Estate of Ryan L. Clark v. Tina Kuehn, No. 16-3644 (7th Cir. 2017)
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In the United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit ____________________ Nos. 16 3560 & 16 3644 ESTATE OF RYAN L. CLARK, Plaintiff Appellee, v. BRUCE WALKER and TINA KUEHN, Defendants Appellants. ____________________ Appeals from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin. No. 14 C 1402 — Charles N. Clevert, Jr., Judge. ____________________ ARGUED MARCH 28, 2017 — DECIDED JULY 26, 2017 ____________________ Before FLAUM, KANNE, and HAMILTON, Circuit Judges. HAMILTON, Circuit Judge. Ryan Clark committed suicide five days after entering the custody of the Green Lake County Jail in Wisconsin. The officers on duty at the time of his death did not know that Clark had a high risk of committing sui cide. When he entered the jail, however, he was assessed as having a maximum risk of suicide. The intake staff who were aware of that risk—Officer Bruce Walker and Nurse Tina Ku ehn—had not initiated the jail’s suicide prevention protocol. 2 Nos. 16 3560 & 16 3644 Clark’s estate brought this suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 alleging that Walker and Kuehn violated Clark’s Eighth Amendment rights by acting with deliberate indifference toward his seri ous risk of suicide. Walker and Kuehn moved for summary judgment. They argued there was insufficient evidence to allow a jury to find deliberate indifference, and they invoked qualified immunity. In a detailed order, the district court denied their motions. See Estate of Clark v. County of Green Lake, No. 14 C 1402, 2016 WL 4769365 (E.D. Wis. Sept. 12, 2016). The court found numerous issues of material fact regarding Clark’s suicide risk, the de fendants’ knowledge of that risk, and who was responsible for initiating the suicide protocol (Walker or Kuehn). The court also rejected defendants’ qualified immunity arguments. As a preliminary matter, the court determined that Kuehn was un able to invoke qualified immunity because she was a private contractor, not a government employee. On the merits, the court ruled that both defendants were not shielded by quali fied immunity because it was clearly established in the Sev enth Circuit that inmates have the right to be free from delib erate indifference to a known risk of suicide. Both defendants appealed. Because this is an appeal from a denial of summary judg ment, our jurisdiction is quite limited. We have jurisdiction to review only the denial of qualified immunity and only to the extent the denial turned on questions of law. This narrows our consideration to two issues: whether Nurse Kuehn was enti tled to qualified immunity as a private medical contractor, and whether it was clearly established that Clark had a right to be free from deliberate indifference to his serious risk of suicide. We agree with the district court on both points, so we Nos. 16 3560 & 16 3644 3 affirm its denial of summary judgment for these two defend ants.1 I. Factual and Procedural Background A. Clark’s History of Suicidal Behavior Our review on appeal from denial of summary judgment based on qualified immunity is limited to questions of law, so 1 The parties and the district court addressed Clark’s rights under the Eighth Amendment. While the Eighth Amendment applies to convicted prisoners, the Fourteenth Amendment applies to pretrial detainees. See Kingsley v. Hendrickson, 576 U.S. —, —, 135 S. Ct. 2466, 2475 (2015) (“The language of the two Clauses differs, and the nature of the claims often dif fers. And, most importantly, pretrial detainees (unlike convicted prison ers) cannot be punished at all, much less maliciously and sadistically.”) (quotations omitted). Courts have expressed some uncertainty regarding which amendment controls for hybrid forms of detention, such as here where Clark’s extended supervision officer placed him on short “holds” in the county jail. See, e.g., Hoyt v. Gilden, No. 15 cv 437 jdp, 2017 WL 90389, slip op. at *3 (W.D. Wis. Jan. 10, 2017) (“When plaintiff turned him self in after violating the terms of his extended supervised release from his prior conviction, and was thus held in jail custody, it is not clear whether the law considered him a ‘prisoner’ or a ‘pretrial detainee.’”). We need not address this issue here, both because of the parties’ apparent agreement and because summary judgment was properly denied under the Eighth Amendment standard, which is at least as difficult for a plaintiff to satisfy as the Fourteenth Amendment standard. See, e.g., Cavalieri v. Shepard, 321 F.3d 616, 620 (7th Cir. 2003) (“as a pretrial detainee, [plaintiff] was entitled to at least the same protection against deliberate indifference to his basic needs as is available to convicted prisoners under the Eighth Amend ment ”); see also Jackson v. Illinois Medi–Car, Inc., 300 F.3d 760, 764 (7th Cir. 2002) (“[W]hen considering a pretrial detainee’s claim of inadequate med ical care, we frequently turn to the analogous standards of Eighth Amend ment jurisprudence.”) (citations omitted). 