United States v. Rivas, No. 13-3526 (7th Cir. 2016)
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Police executed a search warrant on a storage unit that Miranda rented, where Miranda and Rivas worked on cars. The owner said that he saw Rivas at that unit “just about every day.” The officers found drugs, drug paraphernalia, two loaded guns, Rivas’s student handbook, invoices from Rivas’s mechanic business, and a Western Union receipt tied to him. Miranda was arrested. He called Rivas from jail and, in a recorded call, told Rivas the police were looking for him, but that he would not say anything about Rivas to the police. Rivas was arrested. A fingerprint examiner testified at trial that he was certain the partial fingerprint found on a handgun belonged to Rivas. Rivas wanted to question the examiner about an unrelated case in which the FBI used the same method to erroneously conclude that the fingerprint of an Oregon lawyer was on a bag containing detonating devices used in terrorist bombings. The district court ruled the defense could not refer to that case. The Seventh Circuit affirmed Rivas’s conviction. The examiner was not involved in the other case, and the cases were wholly unrelated. Rivas’s counsel was not prevented from questioning the examiner on the reliability of the fingerprint identification method. Counsel pursued multiple lines of cross‐examination. Rivas’s Sixth Amendment right to confrontation was not violated.
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In the United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit ____________________ No. 13 3526 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff Appellee, v. JOEL RIVAS, Defendant Appellant. ____________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. No. 10 CR 617 — Amy J. St. Eve, Judge. ____________________ ARGUED SEPTEMBER 16, 2015 — DECIDED AUGUST 5, 2016 ____________________ Before POSNER, EASTERBROOK, and WILLIAMS, Circuit Judges. WILLIAMS, Circuit Judge. A fingerprint examiner testified at trial that he was certain the partial fingerprint found on a 9 millimeter handgun belonged to Joel Rivas. Rivas wanted to cast doubt on the reliability of the method the examiner used by questioning him about an unrelated case in which the FBI 2 No. 13 3526 used the same method to erroneously conclude that the fin gerprint of an Oregon lawyer was on a bag containing deto nating devices used in terrorist bombings in 2004 in Spain. The district court did not infringe Rivas’s rights under the Confrontation Clause when it ruled the defense could not re fer to that case when cross examining the fingerprint exam iner. The examiner in Rivas’s case was not involved in the other case, and the two cases were wholly unrelated, so the testimony was of only marginal relevance. Rivas’s counsel was not prevented from questioning the examiner on the reli ability of the fingerprint identification method, and counsel pursued multiple lines of cross examination in an attempt to convince the jury that the government had not proven that the fingerprint belonged to Rivas. Since he was given ample op portunity to cross examine the witness, Rivas’s Sixth Amend ment right to confrontation was not violated. We affirm his conviction. I. BACKGROUND Police officers executed a search warrant on a storage unit that Israel Miranda rented in Elgin, Illinois. Miranda and Ri vas often worked on cars at the storage unit. In fact, the stor age unit’s owner said that he saw Rivas at the storage unit “just about every day” until the search warrant was executed. The officers executing the warrant found cocaine, mariju ana, and drug paraphernalia inside the unit. They also found two guns, a loaded 9 millimeter handgun in a desk drawer and a loaded .357 handgun in a toolbox. The officers also found Rivas’s Rock Valley College student handbook, in voices from Rivas’s mechanic business, and a Western Union receipt tied to him. No. 13 3526 3 Miranda was arrested that day. He called Rivas from jail and, in a call that the jail recorded, told Rivas the police were looking for him. Miranda also assured Rivas that he would not say anything about Rivas to the police. Nonetheless, Rivas was eventually arrested. He was charged with conspiracy to distribute cocaine and marijuana, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846; possession with the intent to distribute cocaine and ma rijuana, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and 18 U.S.C. § 2; possession of a firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking crime, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c); and two counts of pos session of a firearm by a felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 921(g)(1). At Rivas’s trial, the government’s witnesses included the storage unit’s owner, two of Rivas’s former drug customers, law enforcement personnel, and Edward Rottman, a finger print examiner. Rottman had been working as a forensic sci entist for the Illinois State Police for approximately twenty three years at the time of trial and had identified persons through fingerprint comparison tens of thousands of times. He explained that he compares fingerprints using the ACE V side by side comparison technique. (“ACE V” is an acronym for Analysis, Comparison, Evaluation, and Verification and is “the standard method for determining whether two finger prints are from the same person.” United States v. Herrera, 704 F.3d 480, 