Lopez v. Sessions, No. 17-1047 (7th Cir. 2017)
Annotate this Case
Justia Opinion Summary
Want to stay in the know about new opinions from the Seventh Circuit US Court of Appeals?
Sign up for free summaries delivered directly to your inbox. Learn More ›
You already receive new opinion summaries from Seventh Circuit US Court of Appeals. Did you know we offer summary newsletters for even more practice areas and jurisdictions? Explore them here.
Lopez, a citizen of El Salvador, entered the U.S. without inspection around 1996. In 1997, he was convicted of felony possession of marijuana. In 2015, DHS charged Lopez as removable as an alien present in the U.S. without being admitted or paroled, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(6)(A)(i); and as an alien convicted under a controlled substance law, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(2)(A)(i)(II). Lopez sought asylum and withholding of removal, alleging extortion by Salvadoran gangs. The IJ denied Lopez’s application because Lopez had not filed his asylum application within one year of his last entry; his lack of knowledge about the process did not constitute changed or extraordinary circumstances. The IJ held that Lopez’s fear of persecution was “[n]either objectively reasonable [n]or on account of any of the statutorily enumerated grounds,” as there was no evidence that any future mistreatment would be on account of Lopez’s race, religion, nationality, political opinion, or social group membership. The BIA dismissed an appeal, rejecting an argument that the gang would target Lopez based on its perception of him as a wealthy business owner who failed to comply with its demands. The Seventh Circuit dismissed an appeal for lack of jurisdiction. Lopez failed to establish that his life or freedom would be threatened based on a protected ground.
Download PDF
In the United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit ____________________ No. 17 1047 RENE A. LOPEZ, Petitioner, v. JEFFERSON B. SESSIONS III, Attorney General of the United States, Respondent. ____________________ Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals. No. A208 149 697 ____________________ ARGUED JUNE 2, 2017 — DECIDED JUNE 13, 2017 ____________________ Before FLAUM, EASTERBROOK, and KANNE, Circuit Judges. FLAUM, Circuit Judge. Rene Alonzo Lopez, a.k.a. Luis Fuentes Alonso, petitions for review of the denial of his appli cation for withholding of removal. We dismiss the petition for lack of jurisdiction. 2 No. 17 1047 I. Background Lopez is a native and citizen of El Salvador who first en tered the United States without inspection in or around 1996. In 1997, he was convicted of felony possession of marijuana in violation of North Carolina General Statute § 90 95(d)(4). In 2015, the Department of Homeland Security com menced removal proceedings against Lopez, and filed a No tice to Appear with the immigration court charging that he was removable on two grounds: (1) as an alien present in the United States without being admitted or paroled, see 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(A)(i); and (2) as an alien convicted of a controlled substance law, see 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(2)(A)(i)(II). Lopez admit ted the allegations in the Notice to Appear; and, after the im migration judge sustained the removal charges, Lopez filed an application for asylum and withholding of removal. Lopez testified before the immigration judge that in 2007, Lopez and his cousin decided to form an agricultural business making feed for livestock in El Salvador. Lopez sent money from the United States as an investment and in order to rent space. He returned to El Salvador in 2011 or 2012 to expand the business to another location in a different village. Lopez stated that approximately three months after the new branch opened, he received a cell phone from a child, and the local leader of the Mara Salvatrucha (“MS 13”) gang called to “start charging rent.” (Apparently the area in which the new branch was located was gang controlled.) The gang leader told Lopez, “[Y]ou already know what happens to people who don’t pay.” Lopez understood this to mean that the gang would kill, injure, or kidnap someone if Lopez didn’t pay the “rent.” No. 17 1047 3 Lopez initially complied with the gang’s demands, depos iting thirty dollars per week into a specified bank account; but after a month or a month and a half, he had to close the busi ness. He explained to the immigration judge that once people learn that a gang controls a business, the business suffers rep utational harm and loses standing in the community. Lopez then returned to the United States. Approximately six months later, Lopez sent money to his nephew, who was being pres sured in El Salvador to join a gang, to help him travel to the United States. MS 13 has never harmed Lopez’s family in El Salvador. Additionally, Lopez explained that he had not applied for asy lum earlier because he had not known that he could. A. Immigration judge’s decision On May 19, 2016, the immigration judge denied Lopez’s application for asylum and withholding of removal. Lopez had not filed his asylum application within one year of his last entry in 2012, as is required under 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(B); and the immigration