4 Nos. 16 3560 & 16 3644 we recount the facts as stated by the district court in its assess ment of the summary judgment record. See Locke v. Haessig, 788 F.3d 662, 665 (7th Cir. 2015). Ryan Clark struggled for years with alcoholism and de pression. In 2009 he was released from Wisconsin state prison after serving time for his fifth offense of operating a vehicle under the influence of alcohol. His release was subject to ex tended supervision. Over the next two years he was admitted to the Green Lake County Jail approximately eight times. Each time his extended supervision officer placed him on a “hold” due to alleged violations of his supervision rules, and each time he was intoxicated. Jail records show that Clark received regular medical treatment for depression while in custody. He was frequently given medication for depression, such as sertraline and fluox etine, and his jail record stated that he experienced “anxiety attacks” when he did not receive his medication. The jail rec ords also documented Clark’s serious risk of suicide. This in cluded documentation of instances of self harm, including a suicide attempt in 2011. At times in the past, the jail had put Clark on “Special Watch Observation,” where he was ob served every fifteen minutes to prevent suicide. B. Intake, Confinement, and Suicide On May 23, 2012, Clark was admitted once more to the Green Lake County Jail because he violated supervision rules by drinking alcohol. His breath test showed a blood alcohol level of 0.27, more than three times the legal limit for driving. Defendant Walker performed the intake process. Following standard practice, Walker administered the Spillman Initial Nos. 16 3560 & 16 3644 5 Inmate Assessment, which is a software program that in cludes a suicide risk assessment. The program provides ques tions for the intake officer to ask the inmate, and it uses the inmate’s responses to estimate his suicide risk. Based on Clark’s responses, the Spillman Assessment cal culated that he was at a “maximum” suicide risk. According to the jail administrator, the Spillman Assessment is not dis positive, and officers have discretion to initiate the suicide protocol based on other factors, such as when an inmate ex pressly says that he is contemplating suicide. Walker testified that he thought the Spillman Assessment automatically pro duced a maximum suicide rating for all inmates intoxicated at the time of the test. Officer testimony indicated that officers made discretionary determinations about suicide risk without psychological training on suicide prevention or an under standing of how the Spillman Assessment functioned. After completing the suicide assessment reflecting maxi mum risk, Walker placed Clark in the holding cell to wait for Nurse Kuehn’s routine medical intake. He left the Spillman Assessment for her review. Walker did not, however, imple ment the jail’s suicide prevention protocol, which requires special precautions for inmates at risk of committing suicide. For instance, officers are supposed to check jail records to de termine if the inmate has a prior history of suicidal behavior. Walker did not conduct this check, which would have shown a prior suicide attempt while in jail. Nor did Walker place Clark in a suicide prevention cell, initiate monitoring of Clark, or refer him to a mental health provider. The district court also found a factual dispute between Walker and Nurse Kuehn over who was responsible for initiating the suicide protocol. 