West Side Salvage, Inc. v. RSUI Indemnity Co., No. 16-3928 (7th Cir. 2017)
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West Side was working on ConAgra’s grain bin when it exploded. In 2014, the Seventh Circuit held that West Side was solely liable for the injuries that workers suffered in the explosion and was liable for $3 million in property damage to ConAgra’s bin. West Side had an $11 million excess insurance policy with RSUI. West Side sued, alleging that RSUI breached its duty to settle ConAgra’s property damage claim. The Seventh Circuit affirmed summary judgment in favor of RSUI. Under Illinois law, the damage-to-property clause excludes the claim from coverage. RSUI had no duty to settle a claim that the insurance policy does not cover. Holding otherwise would undermine the basic premise of the damage-to-property exclusion: that general liability policies are not intended to protect the insured from the normal risks of its business. The damage that West Side caused was one of the normal risks associated with its business of remedying hot grain bins before they explode. Even if West Side was only working on the grain when the explosion occurred, it is immaterial. The exclusion does not apply only to the precise area of the property being worked on if the work performed was poor.
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In the United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit ____________________ No. 16 3928 WEST SIDE SALVAGE, INC., Plaintiff Appellant, v. RSUI INDEMNITY COMPANY, Defendant Appellee. ____________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Illinois. No. 15 cv 0442 MJR SCW — Michael J. Reagan, Chief Judge. ____________________ ARGUED NOVEMBER 1, 2017 — DECIDED DECEMBER 18, 2017 ____________________ Before MANION, KANNE, and ROVNER, Circuit Judges. KANNE, Circuit Judge. In 2014, we held that West Side Sal vage, Inc. was solely liable for the injuries that three workers suffered in a grain bin explosion. We also held that West Side was liable for $3 million in property damage to the bin, which was owned by ConAgra Foods, Inc. West Side had an $11 million excess insurance policy with RSUI Indemnity Company. West Side sued RSUI, alleging that 2 No. 16 3928 RSUI breached its duty to settle ConAgra’s property damage claim. The district court granted summary judgment to RSUI. West Side appeals. We affirm. I. BACKGROUND In 2010, ConAgra discovered a hot grain bin—a bin with rising grain temperatures that poses a risk of fire and explo sion—at its Chester, Illinois facility. It hired West Side to fix the problem, but the grain bin exploded while West Side was working on it. The explosion caused severe burns and injuries to three workers and damaged the bin. The injured workers sued West Side and ConAgra, and ConAgra filed a cross claim against West Side for property damage to the bin. West Side had a $1 million primary insurance policy with Colony Insurance and an $11 million excess insurance policy with RSUI. At the outset of the explosion litigation, Colony tendered its limits and removed itself from the case. But a Col ony hired attorney continued to represent West Side through trial after West Side received reservation letters from RSUI. The letters reflected RSUI’s position that ConAgra’s prop erty damage claim against West Side may potentially fall out side of coverage. Relevant to this appeal, West Side’s policy with RSUI includes a damage to property clause, which ex cludes certain property damage claims from coverage. The parties tried but never reached a settlement in the ex plosion litigation. After a jury trial, West Side and ConAgra were found liable for the workers’ injuries, and West Side was found liable for the property damage to ConAgra’s grain bin. Both West Side and ConAgra appealed, and in Jentz v. ConAgra Foods, Inc., 767 F.3d 688 (7th Cir. 2014), we reversed the personal injury judgment as to ConAgra and held that No. 16 3928 3 West Side was solely liable for the workers’ injuries. We af firmed the judgment against West Side on ConAgra’s prop erty damage claim. This left West Side with significantly greater liability than what its insurance policies covered. Before we decided Jentz, West Side filed a complaint in dis trict court, arguing that RSUI should have settled the explo sion litigation claims within policy limits and breached its duty to settle in not doing so. The district court dismissed that action without prejudice. After we decided Jentz, West Side and RSUI privately settled West Side’s claim that RSUI should have settled the injured workers’ claims within policy limits. But that settlement did not address the property damage claim. Instead, West Side filed the action from which this ap peal was taken, alleging that RSUI breached its duty to settle the property damage claim within policy limits. RSUI moved for summary