judge found that Lopez’s lack of knowledge about the asylum application process did not constitute changed or extraordinary circumstances excusing his failure to timely file. Lopez was thus statutorily ineligible for asylum. In denying withholding of removal, the immigration judge found that Lopez’s fear of persecution by MS 13 was “[n]either objectively reasonable [n]or on account of any of the statutorily enumerated grounds,” as the record did not support the conclusion that any future mistreatment by MS 13 would be on account of Lopez’s race, religion, nationality, political opinion, or social group membership. The immigra tion judge observed that neither “(1) individuals who oppose 4 No. 17 1047 gang and other criminal activities due to their personal (e.g., religious and/or moral) beliefs,” nor “(2) individuals who have lived in the United States for many years and who are perceived by drug cartels, criminal organizations, and gangs to have money upon their return” comprised sufficiently par ticular groups to be cognizable social groups for purposes of withholding of removal. The immigration judge also found “no evidence that gang members would be concerned with any characteristic of their victims other than their wealth.” B. Board of Immigration Appeals’s decision On June 16, 2016, Lopez appealed the immigration judge’s denial of withholding of removal to the Board of Immigration Appeals (“Board”), claiming that MS 13 would target Lopez based on its perception of him as a “wealthy business owner who failed to comply with [the gang’s] demands for rent,” and submitting that the government of El Salvador is unable to control the MS 13 gang or protect its victims. He requested that the Board either grant him withholding of removal or re mand his case so that he could introduce additional evidence. On December 8, 2016, the Board dismissed Lopez’s appeal, agreeing with the immigration judge that Lopez had not es tablished that it was more likely than not that his life or free dom would be threatened based on a protected ground. The Board explained in relevant part that, “[a]lthough wealth can form a basis of a particular social group if it is combined with other ‘distinguishing markers,’ no evidence was presented that the gang members in this case would be concerned with any character[istic] other than wealth.” The Board added that a “general fear of crime, extortion, or violence,” and Lopez’s actions in helping his nephew escape El Salvador, likewise were not bases for withholding of removal, and rejected No. 17 1047 5 Lopez’s claim that the Salvadoran government is unable or unwilling to control MS 13. Finally, the Board denied Lopez’s request for remand to present additional evidence, explaining that he “did not submit any evidence, specify the evidence that would be presented, or explain why the new evidence could have been presented in the proceedings before the Im migration Judge.” This petition followed. II. Discussion Because Lopez was found removable based on his con trolled substance conviction and did not challenge this find ing before the Board or this Court, the criminal alien bar of 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(C) applies. See, e.g., Gutierrez v. Lynch, 834 F.3d 800, 804 (7th Cir. 2016); Aguilar Mejia v. Holder, 616 F.3d 699, 703 (7th Cir. 2010) (“Congress has stripped courts of ap peals of their jurisdiction to review most issues related to re moval orders for aliens convicted of certain crimes, including controlled substance offenses ….”) (citations omitted). Alt hough we thus generally lack jurisdiction to review Lopez’s final order of removal, we retain jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D) to review (de novo) questions of law and con stitutional claims. See, e.g., Isunza v. Lynch, 809 F.3d 971, 973 (7th Cir. 2016); Antia Perea v. Holder, 768 F.3d 647, 658–59 (7th Cir. 2014) (citation omitted). We likewise review de novo questions concerning our jurisdiction. E.g., Delgado v. Holder, 674 F.3d 759, 765 (7th Cir. 2012) (citation omitted). Withholding of removal requires the petitioner to estab lish that it is more likely than not that he would be persecuted in the country of removal “because of [his] race, religion, na tionality, membership in a particular social group, or political 6 No. 17 1047 opinion.” 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A); see also Sarhan v. Holder, 658 F.3d 649, 653 (7th Cir. 2011) (citation omitted). The inquiry fo cuses on “whether the danger flows from an ongoing violent struggle affecting the population in a relatively undifferenti ated way or if danger exists on account of a protected ground.” Tapiero de Orejuela v. Gonzales, 423 F.3d 666, 672 (7th Cir. 2005) (quoting Ahmed v. Ashcroft, 348 F.3d 611, 619 (7th Cir. 2003)). Lopez raises two legal challenges on appeal: (1) that individ uals perceived to be wealthy business owners, or former members of that group who failed to comply with extortion demands, are both cognizable and particular social groups under existing precedent; and (2) that he established, and the Board failed to consider, that the Salvadoran government is unable or unwilling to control MS 13.1 The government responds, however, that neither of these arguments invokes our jurisdiction because Lopez has not challenged the Board’s dispositive holding on nexus—that is, that Lopez failed to establish a likelihood of persecution in El Salvador based on membership in a protected group. 