6 Nos. 16 3560 & 16 3644 Nurse Kuehn performed Clark’s medical intake. Kuehn worked for Correctional Healthcare Companies, a company contracted by the jail to provide medical services. During the intake, Kuehn documented that Clark was taking antidepres sant medication but could not remember the name of his med icine while he was intoxicated. She never followed up to learn Clark’s medication. She placed Clark’s Spillman Assessment in his medical chart, but she also did not take steps pursuant to the jail policy to mitigate Clark’s risk of suicide. She did not refer Clark to a mental health counselor, which she had done for Clark in the past. Nor did she inform jail staff of Clark’s suicide risk. Instead of assigning Clark to the cell designed for suicide prevention, she assigned him to a cell for alcohol de toxification. Inmates in detoxification cells are alone 24 hours a day. Kuehn later testified that she was aware that alcohol detoxification increases the risk of suicide. She also testified that she knew Clark would experience extreme isolation in the detoxification cell. Kuehn followed up with Clark several times after his initial intake. Four nights later, Clark committed suicide, on May 28 shortly after midnight. The officers on duty at the time were unaware that Clark posed a suicide risk. He was not in the suicide prevention cell, and neither Walker nor Kuehn had notified them of any risk. The officer monitoring the security cameras did not observe Clark’s suicide. The video recording shows that Clark’s preparation and suicide took approxi mately thirty minutes. Clark fashioned a noose with pieces of fabric and tied it to his bedroll. He used his bedroll as a coun terweight by placing it over a little dividing wall in his cell, and then hanged himself by letting his body sag on the other side of the wall. An officer discovered Clark’s body approxi mately one hour later, but it was too late to revive him. Nos. 16 3560 & 16 3644 7 C. Procedural History In November 2014 Clark’s estate brought suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 alleging deliberate indifference to Clark’s risk of suicide. The estate named as defendants Green Lake County and Officers Walker, Schoenscheck, and Pflum (the “County Defendants”). The estate also named Kuehn and Correctional Healthcare Companies, Inc. (the “Medical Defendants”). The County Defendants moved to dismiss or alternatively for summary judgment. The Medical Defendants also moved for summary judgment. The district court denied the County De fendant’s motion to dismiss and then granted summary judg ment on the Eighth Amendment claim for all defendants other than Walker and Kuehn.2 The court found that genuine issues of material fact pre cluded summary judgment for Walker and Kuehn. As an ini tial matter, Walker and Kuehn both disputed who was re sponsible for initiating the suicide protocol. The court also concluded that the estate offered sufficient evidence to allow a jury to find that Walker and Kuehn acted with deliberate indifference to Clark’s risk. Finally, the court rejected defend ants’ qualified immunity arguments. After reviewing our precedent, the court held that the immunity defense should not extend to Kuehn as a private contractor. Nonetheless, the court went on to consider the merits of the qualified immun 2 Defendants also named Health Professionals Ltd. as a defendant, but that company was taken over by Correctional Healthcare Companies, and for purposes of this case it is undisputed that both organizations had com mon corporate ownership. In addition, the estate amended its complaint to add a Monell claim against Green Lake County, but that issue is not before us on appeal. 8 Nos. 16 3560 & 16 3644 ity defense for both defendants and determined that the de fense failed because it was clearly established in 2012 in the Seventh Circuit that deliberate indifference to an inmate’s se rious risk of suicide violates the Eighth Amendment. Walker and Kuehn then appealed the denial of summary judgment. II. Analysis A. Jurisdiction over Denial of Summary Judgment We have limited jurisdiction over these appeals. Ordinar ily, a denial of summary judgment is not appealable because it is not a final order. See 28 U.S.C. § 1291; Ortiz v. Jordan, 562 U.S. 180, 188 (2011). The collateral order doctrine recognizes certain exceptions, including when qualified immunity is de nied for legal reasons. See Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511, 530 (1985) (“[A] district court’s denial of a claim of qualified im munity, to the extent that it turns on an issue of law, is an ap pealable ‘final decision’ within the meaning of 28 U.S.C. § 1291.”). If qualified immunity is denied at summary judgment be cause of a factual dispute, however, we do not have jurisdic tion over that issue. Johnson v. Jones, 515 U.S. 304, 319–20 (1995) (“[W]e hold that a defendant, entitled to invoke a qualified immunity defense, may not appeal a district court’s summary judgment order insofar as that order determines whether or not the pretrial record sets forth a ‘genuine’ issue