484 (7th Cir. 2013) (describing method in detail); see also United States v. Saunders, 2016 WL 3213039, at *5 (7th Cir. 2016)). Rottman explained that when comparing prints, he places the latent (unidentified) print next to a known print. Looking through a magnifying glass, he looks at the latent print for a point or group of points that stand out and then looks to see 4 No. 13 3526 whether the same point or points are present in the known print. Rottman continues to look back and forth between the two prints, identifying individual points or characteristics as well as the overall flow of the ridges and pattern and shapes, until he arrives at a conclusion. After this explanation, the government asked that Rottman be permitted to offer expert testimony pursuant to Federal Rule of Evidence 702 in the area of fingerprints and fingerprint evidence. The defense re sponded that it had no objection other than to make the testi mony subject to cross examination. Specific to Rivas’s case, Rottman testified that he devel oped a latent partial print from the 9 millimeter handgun found in the storage unit, photographed the print, and then lifted it. He then conducted a side by side, ACE V compari son of the latent print to a known partial fingerprint of Rivas. After doing so, Rottman concluded that the latent partial print on the gun belonged to Rivas. Rottman showed the jury im ages of both the latent and known prints and walked the jury through ten points of comparison. He testified that he had found seventeen points of comparison between the latent and known partial prints and that they made him “totally certain” that the partial print on the gun was from Rivas. The defense cross examined Rottman regarding his devel opment of the partial fingerprint from the gun and also about his side by side comparison. During the cross examination, Rottman acknowledged the conclusion of a 2009 National Academy of Sciences report published by the National Re search Council1 that it was not possible to have a zero error 1National Research Council, Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward (2009), http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12589. No. 13 3526 5 rate in fingerprint analysis. Rottman further acknowledged that he was not aware of any studies validating the reliability of the ACE V method. The defense also attempted to cross examine Rottman regarding a different fingerprint exam iner’s conclusion in a separate case, that of Brandon Mayfield. The government objected, and the trial court sustained the ob jection. As a result, Rivas was not allowed to introduce evi dence of Mayfield’s erroneous identification through the ACE V method of fingerprint analysis. The jury convicted Rivas on all counts. He appeals. II. ANALYSIS Rivas does not contend in this appeal that the govern ment’s fingerprint evidence or the testimony from its finger print expert should have been excluded. Rather, Rivas’s only argument is that his rights under the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment were violated when the district court did not allow him to cross examine the government’s finger print expert regarding the misidentification of a suspect in an unrelated case. He maintains that in light of the expert’s testi mony that after using the ACE V method he was certain the latent fingerprint belonged to Rivas, he should have been al lowed to inform the jury of a misidentification after the same method was used. We generally review a district court’s lim itation on the scope of cross examination for an abuse of dis cretion. United States v. Faruki, 803 F.3d 847, 856 (7th Cir. 2015). When the limitation directly implicates the Sixth Amendment right to confrontation, our review is de novo. Id. The Sixth Amendment’s Confrontation Clause guarantees a criminal defendant the right to confront the witnesses against him, and it includes the right to cross examine those 6 No. 13 3526 witnesses. Pennsylvania v. Ritchie, 480 U.S. 39, 51 (1987). A Sixth Amendment violation occurs when cross examination limitations prevent the defendant from exposing a witness’s bias or motivation to lie, or when they deny the defendant the “opportunity to elicit testimony that would be ‘relevant and material to the defense.’” United States v. Vasquez, 635 F.3d 889, 895 (quoting United States v. Williamson, 202 F.3d 974, 979 (7th Cir. 2000)). But that does not mean a judge cannot impose any limits on cross examination. Trial judges retain “wide lat itude” to impose reasonable limits on cross examination based on concern about matters including harassment, preju dice, confusion of the issues, or interrogation that is repetitive or only marginally relevant, all without running afoul of the Confrontation Clause. Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. 