judgment, advancing two argu ments. It principally argued that the insurance policy doesn’t cover the property damage claim, in part because there is a damage to property exclusion in the policy that applies. It ar gued in the alternative, though, that even if the claim is cov ered by the insurance policy, West Side could not present ev idence that RSUI breached its duty to settle. The district court rejected the first argument but accepted the second. The court reasoned that an insurer only has a duty to settle when there is an offer to settle all claims against the insured at the same time that there is a reasonable likelihood the insured will face liability exceeding the policy limits. The court found that West Side did not show there was a time when these conditions were satisfied, and it granted summary judgment to RSUI. West Side appeals. 4 No. 16 3928 II. ANALYSIS We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, construing the facts and making reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmovant, here, West Side. See Perez v. Thorntons, Inc., 731 F.3d 699, 703 (7th Cir. 2013). We may affirm “on any ground supported in the record, so long as that ground was adequately addressed in the district court and the nonmoving party had an opportunity to contest the issue.” Cardoso v. Robert Bosch Corp., 427 F.3d 429, 432 (7th Cir. 2005). In this court, RSUI repeats the two arguments it made in its motion for summary judgment as alternative bases for af firmance: that the insurance policy doesn’t cover ConAgra’s property damage claim and that, even if there is coverage, West Side can’t show RSUI breached its duty to settle. In support of its first argument, RSUI contends that the damage to property clause in the policy excludes ConAgra’s claim against West Side from coverage. We agree. We interpret the damage to property exclusion in accord ance with the law of the forum state, Illinois. Under Illinois law, the damage to property clause excludes ConAgra’s claim against West Side from coverage. And RSUI had no duty to settle a claim that the insurance policy doesn’t cover. See Am. Family Mut. Ins. Co. v. Westfield Ins. Co., 962 N.E.2d 993, 1000 (Ill. App. Ct. 2011). A. Illinois law applies to the analysis of the damage to property exclusion. As a federal court sitting in diversity, we turn to state law to determine whether an insurance coverage exclusion ap plies. See, e.g., Neth. Ins. Co. v. Phusion Projects, Inc., 737 F.3d 1174, 1177 (7th Cir. 2013); Cincinnati Ins. Co. v. Flanders Elec. No. 16 3928 5 Motor Serv., Inc., 40 F.3d 146, 150 (7th Cir. 1994). But the parties dispute which state law we should apply, so we turn first to a choice of law analysis using the rules of the forum state, here, Illinois. Klaxon v. Stentor Elec. Mfg. Co., 313 U.S. 487, 496 (1941). Illinois courts engage in a choice of law analysis only if there is a conflict between Illinois law and the law of another state such that “a difference in law will make a difference in the outcome.” Townsend v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 879 N.E.2d 893, 898 (Ill. 2007). The party who seeks a choice of law deter mination must establish the existence of an outcome determi native conflict. Bridgeview Health Care Ctr., Ltd. v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 10 N.E.3d 902, 905 (Ill. 2014). If the party fails to establish the existence of such a conflict, the court applies the law of the forum state. See id.; Gleim v. Roberts, 919 N.E.2d 367, 370 (Ill. App. Ct. 2009). West Side argues that a conflict exists between Illinois and Iowa law that affects whether the damage to property exclu sion bars coverage for ConAgra’s property damage claim. In support of this contention, West Side points to National Surety Corp. v. Westlake Investments, LLC, 880 N.W.2d 724 (Iowa 2016). Westlake addressed whether an insurance policy covered a property damage claim arising after construction work was completed. When a property damage claim arises after work is completed, whether that claim is covered by the policy de pends on the application of the “damage to ‘your work’” ex clusion. Id. at 739–40 (The “‘your work’ exclusion generally excludes from coverage property damage arising out of com pleted work performed by or on behalf of the insured.”). But ConAgra brought a claim for property damage caused by ongoing operations, not completed work. When a prop erty damage claim arises during ongoing operations, whether 6 No. 16 3928 that claim is covered by the policy depends on the application of the damage to property exclusion, instead. See id. at 739 (noting that the damage to property exclusion generally ex cludes from coverage property damage due to work incor rectly performed on it, but it generally does not apply if the property damage arises out of completed work). Thus, Westlake is not outcome determinative in this case. In