of fact for trial.”); see also Locke, 788 F.3d at 665 (“Because this is an in terlocutory appeal from the district court’s denial of qualified immunity, we have appellate jurisdiction over only legal questions.”). As the Supreme Court explained in Johnson, we have appellate jurisdiction when a district court denies a pub Nos. 16 3560 & 16 3644 9 lic official’s qualified immunity defense and “the issue ap pealed concerned, not which facts the parties might be able to prove, but, rather, whether or not certain given facts showed a violation of ‘clearly established’ law.” 515 U.S. at 311 (cita tions omitted). Given these constraints, we cannot review all of the issues briefed by Walker and Kuehn, including whether the district court erred by denying their motions for summary judgment on the merits of the deliberate indifference claim. That ruling on the merits is not a final judgment, and it does not fall into one of the exceptions provided by the collateral order doc trine. See Ortiz, 562 U.S. at 188, citing Liberty Mutual Ins. Co., v. Wetzel, 424 U.S. 737, 744 (1976). B. Denial of Qualified Immunity We review de novo a district court’s denial of summary judgment based on qualified immunity. Levin v. Madigan, 692 F.3d 607, 622 (7th Cir. 2012). Qualified immunity “protects government officials ‘from liability for civil damages insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known.’” Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 231 (2009), quoting Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982). When we review a defendant’s motion for summary judgment based on qualified immunity, we consider “(1) whether the facts, taken in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, show that the de fendant violated a constitutional right; and (2) whether the constitutional right was clearly established at [that] time.” Gonzalez v. City of Elgin, 578 F.3d 526, 540 (7th Cir. 2009), cit ing Pearson, 555 U.S. at 232. 10 Nos. 16 3560 & 16 3644 1. Private Contractors Before addressing the two steps of qualified immunity, we must determine whether Kuehn was entitled to invoke quali fied immunity as a private healthcare contractor. Kuehn’s cen tral argument is that the Supreme Court’s decision in Filarsky v. Delia, 566 U.S. 377 (2012), requires us to extend qualified immunity to private healthcare contractors, even though our cases since Filarsky have held otherwise. We have addressed this issue recently, holding that private medical personnel in prisons are not entitled to the protection of qualified immunity. See, e.g., Petties v. Carter, 836 F.3d 722, 734 (7th Cir. 2016) (en banc) (“qualified immunity does not apply to private medical personnel in prisons”), citing Shields v. Illinois Dep t of Corrections, 746 F.3d 782, 794 (7th Cir. 2014); see also Rasho v. Elyea, 856 F.3d 469, 479 (7th Cir. 2017) (“This Court has construed the Supreme Court’s holding that em ployees of privately operated prisons may not assert a quali fied immunity defense also to deny that defense to employees of private corporations that contract with the state to provide medical care for prisoners.”). In Richardson v. McKnight, 521 U.S. 399, 401 (1997), the Su preme Court held that privately employed prison guards can not assert qualified immunity. More recently in Filarsky, the Court considered whether a private lawyer who worked part time for a municipality was eligible for qualified immunity on federal claims arising from his public service. The Court de termined that the lawyer was eligible, holding that “immun ity under § 1983 should not vary depending on whether an in dividual working for the government does so as a full time employee, or on some other basis.” Filarsky, 566 U.S. at 389. Filarsky did not overrule Richardson. Instead, “the Filarsky Nos. 16 3560 & 16 3644 11 Court reaffirmed the holding of Richardson categorically re jecting immunity for the private prison employees there.” Currie v. Chhabra, 728 F.3d 626, 631 (7th Cir. 2013), citing Filarsky, 566 U.S. at 392–94. The Court in Filarsky reached its conclusion on the part time lawyer through an historical inquiry, asking whether the person asserting qualified immunity would have been im mune from liability under the common law in 1871 when Congress passed the law later codified as § 1983. See Filarsky, 566 U.S. at 384. In a detailed opinion, the Sixth Circuit applied Filarsky’s historical method and held that a privately em ployed doctor working for a state prison could not invoke qualified immunity. McCullum v. Tepe, 693 F.3d 696, 697 (6th Cir. 