley, 469 U.S. at 232. Next, as discussed above, the o cers Knipfer was working with had articulable reasons to stop Street. Finally, the stop was no more intrusive than one the requesting o cers could have conducted. Deputy Knipfer asked Street only for his name, address, date of birth, and his reason for being at Walmart before running a warrant check and letting him go. No. 18 1209 17 In sum, the totality of the circumstances known to the of ficers at the time of the stop rose to the level of reasonable suspicion to conduct a brief investigatory stop of Street. Be cause the o cers had reasonable suspicion to stop Street and identify him, they were entitled to use that information to pursue the investigation further, leading ultimately to Street’s arrest and conviction. B. Objection by Prevailing Party? Street has also argued on appeal that we should not even consider the government’s arguments in favor of the Terry stop because the government waived that contention by fail ing to file its own objection to the magistrate judge’s recom mendation. That recommendation was that the district judge find the stop unconstitutional but deny the motion to sup press based on attenuation. We disagree with this waiver ar gument. Much as an appellee is free to argue alternative grounds to support a judgment without filing a cross appeal, the government was free to argue di erent grounds support ing the same bottom line recommendation: denial of the mo tion to suppress. For certain pretrial matters, including motions to sup press, a district judge may “designate a magistrate judge to conduct hearings, including evidentiary hearings, and to sub mit to a judge of the court proposed findings of fact and rec ommendations for the disposition, by a judge of the court” of such matters. 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(B); Fed. R. Crim. P. 59 (b)(1). The parties may file objections to the magistrate judge’s proposed findings of fact and recommendation with the dis trict court. Fed. R. Crim. P. 59(b)(2). Failing to object to the recommendation “in accordance with this rule waives a party’s right to review.” Id.; see also Video Views, Inc. v. Studio 18 No. 18 1209 21, Ltd., 797 F.2d 538, 539 (7th Cir. 1986) (failing to object to recommendation “waives the right to appeal all issues, both factual and legal”). In both civil and criminal cases, requiring a written objection prevents parties from “’sandbagging’ the district judge by failing to object and then appealing.” Otto v. Variable Annuity Life Ins. Co., 134 F.3d 841, 854 (7th Cir. 1998), quoting United States v. Brown, 79 F.3d 1499, 1504 (7th Cir. 1996). This waiver rule is not jurisdictional, though, and we have recognized exceptions when enforcing it would “defeat the ends of justice.” Video Views 797 F.2d at 540; see also Brown, 79 F.3d at 1505 (excusing waiver of challenge to recommenda tion to deny substitution of counsel when attorney who de fendant claimed was inadequate had not filed objection). Rule 59(b)(2)’s operative language—“Failure to object in accordance with this rule waives a party’s right to review”— does not prevent a district judge from reviewing a recommen dation on her own initiative. See Thomas v. Arn, 474 U.S. 140, 154 (1985) (“The district judge has jurisdiction over the case at all times. * * * [W]hile the statute [§ 636(b)] does not require the judge to review an issue de novo if no objections are filed, it does not preclude further review by the district judge, sua sponte or at the request of a party, under a de novo or any other standard.”); United States v. Raddatz, 447 U.S. 667, 680 (1980) (“While the district court judge alone acts as the ultimate de cisionmaker, [§ 636(b)(1)(B)] grants the judge the broad dis cretion to accept, reject, or modify the magistrate’s proposed findings.”); Schur v. L.A. Weight Loss Centers, Inc., 577 F.3d 752, 760 (7th Cir. 2009) (“although the district judge must make an independent determination of a magistrate judge’s order upon objection, he is not precluded from reviewing a magis trate judge’s order to which a party did not object”). The dis trict judge was free to consider any issues she wished to. No. 18 1209 19 The rule’s waiver language does not distinguish between the prevailing party and the losing party, and Street quotes the general language from Video Views to argue that the gov ernment waived its right to review the magistrate judge’s rec ommended finding that the stop violated the Fourth Amend ment. We disagree. The waiver rules in Rule 59(b)(2) and its civil counterpart, Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b)(2), seem to come up on appeal only when the party unhappy with the magistrate judge’s bottom line recommendation has failed to object at all or has objected on grounds di erent from those argued on appeal. We have writ ten that this rule applies to “any party” who does not object to the magistrate judge’s recommendations, but we have found no precedent from our circuit prohibiting prevailing parties from arguing on appeal a rationale that the magistrate judge rejected. Other circuits that have addressed this issue agree that “a party, who substantially prevails in a magistrate judge s rec ommendation, does not waive the right to appeal secondary issues resolved against him by failing to object to the recom mendation,” for such a requirement would frustrate the pur pose of a waiver rule. Vanwinkle v. United States, 645 F.3d 365, 371 (6th Cir. 2011), quoting Souter v. Jones, 395 F.3d 577, 586 (6th Cir. 2005); see also M. v. Falmouth School Dep t, 847 F.3d 19, 26 (1st Cir. 2017) (prevailing party before magistrate judge did not waive secondary argument on appeal by failing to ob ject to magistrate judge’s findings when district court was aware of argument); Cooper v. Taylor, 103 F.3d 366, 373 (4th Cir. 1996) (en banc) (“Although we and the Supreme Court have long held that the losing party before the district court and before a magistrate must preserve every claim it intends to 20 No. 18 1209 raise on appeal lest it waive those claims … we have consist ently held that the prevailing party in either forum need not advance on appeal every error it believes was committed by the magistrate or court in the course of ruling in that party’s favor.”) (Luttig, J., concurring). In the absence of more specific language in § 636(b) and Rule 59(b)(2), we seek guidance from the parallel (and more frequently litigated) problem of distinguishing between an appellee’s arguments that require a cross appeal and alterna tive arguments for a rming the judgment in the appellee’s favor. When a prevailing party raises an alternative argument on appeal that was unsuccessful before the district court without a cross appeal, the appellate court must consider whether the argument will produce the same outcome as the district court’s order. United States v. Terzakis, 854 F.3d 951, 954 (7th Cir. 2017) (holding appellant was not required to cross appeal or to obtain certificate of appealability to reargue grounds the district court rejected because the theory was part of the rec ord and did not propose to expand his rights under the judg ment), citing Jennings v. Stephens, 135 S. Ct. 793 (2015); see also Deposit Guaranty National Bank v. Roper, 445 U.S. 326, 333 (1980) (“A party who receives all that he has sought generally is not aggrieved by the judgment a ording the relief and can not appeal from it.”). Rule 59(b)(2) di ers from the rule for cross appeals in that the objection requirement is not jurisdictional and the district judge can act sua sponte to review the findings of the magis trate judge. Those di erences do not favor a more rigorous waiver rule, however. The similar rationales for and parallel applications of the two rules lead us to conclude that Rule No. 18 1209 21 59(b)(2) does not require the prevailing party to object to the reasoning of the magistrate judge if the recommendation is a decision in the party’s favor and the prevailing party seeks no more favorable relief. The government thus did not waive the right to argue the stop was legal. Although the magistrate judge recommended the motion be denied on grounds the government did not be lieve were strongest, the government did not need to object merely because it would have preferred the alternative rea sons it o ered for the ruling in its favor. The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
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