the absence of a demonstrated conflict, we apply the law of the forum state (Illinois) to determine whether the damage to property exclusion applies to ConAgra’s prop erty damage claim against West Side. B. The damage to property provision excludes ConAgra’s claim against West Side from coverage. Though a court must construe exclusions liberally in favor of the insured and against the insurer, “if an exclusion is clear and unambiguous and does not contravene public policy, it must be applied as written.” Pekin Ins. Co. v. Willett, 704 N.E.2d 923, 925 (Ill. App. Ct. 1998). West Side does not argue that the damage to property exclusion is ambiguous or con travenes public policy. Thus, we apply the exclusion as it is written. The damage to property exclusion eliminates insurance coverage for property damage to: “(5) [t]hat particular part of real property on which you or any contractors or subcontractors working directly or indirectly on your behalf are performing operations, if the ‘property damage’ arises out of those operations; or No. 16 3928 7 (6) [t]hat particular part of any property that must be restored, repaired or replaced because ‘your work’ was incorrectly performed on it.” (R. 1 at 30–31.) The contract defines “property damage” as “[p]hysical injury to tangible property,” (R. 1 at 40), and it de fines “your work” as “[w]ork or operations performed by you or on your behalf,” (R. 1 at 41). This exclusion is “premised on the theory that liability policies are not intended to provide protection against the insured’s own faulty workmanship or product, which are normal risks associated with the conduct of the insured’s business.” State Farm Fire & Cas. Co. v. Tiller son, 777 N.E.2d 986, 992 (Ill. App. Ct. 2002). The district court read these provisions narrowly, conclud ing that the exclusion only applied if the insured was sued for property damage caused by work on that particular piece of property. To reach this conclusion, the district court did not apply Illinois law and instead relied on Columbia Mutual Ins. Co. v. Schauf, 967 S.W.2d 74 (Mo. 1998) (en banc). In that case, a painter was hired to paint all interior and exterior surfaces of a home. Schauf, 967 S.W.2d at 76. After the painter used a spraying compressor to paint the kitchen cabinets, he began cleaning the compressor inside the home before he left for the day. Id. The equipment started a fire that damaged the home, and the homeowners sued the painter for that damage. Id. In a declaratory action brought by the painter’s insurer, the court held that only damage to the kitchen cabinets was excluded from coverage because that was the only part of real property on which the painter was performing operations. Id. at 80. Applying Schauf to this case, the district court found that “a reasonable interpretation of the facts could lead to the con clusion” that West Side was not working on the grain bin 8 No. 16 3928 when it exploded but instead was only handling the grain in side of it. (R. 65 at 13.) Because ConAgra sued for the damage to the bin, not for the loss of the grain, a jury could find that ConAgra’s property damage claim was still covered by the in surance policy despite the damage to property exclusion. We decline to adopt the district court’s interpretation and instead hold that the damage to property exclusion applies here. Under Illinois law, the damage to property exclusion is not interpreted so narrowly. “The exclusion[] do[es] not ex clude coverage for damage done only to the precise area of the property being worked on. Rather, the exclusion[] appl[ies] to property damage caused by poor workmanship.” Willett, 704 N.E.2d at 926. In Willett, the homeowners hired a worker to empty their swimming pool, paint it, and fill it with water and chemicals to prepare it for use. Id. at 924. After the worker emptied and painted the pool, but before he filled it, the pool pushed out of the ground from a heavy rainstorm. Id. The homeowners filed a complaint against the worker, alleging that he failed to fill the pool in a timely manner and that this failure caused damage to the pool while he was working on it. Id. at 926. Wil lett’s insurance company brought an action seeking a declara tion that Willett’s insurance policy did not cover the home owner’s claim against him. The court held that the policy ex cluded the homeowner’s claim from coverage, resting its holding on the applicability of damage to property provi sions that are identical to the ones here. Id. Just as Willett’s insurance policy did not cover the damage to the swimming pool because he “performed his work incor rectly by failing to fill the pool in a timely manner,” West Side’s insurance policy does not cover the damage to the grain No. 16 3928 9 bin because West Side performed its work incorrectly by fail ing to reduce the grain temperature in a timely manner. Id. Even if it is