2012). After examining numerous nineteenth century sources, the Sixth Circuit concluded that “the absence of any indicia that a paid physician (whether remunerated from the public or private fisc) would have been immune from suit at common law, convince[s] us that there was no common law tradition of immunity for a private doctor working for a pub lic institution at the time that Congress passed § 1983.” Id. at 704. We found the Sixth Circuit’s reasoning persuasive in Cur rie, 728 F.3d at 632, and have held in other post Filarsky cases that private medical personnel in prisons are not afforded qualified immunity. See, e.g., Rasho, 856 F.3d at 479; Petties, 836 F.3d at 734. Because Kuehn was a privately employed nurse working at the Green Lake County Jail, she is ineligible for qualified immunity. 2. Step 1: Violation of a Constitutional Right Because Kuehn is ineligible for qualified immunity, we turn our focus to Walker’s appeal. The first qualified immun ity step raises again the issue of deliberate indifference. We 12 Nos. 16 3560 & 16 3644 can review this question in the context of a denial of qualified immunity at summary judgment to the extent that the denial turns on a question of law. In this case, deliberate indifference requires the estate to show that Clark had a serious medical condition that posed a substantial risk and that Walker actu ally knew about the risk and acted or failed to act in disregard of that risk. See Walker v. Benjamin, 293 F.3d 1030, 1037 (7th Cir. 2002), quoting Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 843 (1994); Greeno v. Daley, 414 F.3d 645, 653 (7th Cir. 2005). Walker admits that an elevated risk of suicide is a serious medical condition, but he disputes whether Clark’s risk was sufficiently acute. He also argues that there was insufficient evidence to raise a gen uine issue about whether he “actually knew” of Clark’s risk and disregarded it. Both of these disputes are factual in nature. Johnson holds that a defendant who is denied qualified immunity at sum mary judgment cannot immediately appeal “whether or not the evidence in the pretrial record was sufficient to show a genuine issue of fact for trial.” 515 U.S. at 307. The district court found here that “the facts, when taken in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, establish that Walker was aware that Clark was a risk” but that he “told no one.” (The court also found that the “record is replete with questions of fact that preclude summary judgment with respect to Kuehn.”) Be cause the district court’s ruling on the first qualified immunity step turns on factual questions, we do not have jurisdiction to review it. 3. Step 2: Clearly Established Law We do have jurisdiction to review the second qualified im munity step: whether Clark’s asserted rights were clearly es Nos. 16 3560 & 16 3644 13 tablished at the time of his suicide. A right is clearly estab lished when it is defined clearly enough to put officers on no tice of their duties under the circumstances they confront. See Hope v. Pelzer, 536 U.S. 730, 739 (2002) (“For a constitutional right to be clearly established, its contours must be suffi ciently clear that a reasonable official would understand that what he is doing violates that right.”) (quotation omitted). This does not require a prior case “directly on point, but ex isting precedent must have placed the statutory or constitu tional question beyond debate.” Ashcroft v. al Kidd, 563 U.S. 731, 741 (2011). Clark’s right to be free from deliberate indifference to his risk of suicide while he was in custody was clearly established at the time of his death in 2012. See Cavalieri, 321 F.3d at 623 (“[T]he right Mrs. Cavalieri asserts on behalf of Steven is the right to be free from deliberate indifference to suicide. There is no doubt that this right was clearly established prior to Ste ven’s 1998 suicide attempt.”); Hall v. Ryan, 957 F.2d 402, 404– 05 (7th Cir. 1992) (“It was clearly established in 1986 that po lice officers could not be deliberately indifferent to a detainee who is in need of medical attention because of a mental illness or who is a substantial suicide risk.”); see also id. at 406 n.6 (collecting cases from other circuits). Walker responds to this substantial body of case law in several ways. First, he argues that it is “doubtful” whether cir cuit precedent can clearly establish law for purposes of quali fied immunity. He cites two Supreme Court cases, but both cases leave this question unanswered. See Taylor v. Barkes, 579 U.S. —, —, 135 S. Ct. 2042, 2045 (2015); City & County of San Francisco v. Sheehan, 575 U.S. —, —, 135 S. Ct. 1765, 1776 (2015). 