673, 679 (1986). Here, Rivas sought to cross examine Rottman, the govern ment’s fingerprint analyst, about the misidentification of Brandon Mayfield. Following train bombings in 2004 that killed 191 people in Madrid, Spain, the FBI identified as May field’s the fingerprint on a bag of detonators in a van used by the bombers. Mayfield was an attorney living in Oregon and insisted he had no involvement in the Spain bombings and that he had not left the country in a decade, but he was ar rested as a material witness and placed in custody. About two weeks later, the Spanish National Police informed the FBI that it had identified another person as the source of the finger print on the bag. The FBI examined that person’s fingerprints, it withdrew its identification of Mayfield, and the court dis missed the material witness proceeding. The FBI later issued a formal apology to Mayfield and reached a financial settle ment. The United States Department of Justice’s Office of the Inspector General published an extensive report examining No. 13 3526 7 the misidentification, investigation, and detention of May field, including flaws in the FBI examiners’ use of the ACE V method in the case. Office of the Inspector General Oversight and Review Division, A Review of the FBI’s Handling of the Brandon Mayfield Case (March 2006), https://oij.jus tice.gov/special/s0601/final.pdf. In Rivas’s case, when the government objected on rele vance grounds to the defense counsel’s attempt to question Rottman about the Mayfield misidentification, the district court sustained the objection. After a discussion at sidebar, the judge sustained the objection, explaining, It is fine to raise the studies to challenge him, but to raise the fingerprinting from another case, that there is no evidence on, just creates a whole sideshow on the fingerprinting in that particular case and what methods were used and how it was done and who conducted it … . This is just a sideshow and it is going to go and delay this trial. Again, you can use the scientific studies to cross-examine him; but, to start going into the merits of testing done in another case is not appropriate here. We agree with the government that there was no Sixth Amendment violation (or abuse of discretion, to the extent Ri vas argues it) in this ruling. The FBI had used the ACE V method of fingerprint analysis to identify Mayfield, the same method used by Rottman in this case to identify Rivas, but that is all the cases have in common. Rottman was not the per son who conducted the analysis in the Mayfield case. Rottman was not involved in the Mayfield case in any way, and the separate Mayfield case has no relationship to this case. 8 No. 13 3526 Significantly, the district court did not prevent Rivas from cross examining Rottman about the reliability of the ACE V methodology, which would have been a principal reason for questioning Rottman about the Mayfield case. Rivas’s counsel was allowed to use, and used repeatedly, conclusions from the National Academy of Sciences regarding the fallibility of fingerprint analysis. In light of Rottman’s testimony that the latent fingerprint he examined could have only been made by Rivas, defense counsel asked Rottman whether he was famil iar with the report by the National Academy of Sciences re garding fingerprint analysis, and in particular its statement that claims that these analyses have zero error rates are not scientifically plausible. Rottman acknowledged he was aware of this conclusion. Rottman also acknowledged that although the ACE V method was widely used in the fingerprint exam ining community, he was not aware of studies that had vali dated the ACE V method. The defense counsel cross examined Rottman on other matters as well. Rottman admitted under cross examination that he had only compared the latent print found on the gun with a known print from Rivas, and that he had not compared it with any other known prints. Rottman also acknowledged that it is possible that a very small part of a fingerprint on one person could be similar to a very small portion of a fingerprint on another person. Here, the limitation on cross examination did not prevent the jury from fully evaluating Rottman’s testimony. “The Confrontation Clause guarantees an opportunity for effective cross examination, not cross examination that is effective in whatever way, and to whatever extent, the defense might wish.” Delaware v. Fensterer, 474 U.S. 15, 20 (1985). The judge’s No. 13 3526 9 ruling in this case only limited the defense’s ability to add ad ditional detail about the potential fallibility of the ACE V method, and the Mayfield case was of at best marginal rele vance. See United States v. Nelson, 39 F.3d 705, 708 (7th Cir. 1994) (finding no Sixth Amendment violation, stating “limita tions on cross examination did not deny the defendants the opportunity to establish that the witnesses may have had a mo tive to lie; rather, the limitations denied them the opportunity to add extra detail to that motive”). Rivas’s defense counsel used the testimony she elicited from Rottman during her cross examination to argue in closing argument that two par tial fingerprints from two different people could incorrectly result in a match using the ACE V method, and the specific details of the Mayfield case were not needed to make that point. Finally, we note that Rivas’s attempt to find support for his position from United States v. Vest, 116 F.3d 1179 (7th Cir. 1997), misses the mark. He asserts in his brief that in Vest we allowed the government to cross examine the defense expert regarding opinions drawn by other experts. But there is no discussion of cross examination of a defense expert in Vest. We addressed time limits placed on the cross examination of government experts and the defense’s use of certain records during the cross examination of government experts and found no Sixth Amendment violation in either. See id. at 1183– 88. Vest does not help Rivas. III. CONCLUSION The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
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