United States v. Caira, No. 14-1003 (7th Cir. 2016)
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Someone used the email address gslabs@hotmail.com to contact a Vietnamese website in an attempt to buy sassafras oil, a chemical that can be used to make the illegal drug known as ecstasy. The website was being monitored by the Drug Enforcement Administration, which began an investigation that culminated in Caira being convicted on drug charges. A key step in the investigation was learning that Caira was the person behind the gslabs@hotmail.com address. The DEA made that discovery by issuing administrative subpoenas to technology companies, without getting a warrant. The district court denied a motion to suppress and the Seventh Circuit affirmed, rejecting an argument that the DEA conducted an “unreasonable search” in violation of the Fourth Amendment, Because Caira voluntarily shared the relevant information with technology companies, he did not have a reasonable expectation of privacy in the information, so his Fourth Amendment rights were not violated. The court characterized as “harmless” the district court’s errors imposing conditions of supervised release without justifying them on the record. Caira is serving a life sentence for another conviction. He is not expected to be released from prison so the conditions are not expected to be imposed.
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In the United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit ____________________ No. 14 1003 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff Appellee, v. FRANK CAIRA, Defendant Appellant. ____________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. No. 08 CR 1052 1 — Rebecca R. Pallmeyer, Judge. ____________________ ARGUED FEBRUARY 11, 2016 — DECIDED AUGUST 17, 2016 ____________________ Before RIPPLE, KANNE, and WILLIAMS, Circuit Judges. WILLIAMS, Circuit Judge. Someone used the email address gslabs@hotmail.com to contact a Vietnamese website in an at tempt to buy sassafras oil—a chemical that can be used to make the illegal drug known as ecstasy. The website was be ing monitored by the Drug Enforcement Administration, which began an investigation that culminated in Frank Caira 2 No. 14 1003 being convicted on drug charges. A key step in the investiga tion was learning that Caira was the person behind the gslabs@hotmail.com address. The DEA made that discovery by issuing administrative subpoenas to technology compa nies, without getting a warrant. Arguing that the DEA con ducted an “unreasonable search” in violation of the Fourth Amendment, Caira moved to suppress much of the evidence against him. The district court denied his motion and we af firm. Because Caira voluntarily shared the relevant infor mation with technology companies, he did not have a reason able expectation of privacy in the information, so his Fourth Amendment rights were not violated. In sentencing Caira, the district judge erred by imposing conditions of supervised release without justifying them on the record. But Caira is serving a life sentence for another con viction. He is not expected to be released from prison so the conditions are not expected to be imposed. If he is released, a court can modify the conditions at that point. So the judge’s error was harmless and we affirm Caira’s sentence as well. I. BACKGROUND Between July and September 2008, emails were sent from gslabs@hotmail.com to an email address associated with a website hosted in Vietnam. The emails asked about buying sassafras oil, an ingredient in ecstasy. The DEA, which had been monitoring the website, sent an administrative sub poena to Microsoft Corporation (the owner of Hotmail, the web based email service for @hotmail.com email addresses). The subpoena asked for: [A]ll basic subscriber information, including the subscriber’s name, address, length of service No. 14 1003 3 (including start date) and types of services used including any temporarily assigned network address, Passport.net accounts, means and source of payment (including credit card or bank account number), and the account login histories (IP Login history) of, the following email account(s): gslabs@hotmail.com. For this case, the request for “account login histories (IP Login history)” is key. Internet Protocol (abbreviated as “I.P.”) addresses are used to identify computers connected to the in ternet. The allocation of addresses is centrally managed so one can look up in a public registry which internet service provider “owns” a particular address. Responding to the subpoena, Microsoft gave the DEA in formation about instances in which the gslabs@hotmail.com account was accessed between July 5 and September 15, 2008. For each instance, Microsoft provided the date, time, and an I.P. address associated with the computer that accessed the ac count. The DEA saw that 24.15.180.222 was an I.P. address fre quently used to access the account, so it sent an administrative subpoena to Comcast Corporation (the owner of that I.P. ad dress). The subpoena asked for: Any and all e mail addresses associated with [24.15.180.222]; a) customer name and other user