14 Nos. 16 3560 & 16 3644 Other Supreme Court cases indicate circuit precedent is ade quate for these purposes. See, e.g., Wilson v. Layne, 526 U.S. 603, 617 (1999) (“Petitioners have not brought to our attention any cases of controlling authority in their jurisdiction at the time of the incident which clearly established the rule on which they seek to rely.”). In addition, we have exercised this authority for decades, including in this specific context of prison and jail suicides. See Hall, 957 F.2d at 404–05; see also Werner v. Wall, 836 F.3d 751, 762 (7th Cir. 2016). We see no rea son to depart from these precedents. Second, Walker argues that the Supreme Court’s decision in Taylor v. Barkes shows that Clark’s rights were not clearly established. 579 U.S. —, 135 S. Ct. 2042 (2015). Barkes had committed suicide in prison, and his estate brought a § 1983 suit for deliberate indifference. The estate sued the commis sioner of the Delaware Department of Correction and the war den of the prison where Barkes committed suicide. Although it was undisputed that the commissioner and the warden had never interacted with Barkes and did not know about his sui cide risk, the complaint alleged that these officials violated Barkes’ rights by failing to supervise and monitor the imple mentation of adequate suicide prevention protocols. Id. at 2043. The Supreme Court reversed the Third Circuit, holding that the right at issue was not clearly established at the rele vant time in the precedent of the Supreme Court or the Third Circuit. Id. at 2045. Taylor is readily distinguishable from this case. First, Clark’s estate is not suing supervisory officials who did not know about Clark’s risk. The estate contends that Walker and Kuehn actually knew Clark’s risk and disregarded it. Second, in Taylor the Supreme Court reversed the Third Circuit in part Nos. 16 3560 & 16 3644 15 because the right at issue was not clearly established in the Third Circuit. Here, the right at issue has long been clearly established in this circuit, as explained above. Finally, Walker argues that the clearly established prohibi tion on deliberate indifference to prisoners’ and jail inmates’ risk of suicide is too general to be enforceable for purposes of qualified immunity. Walker urges us to consider Clark’s rights at a very high level of specificity: whether a jail inmate had a right “to be placed immediately on a special watch in a suicide cell despite no outward signs of suicidal ideation during an initial intake assessment, when the intake officer knew that trained medical personnel would conduct a follow up assess ment and ultimately determine the inmate’s proper observa tion and housing status.” This very specific right, Walker ar gues, “has never been clearly established by the Supreme Court.” Courts may not define clearly established law at too high a level of generality, see Sheehan, 575 U.S. at —, 135 S. Ct. at 1775–76, but there is no such problem here. The Supreme Court has long held that prisoners have an Eighth Amend ment right to treatment for their “serious medical needs.” Es telle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 104 (1976). For purposes of quali fied immunity, that legal duty need not be litigated and then established disease by disease or injury by injury. Risk of sui cide is a serious medical need, of course. See Sanville v. McCaughtry, 266 F.3d 724, 733 (7th Cir. 2001) (“It goes without saying that suicide is a serious harm.”) (quotation omitted). Accepting the facts described by the district court, Clark’s es tate has offered sufficient evidence for a jury to find that Walker actually knew about Clark’s serious risk of suicide. 16 Nos. 16 3560 & 16 3644 (Recall that Clark’s score on the suicide risk screening tool in dicated a maximum risk of suicide.) Walker should have taken action based on this knowledge, yet he chose to do noth ing. Our precedent establishes that “particular conduct” such as this violates clearly established law. See Mullenix v. Luna, 577 U.S. —, —, 136 S. Ct. 305, 308 (2015) (per curiam) (empha sis omitted), citing al–Kidd, 563 U.S. at 742. To the extent Walker argues that our prior cases are factually distinguisha ble from this case, our limited jurisdiction precludes consid ering that argument. The district court’s denial of summary judgment for de fendants Kuehn and Walker on the basis of qualified immun ity is AFFIRMED.
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