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A); see also Rivera v Lynch, 845 F.3d 864, 866 (7th Cir. 2017); Shaikh v. Holder, 702 F.3d 897, 902 (7th Cir. 2012). Thus, the government reasons, even assuming Lopez could 1 As to the second issue, Lopez alternatively argues that even if the Board did consider this evidence, this Court should revisit our conclusion that 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D)’s preservation of jurisdiction does not extend to such issues of mixed law and fact. See Adame v. Holder, 777 F.3d 390, 391 (7th Cir. 2015) (Hamilton, J., concurring in denial of petition for rehearing en banc). We decline to do so, since, as the following analysis makes clear, there would be “no reasonable prospect of changing the outcome of [the] petition for judicial review.” Id. No. 17 1047 7 prevail on either or both of his arguments, the agency’s denial of withholding of removal would still stand. Lopez claims that the government is misreading the immi gration judge’s and Board’s decisions,2 which, according to him, focused on the requisite particularity of a social group, and not on nexus per se. The government relies on: (1) the Board’s statement that, “[a]lthough wealth can form a basis of a particular social group if it is combined with other ‘distin guishing markers,’ no evidence was presented that the gang members in this case would be concerned with any charac ter[istic] other than wealth”; and (2) the immigration judge’s finding that, “[i]n this case, … the danger to the respondent of robbery or extortion by gangs or other criminal elements is shared by all members of [Salvadoran] society who have or are perceived to have wealth, and there is no evidence that the risk faced by the respondent is distinct because of the time he lived in the United States.” While it’s true that both statements come from the agency’s analyses with respect to social groups, crucially, they both center on wealth—and only wealth—as the pertinent marker linked to persecution by MS 13. And as “wealth, standing alone, is not an immutable characteristic [and thus may not be the primary characteristic of a cogniza ble group],” Dominguez Pulido v. Lynch, 821 F.3d 837, 845 (7th Cir. 2016) (citing Tapiero, 423 F.3d at 672), both the immigra tion judge and Board did make dispositive, no nexus find ings. 2 Where the Board both adopts and supplements the immigration judge’s decision, both orders are subject to review by this Court. E.g., Halim v. Holder, 755 F.3d 506, 511 (7th Cir. 2014) (citations omitted). 8 No. 17 1047 Lopez alternatively argues that, to the extent the Board ad dressed the nexus element, the Board failed to consider evi dence, raising an issue of reviewable legal error. He claims that because he experienced extortion and threats from MS 13 as a consequence of his business ownership, a conclusion of no nexus “ignores [his own] credible testimony.” His argu ment misses the point. It’s true that the immigration judge found Lopez generally credible, and observed that “there is some support” for Lopez’s fears of MS 13 given the gang’s proclivity toward violence. However, both the immigration judge and Board concluded that it wasn’t Lopez’s business ownership, or his non compliance with the gang’s demands, that mattered for purposes of the withholding analysis. It was simply his (perceived) wealth. See generally In re V T S , 21 I. & N. Dec. 792, 792 (BIA 1997) (holding that an applicant’s wealth, in the absence of evidence to suggest other motiva tions, will not support a finding of persecution within the meaning of the Immigration and Nationality Act). Lopez thus failed to establish that his life or freedom would be threatened based on a protected ground. “For [§ 1252(a)(2)(D)] review to be permissible, … the legal conclusion must make a difference, as otherwise the court would be rendering an advisory opinion.” Jankovic v. Lynch, 811 F.3d 265, 266 (7th Cir. 2016). As the agency’s (no )nexus finding is dispositive of the decision on withholding of re moval, we need not and do not consider either of Lopez’s ar guments as to his proposed social groups or the ability or will ingness of the Salvadoran government to control MS 13. See INS v. Bagamasbad, 429 U.S. 24, 25 (1976) (“As a general rule courts and agencies are not required to make findings on is sues the decision of which is unnecessary to the results they reach.”) (citations omitted); Lozano Zuniga v. Lynch, 832 F.3d No. 17 1047 9 822, 828 (7th Cir. 2016) (finding it unnecessary to determine whether a given group was cognizable under the Immigration and Nationality Act given the immigration court’s finding that petitioner “failed to establish that there is a clear proba bility that he would be subject to future danger because of his membership in this group”). III. Conclusion For the foregoing reasons, the petition for review of the Board’s decision is DISMISSED for lack of jurisdiction.
Some case metadata and case summaries were written with the help of AI, which can produce inaccuracies. You should read the full case before relying on it for legal research purposes.
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