name(s); b) addresses; c) records of session times and durations; d) length of service (in cluding start date) and types of service used; e) telephone or instrument number or other sub scriber number or identity, including any tem porarily assigned network address; and f) means and source of payment for such service 4 No. 14 1003 (including any credit card or bank account numbers). Comcast responded that the address was assigned to Anna Caira, and Comcast gave the DEA Anna’s home ad dress. The investigation continued from there and culminated in Anna’s husband, Frank Caira, being charged with pos sessing and conspiring to manufacture illegal drugs, in viola tion of 21 U.S.C. sections 841(a)(1) and 846. Caira moved to suppress evidence obtained through the subpoenas, arguing that the government’s inquiry was a “search” under the Fourth Amendment, and that a warrant was required. The district court denied that motion and Caira pleaded guilty while reserving his right to appeal the denial of his suppression motion. This is that appeal. Caira also ap peals his sentence because the district judge imposed condi tions of supervised release without justifying the conditions on the record. II. ANALYSIS A. Caira Did Not Have a Reasonable Expectation of Pri vacy in His I.P. Addresses The Fourth Amendment provides that “[t]he right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and ef fects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated.” U.S. Const. amend. IV. Caira contends that the DEA’s actions amounted to an unreasonable search. The dis trict court disagreed. We review the court’s legal conclusions de novo, as well as its treatment of mixed questions of law and fact; we review its factual findings for clear error. United States v. Henderson, 748 F.3d 788, 790 (7th Cir. 2014). No. 14 1003 5 Under the Fourth Amendment, a “search” occurs when “the government violates a subjective expectation of privacy that society recognizes as reasonable.” Kyllo v. United States, 533 U.S. 27, 33 (2001); see Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 361 (1967) (Harlan, J., concurring). Caira argues that I.P. addresses reveal information about a computer user’s physical location, and people have both a subjective and objectively reasonable expectation of privacy in their physical location. But in United States v. Miller, 425 U.S. 435 (1976), and Smith v. Maryland, 442 U.S. 735 (1979), the Supreme Court developed a bright line application of the reasonable expectation of privacy test that is relevant here. In what has come to be known as the “third party doctrine,” the Court held that “a person has no legiti mate expectation of privacy in information he voluntarily turns over to third parties … even if the information is re vealed on the assumption that it will be used only for a limited purpose and the confidence placed in the third party will not be betrayed.” Smith, 442 U.S. at 743–44 (citing Miller, 425 U.S. at 442–44). In Miller, the defendant had no reasonable expectation of privacy in his banking records, even though they contained sensitive financial information, because he had voluntarily shared the information with a third party—the bank. 425 U.S. at 442–44. And in Smith, the defendant had no reasonable ex pectation of privacy in the phone numbers he dialed from his home phone because, as a necessary step in placing phone calls, he shared that information with the phone company. 442 U.S. at 743–44. Even if such defendants had a subjective expec tation of privacy, Miller and Smith held that once information is voluntarily disclosed to a third party, any such expectation is “not one that society is prepared to recognize as reasona 6 No. 14 1003 ble.” Smith, 442 U.S. at 743 (internal quotation marks and ci tation omitted). Accordingly, the government’s pursuit of the information “was not a ‘search,’ and no warrant was re quired.” Smith, 442 U.S. at 746. Caira complains about the DEA’s inquiry into the I.P. ad dresses that were used to access gslabs@hotmail.com. In United States v. Weast, the Fifth Circuit wrote that I.P. ad dresses are broadcast “far and wide in the course of normal internet use.” 811 F.3d 743, 747 (5th Cir. 2016). Caira has not argued that such a description is inaccurate; indeed, his law yer appeared to concede as much at oral argument. In any event Miller and Smith control if Caira shared his I.P. address with even one third party. See, e.g., United States v. Christie, 624 F.3d 558, 573–74 (3rd Cir. 2010) (because defendant shared his I.P. address with the websites he visited, the government did not need a warrant to obtain that address through the admin istrator of one of those websites); United States v. Beckett, 369 F. App’x 52, 56 (11th Cir. 2010) (nonprecedential) (defendant did not have a reasonable expectation of privacy in his I.P. ad dress because that information is “transmitted during internet usage” and is “necessary for the [internet service providers] … to perform their services”); United States v. Perrine, 518 F.3d 1196, 1204–05 (10th Cir. 2008) (defendant had no “Fourth Amendment privacy expectation” in his I.P. address, which he had shared with