Lee v. Kink, No. 18-1005 (7th Cir. 2018)
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Lee is serving sentences totaling 100 years’ imprisonment. A state judge found that Lee and Manley forcibly abducted L.M., struck and raped L.M., and displayed a pistol to make her more cooperative. L.M. escaped and ran naked to a house. Police took pictures of L.M.’s bloody face. Lee, the only defense witness, said that L.M. entered the car voluntarily and that he did not touch her sexually—though before trial Lee said that he and L.M. had consensual oral sex. The state judge found that L.M.’s testimony was “very credible” and that the pictures showing her injuries, and the testimony of the person who opened the door to L.M., negated the defense of consent. Lee’s convictions were affirmed on direct and collateral review. Lee’s federal petition under 28 U.S.C. 2254 claimed ineffective assistance of counsel. He asserts that before trial his lawyer received five affidavits that corroborated Lee’s story or provided exculpatory details, but that counsel did not interview the affiants. In Lee’s post-conviction proceedings the state judiciary did not hold an evidentiary hearing, concluding that the affidavits were not necessarily inconsistent with guilt. The federal district judge held that the state court’s decision was not unreasonable. The Seventh Circuit vacated. It is impossible to say that Lee has “failed to develop [in state court] the factual basis of” his claim. The absence of evidence about what the trial would have been like, had the affiants testified, is attributable to the state court's failure to hold a hearing.
The court issued a subsequent related opinion or order on January 25, 2019.
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In the United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit ____________________ No. 18-1005 ANTHONY D. LEE, SR., Petitioner-Appellant, v. KEVIN KINK, Warden, Lawrence Correctional Center, Respondent-Appellee. ____________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. No. 11 C 00183 — Edmond E. Chang, Judge. ____________________ ARGUED OCTOBER 22, 2018 — DECIDED DECEMBER 21, 2018 ____________________ es. Before FLAUM, EASTERBROOK, and SCUDDER, Circuit Judg- EASTERBROOK, Circuit Judge. After a bench trial, Anthony Lee was convicted of kidnapping and rape. He is serving sentences that add to 100 years’ imprisonment. The statecourt judge found that Lee and his friend Burlmon Manley forcibly abducted L.M. about 1 A.M. one day, dragging her into their blue Cadillac while she kicked and screamed. Both Manley and Lee struck and raped L.M. When L.M. resisted, 2 No. 18-1005 Lee retrieved a pistol from the car’s trunk to make her more cooperative. About 3 A.M. L.M. escaped and ran naked to a nearby house. Police took pictures of L.M.’s bloody face. Lee, the only defense witness, said that L.M. entered the car voluntarily and that he did not touch her sexually—though before trial Lee said that he and L.M. had consensual oral sex. The state judge found that L.M.’s testimony about her ordeal was “very credible” and stated that the pictures showing her injuries, and the testimony of the person who opened the door to L.M., negated the defense of consent. Lee’s convictions were a rmed on direct and collateral review. See People v. Lee, 2016 IL App (1st) 152425 (June 30, 2016). Lee’s federal petition under 28 U.S.C. §2254 contends that he did not receive e ective assistance of counsel. He asserts that before trial his lawyer received ve a davits that corroborated Lee’s story or provided exculpatory details, but that counsel did not interview the a ants. In Lee’s postconviction proceedings the state judiciary did not hold an evidentiary hearing. The appellate decision concluded that none of the ve a davits is necessarily inconsistent with Lee’s guilt, while the evidence against him is strong, so the absence of these witnesses at trial was not prejudicial. The federal district judge held that the state court’s decision was not unreasonable, and he denied Lee’s petition. Lee v. Lamb, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 198451 (N.D. Ill. Dec. 4, 2017). The state court’s decision includes the text of the a davits, and the district court’s decision summarizes them. It is enough for current purposes to give the avor of how those courts treated the a davits. Here is the district court’s discussion of a davits signed by Brian and Gayland Massenburg: No. 18-1005 3 [T]he Massenburgs stated that they witnessed a white woman get into a blue Cadillac. If the woman was indeed L.M., this testimony would have contradicted L.M.’s assertion that she was dragged kicking and screaming into the car, and would have supported Lee’s testimony that L.M. willingly joined him and Manley. But, as the [Illinois] Appellate Court noted, there are some problems with the proposed testimony. First, the Massenburgs identi ed the wrong date in their a davits, stating that the event they witnessed was on April 16, when the crime in fact happened on April 15. Even without the date mix-up, the Illinois Appellate Court reasoned that still