true that West Side was only working on the grain when the explosion occurred, it is immaterial. The damage to property exclusion does not apply only to the precise area of the property being worked on if the work performed was poor. See id. Holding otherwise would undermine the basic premise of the damage to property exclusion: that general liability poli cies are not intended to protect the insured from the normal risks of its business. See Tillerson, 777 N.E.2d at 992. The dam age that West Side caused was one of the normal risks associ ated with its business of remedying hot grain bins before they explode. See Auto Owners Ins. Co. v. Chorak & Sons, Inc., No. 07 C 4454, 2008 WL 3286986, at *4 (Ill. App. Ct. 2008) (noting that the insured was asking the insurer to provide coverage for damage that was the result “of the normal risks associated with” the activity the insured was performing and holding that the damage to property exclusion applied to bar such coverage). C. Because RSUI didn’t cover ConAgra’s claim against West Side, RSUI had no duty to settle it. “[The] duty to act in good faith in responding to settle ment offers … only exists where there is coverage under the policy.” Am. Family Mut. Ins. Co. v. Westfield Ins. Co., 962 N.E.2d 993, 1000 (Ill. App. Ct. 2011). The damage to property exclusion removed ConAgra’s claim from coverage under West Side’s policy with RSUI, so RSUI had no duty to act in good faith in responding to an offer to settle that claim. West Side’s three arguments that RSUI should nonetheless be held accountable for failing to settle the claim are unavailing. 10 No. 16 3928 West Side first contends that there is an applicable excep tion to the damage to property exclusion. In support, it points to an exception to an entirely different exclusion—the “your work” exclusion. The exceptions to the damage to property ex clusion do not apply. (See R. 1 at 30–31.) Next, West Side argues that “RSUI is estopped from assert ing lack of coverage as a defense,” because “RSUI took over [the defense] and insisted on handling the settlement discus sions.” (Appellant’s Reply Br. at 10–11.) But if “an underlying complaint presents an issue of potential insurance coverage, and the insurer believes that the policy does not cover the claim, the insurer may not refuse to defend the insured, but must either defend the suit under a reservation of rights or seek a declaration of no coverage.” See Mobil Oil Corp. v. Md. Cas. Co., 681 N.E.2d 552, 560 (Ill. App. Ct. 1997). In this case, RSUI sent West Side reservation letters before it began to de fend the suit. (Appellant’s Reply Br. at 10.) Additionally, West Side was represented through trial by independent counsel hired by its primary insurance carrier, not RSUI. (R. 59 at 3.) See Home Ins. Co. v. Three I Truck Line, Inc., 95 F. Supp. 2d 901, 905–06 (N.D. Ill. 2000) (after recogniz ing that a reservation of rights may not insulate a defense of non coverage if the insurer prejudices the insured during the defense of the action, noting that an insured should acquire its own counsel to avoid the insurer “subvert[ing] the in sured’s ability to protect its own interests”); see also Twin City Fire Ins. Co. v. Country Mut. Ins. Co., 23 F.3d 1175, 1179 (7th Cir. 1994) (noting that Illinois’s duty to settle is an “implied correl ative” of the insurer’s control over the defense). Because RSUI took sufficient steps to ensure that it would not prejudice West Side’s defense even though RSUI was involved in it, No. 16 3928 11 RSUI is not estopped from asserting a defense of non cover age. Finally, West Side argues that RSUI is liable for ConAgra’s $3 million judgment against West Side—“even if ConAgra’s property damage claim was uncovered”—because the judg ment was a consequential damage arising from RSUI’s bad faith failure to settle the injured workers’ claims. (Appellant’s Reply Br. at 12.) But West Side cannot recover any damages, including consequential damages, for a claim that it did not even bring: West Side and RSUI privately settled West Side’s claim that RSUI failed to settle the injured worker’s claims. (Appellant’s Br. at 27.) West Side’s argument that it is now en titled to consequential damages from that claim is without merit. III.CONCLUSION We may affirm summary judgment on any basis sup ported by the record, so long as the ground was adequately addressed below. RSUI advanced two arguments for why it was entitled to summary judgment on West Side’s claim that it breached its duty to settle ConAgra’s property damage claim: that the insurance policy does not cover the claim and, in the alternative, that West Side can’t prove that RSUI breached its duty to settle even if the policy covers the claim. Summary judgment was appropriate on the first ground, so we need not reach the merits of the second. AFFIRMED.
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