Yahoo! by using an online chat service); United States v. Forrester, 512 F.3d 500, 510 (9th Cir. 2008) (de fendant had no reasonable expectation of privacy in the I.P. addresses of websites he visited, because he voluntarily shared that information with his internet service provider, as was necessary to view the websites). No. 14 1003 7 Here, Caira shared his I.P. address with a third party—Mi crosoft. When he used his home computer and sent his username and password to Microsoft, he expected to see his Hotmail inbox displayed on his home computer screen. It would have done him no good if his inbox was instead dis played on the screen attached to his computer at work, or a computer at the public library, or the computer he used years earlier when first signing up for a Hotmail account. So every time he logged in, he sent Microsoft his I.P. address, specifi cally so that Microsoft could send back information to be dis played where Caira was physically present. So this case is controlled by Miller and Smith. See Smith, 442 U.S. at 742 (“All telephone users realize that they must ‘convey’ phone num bers to the telephone company, since it is through telephone company switching equipment that their calls are com pleted.”); see also United States v. Graham, 2016 U.S. App. LEXIS 9797, at *21 (4th Cir. May 31, 2016) (en banc) (“[L]ike the de fendant in Smith, 442 U.S. at 745, Defendants here did ‘assume the risk’ that the phone company would make a record of the information necessary to accomplish the very tasks they paid the phone company to perform. They cannot now protest that providing this essential information was involuntary.”). This case parallels the Tenth Circuit’s case in United States v. Perrine, 518 F.3d 1196. Here, law enforcement observed a suspicious conversation on Microsoft’s email service. In Per rine, it was Yahoo!’s online chat service. Id. at 1199–1201. Here, the government sent a subpoena asking Microsoft for I.P. ad dresses associated with gslabs@hotmail.com. In Perrine, the subpoena asked Yahoo! for addresses associated with the username “stevedragonslayer.” Id. at 1199. In each case, offi cials studied the subpoena response, focused on a particular 8 No. 14 1003 I.P. address, and sent a second subpoena, to the internet ser vice provider that owned the address of interest (here, Com cast; in Perrine, Cox Communications). In each case, the re sponse to that second subpoena led to the defendant’s resi dence, which led to criminal charges against the defendant. See Perrine, 518 F.3d at 1199–1200. The Perrine court held that Perrine had no “Fourth Amendment privacy expectation” in the “information he gave to Yahoo! and Cox.” Id. at 1204. A parallel conclusion here would require us to affirm the denial of Caira’s motion to suppress. But Caira urges reversal, arguing that his case is special because the DEA discovered the I.P. address associated with his home—and the DEA knew that would happen, because people often check their email from home—and the home is given special protection under the Fourth Amendment, see Payton v. New York, 445 U.S. 573, 586 (1986); Kyllo, 533 U.S. at 40. That argument is foreclosed by Smith, in which govern ment officials sought information that they knew was con nected to the defendant’s home, and in which the Court ex plicitly rejected an argument identical to Caira’s: Petitioner argues, however, that, whatever the expectations of telephone users in general, he demonstrated an expectation of privacy by his own conduct here, since he used the telephone in his house to the exclusion of all others. But the site of the call is immaterial for purposes of anal ysis in this case. Although petitioner’s conduct may have been calculated to keep the contents of his conversation private, his conduct was not and could not have been calculated to preserve the privacy of the number he dialed. Regardless No. 14 1003 9 of his location, petitioner had to convey that number to the telephone company in precisely the same way if he wished to complete his call. The fact that he dialed the number on his home phone rather than on some other phone could make no conceivable difference, nor could any subscriber rationally think that it would. 442 U.S. at 743 (internal citations, quotation marks, and brack ets omitted; emphasis in original). Citing United States v. Jones, 132 S. Ct. 945 (2012), Caira next argues that his case is special because of the sheer volume of information collected by the DEA. In Jones, the Court held that “the attachment of a Global Positioning System (GPS) track ing device to an individual’s vehicle, and subsequent use of that device to monitor the vehicle’s movements on public streets,” constituted a Fourth Amendment search. Id. at 948. Justice Scalia’s lead opinion applied a framework that is not relevant here, id. at 949–54, but the concurring opinions ad dressed the relevant reasonable expectation of privacy issue. Traditionally, a person had no reasonable expectation of pri vacy in his movements on public streets, so it would not be a “search” if officers watched him. Id. at 953 (citing United States v. Knotts, 460 U.S. 276, 281 (1983); Kyllo, 533 U.S. at 31–32). But two concurring opinions, signed by five Justices total, ex pressed the view that technology has changed the constitu tional calculus by dramatically increasing the amount and precision of data that the government can easily collect. Id. at 955–56 (Sotomayor, J., concurring); 964 (Alito, J., concurring). Jones concerned GPS tracking technology, which is not at issue here. Nonetheless, Caira argues that “the government was essentially given data that was equivalent to placing a 10 No. 14 1003 tracking device” on him. That is unhelpful exaggeration. In concluding that “longer term” use of GPS technology consti tutes a Fourth Amendment search, id. at 955, 964, the Jones concurrences noted that such technology can monitor “every single movement,” id. at 964, and so can reveal “trips to the psychiatrist, the plastic surgeon, the abortion clinic, the AIDS treatment center, the strip club, the criminal defense attorney, the by the hour motel, the union meeting, the mosque, syna gogue or church, the gay bar and on and on,” id. at 955 (quot ing People v. Weaver, 12 N.Y.3d 433, 441–442 (N.Y. 2009)). But here, the government only received records of the I.P. ad dresses Caira used to log in to his Hotmail account. He did so from two unsurprising places: home and work. The govern ment received no information about how he got from home to work, how long he stayed at either place, or where he was when he was not at home or work. On days when he did not log in, the government had no idea where he was. Plainly, the government had no “tracking device.” More fundamentally, Jones did not do away with the third party doctrine. It had no occasion to, because the government used its own GPS device to track Jones’s location—he had not shared his location with any third party. Caira criticizes the third party doctrine and he is by no means alone in that criti cism. Justice Sotomayor wrote that the doctrine “is ill suited to the digital age, in which people reveal a great deal of infor mation about themselves to third parties in the course of car rying out mundane tasks.” Id. at 957; see also Graham, 2016 U.S. App. LEXIS 9797 at *39 (“[A]lthough the Court formulated the third party doctrine as an articulation of the reasonable ex pectation of privacy inquiry, it increasingly feels like an ex ception. A per se rule that it is unreasonable to expect privacy No. 14 1003 11 in information voluntarily disclosed to third parties seems un moored from current understandings of privacy.”). The critique advanced by Caira, Justice Sotomayor, and others, is not new. It was made in both Miller and Smith—in dissent. Miller, 425 U.S. at 451 (Brennan, J., dissenting); Smith, 442 U.S. at 750 (Marshall, J., dissenting). So it is true that at least one Justice believes “it may be necessary” to reconsider the third party doctrine. Jones, 132 S. Ct. at 957 (Sotomayor, J., concurring). But it is also true that “[t]he Supreme Court has … twice rejected [Caira’s critique]. Until the Court says other wise, these holdings bind us.” Graham, 2016 U.S. App. LEXIS 9797 at *27. Because Caira voluntarily shared his I.P. addresses with Microsoft, he had no reasonable expectation of privacy in those addresses. So the DEA committed no Fourth Amend ment “search” when it subpoenaed that information, and the district court was right to deny Caira’s motion to suppress. B. Supervised Release Error Was Harmless Caira also appealed his sentence. The district judge sen tenced him to twenty five years in prison, followed by five years of supervised release. The judgment specified fourteen conditions of supervised release, but those conditions were not justified on the record at Caira’s sentencing hearing. Ordi narily, that would require us to remand for resentencing. See United States v. Thompson, 777 F.3d 368 (7th Cir. 2015); United States v. Kappes, 782 F.3d 828 (7th Cir. 2015); United States v. Johnson, 765 F.3d 702, 710–11 (7th Cir. 2014). But Caira’s case has a wrinkle. Before pleading guilty, in an attempt to avoid conviction, he tried to have the prosecutor and DEA agent murdered. For that, he was sentenced to life in prison. See United States v. Caira, 737 F.3d 455 (7th Cir. 2013). 12 No. 14 1003 Citing United States v. Bour, 804 F.3d 880, 887–88 (7th Cir. 2015), the government argues that the district judge’s failure to justify the conditions of supervised release on the record was harmless because: (i) Caira will not be released from prison so he will not be subject to the conditions; and (ii) if for some reason he is released one day, a court can modify the conditions at that point, see 18 U.S.C. § 3583(e)(2). The govern ment argues that such an approach is preferable because it avoids “perpetuating expensive and time consuming appeals and resentencings.” Id. at 888 (citing United States v. Silvious, 512 F.3d 364, 371 (7th Cir. 2008); United States v. Tejeda, 476 F.3d 471, 475 (7th Cir. 2007)). Caira did not respond to that argu ment in his reply brief, and we find it persuasive. III. CONCLUSION We AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
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