the Massenburg’s [sic] testimony would not have a ected the outcome because their a davits do not clearly identify L.M., Lee, or Manley. The a davits state only that the Massenburgs saw a white woman get into a blue Cadillac with two men, but did not provide names or detailed descriptions. Of course, if defense counsel had called these witnesses at trial, then he might have been able to elicit more detail to establish the likelihood that the individuals the Massenburgs saw were the victim and the defendants. But this testimony was not developed (and still has not been developed), and the Appellate Court was limited to the a davits alone. It was not unreasonable for the Appellate Court to conclude, on the limited record available, that the Massenburg’s [sic] testimony had ambiguities that would diminish its exculpatory value. 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 198451 at *16–17 (footnote and citations omiqed). This analysis would be convincing, if the law prevented a court from going beyond the a davits on collateral review. But it does not; a federal court may hold an evidentiary hearing if, through no fault of petitioner’s, the statecourt record lacks essential facts. 28 U.S.C. §2254(e)(2). The district judge was right to observe that, “if defense counsel had called these witnesses at trial, then he might have been able to elicit more detail to establish the likelihood that the individuals the Massenburgs saw were the victim and the defendants.” At trial the Massenburgs may have 4 No. 18-1005 avoided the date error and positively identi ed L.M., Lee, or Manley. Yet there are many blue Cadillacs in the world, so the Massenburgs also might have stated that they did not see L.M., Lee, or Manley. Perhaps Lee’s lawyer interviewed them and they told him these things, which if so would explain why he did not call them at Lee’s trial. Counsel told the state judge at a pretrial conference that “I just have not had time to meet with all these people”, but we don’t know what, if anything, he did to investigate their potential testimony between then and trial. Perhaps he tried to interview the Massenburgs but could not nd them. We just don’t know. The state judiciary’s conclusion that the Massenburgs’ testimony would not have helped Lee depends on an unstated belief that, if called at trial, they would have parroted their a davits and refused to say another word. That’s unlikely. They might have provided exculpatory testimony, and then, if counsel neglected to contact them (another issue on which the record is short of evidence), a nding of ine ective assistance could follow. See, e.g., Washington v. Smith, 219 F.3d 620, 631, 635 (7th Cir. 2000); Hall v. Washington, 106 F.3d 742, 749–50 (7th Cir. 1997). After oral argument we invited counsel for both sides to le supplemental briefs addressing whether Lee sought an evidentiary hearing in state court, what evidence he proposed to present, and (if Lee asked) why the state judiciary declined to hold a hearing. Counsel representing Illinois did not respond to this invitation, but Lee responded with enthusiasm and, more important, details. The state-court record contains more than a dozen express requests for evidentiary hearings—and, as far as we could see, no explanation No. 18-1005 5 by any state judge why these requests were denied. (Indeed, most of the requests do not appear to have been ruled on.) Section 2254(e)(2) begins: “If the applicant has failed to develop the factual basis of a claim in State court proceedings, the court shall not hold an evidentiary hearing on the claim unless the applicant shows that … .” The “unless” clause does not apply, so if Lee “has failed to develop the factual basis of [his] claim” he cannot receive an evidentiary hearing. Yet the a davits, plus the multiple requests for hearings, show that he did try to develop a record in state court. What one can say against this is that Lee did not articulate in state court, as clearly as his lawyers have articulated in this appeal, the subjects that a hearing would have covered: what the a ants would have said, had they been called at trial (and whether trial counsel ever met with them to learn what they would have said, if called). Yet by asking for a hearing to explore an ine ective-assistance theory—a theory supported by multiple a davits—Lee strongly implied what topics would be covered at a hearing. This makes it impossible to say that Lee has “failed to develop [in state court] the factual basis of” his claim. He did what he could, and the absence of evidence about what the trial would have been like, had these a ants testi ed, must be aqributed to the state judiciary’s failure to a ord him a hearing. He is entitled to one in federal court, and the case is remanded so that one can be held and we can learn what his aqorney did (or omiqed) and what the a ants would have said on the stand at trial. Only once that information has been gathered can the district court make a reliable decision about the ine ective-assistance claim. 6 No. 18-1005 VACATED AND REMANDED
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