Crane v. Crowell, No. 12-2777 (7th Cir. 2013)
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Porayko entered bankruptcy in 2009, having $10,000 in a checking account at TCF. Crowell, holding a $73,000 judgment against Porayko, served Porayko with a citation to discover assets, asserting a lien. 735 ILCS 5/2-1402(m). Crane, the bankruptcy trustee, argued that only a citation served directly on the bank would establish a lien. The bankruptcy judge lifted the automatic stay, 11 U.S.C. 362(d). The district court and Seventh Circuit affirmed. The statute provides that a citation to discover assets creates a lien on all “nonexempt personal property, including money, choses in action, and effects of the judgment debtor,” including “all personal property belonging to the judgment debtor in the possession or control of the judgment debtor or which may thereafter be acquired or come due to the judgment debtor.” A bank account may be an intangible interest, but intangible rights are personal property and a checking account’s holder controls the right to designate who receives the funds on deposit, which makes its value a form of “personal property” under Illinois law.
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In the United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit No. 12-2777 IN THE M ATTER OF: W ILLIAM N. P ORAYKO, Debtor. A PPEAL OF: E UGENE C RANE, Trustee Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. No. 10 C 2630 James B. Zagel, Judge. A RGUED JANUARY 14, 2013 D ECIDED JANUARY 28, 2013 Before E ASTERBROOK, Chief Judge, H AMILTON, Circuit Judge, and M ILLER, District Judge. E ASTERBROOK, Chief Judge. When William Porayko entered bankruptcy in August 2009, he had more than $10,000 in a checking account at TCF Bank. Travis Crowell claims that money. Crowell obtained a $73,000 judg- Of the Northern District of Indiana, sitting by designation. 2 No. 12-2777 ment against Porayko in October 2008; that same month Crowell served Porayko with a citation to discover assets. In Illinois, a citation creates a lien. 735 ILCS 5/21402(m). The competing claimant is Eugene Crane, as Trustee for the benefit of Porayko s creditors. The Trustee contends that a citation served on the owner of a bank account does not create a lien on the value of that account; only a citation directly on the bank can do that, the Trustee maintains. (Crowell did serve a citation on TCF Bank in June 2009, so close to the bankruptcy s commencement that any lien against the Bank is subject to the Trustee s avoiding powers. 11 U.S.C. §547(b)(4)(A).) Crowell asked Bankruptcy Judge Hollis to lift the automatic stay, 11 U.S.C. §362(d), so that he could collect from TCF Bank while the bankruptcy proceeds. The parties agree that it is proper to lift the stay if, and only if, the citation served on Porayko creates a lien on the value of the checking account. Judge Hollis granted the motion, and the district court affirmed. We must decide whether Illinois law treats a citation served on a judgment debtor as a lien on the value of the debtor s bank account. Section 5/2-1402(m) provides that a citation to discover assets creates a lien on all nonexempt personal property, including money, choses in action, and effects of the judgment debtor . Paragraph (1) adds that this includes all personal property belonging to the judgment debtor in the possession or control of the judgment debtor or which may thereafter be acquired or come due to the judgment debtor . Judge Hollis concluded that the value No. 12-2777 3 of a checking account is personal property within the depositor s control . This conclusion has the support of the only state decision that has mentioned the subject. Chicago v. Air Auto Leasing Co., 297 Ill. App. 3d 873, 878 (1st Dist. 1998); cf. TM Ryan Co. v. 5350 South Shore, LLC, 361 Ill. App. 3d 352 (1st Dist. 2005). The Trustee asks us to disagree with Air Auto Leasing on the ground that the appellate court s statement is unreasoned. According to the Trustee, the Supreme Court of Illinois is likely to rule otherwise. The Trustee relies on the observation in Citizens Bank of Maryland v. Strumpf, 516 U.S. 16, 21 (1995), that a bank account consists of nothing more or less than a promise to pay, from the bank to the depositor. The account s value therefore cannot be personal property , the Trustee insists which means, he tells us, that the vital issue is whether a checking account is a chose in action. That question the Trustee answers in the negative, insisting that it is only a potential chose in action (which would ripen should the bank refuse to pay). Strumpf did not present the question whether a bank account is personal property for the purpose of §5/21402(m) or a similar state law. It held that a bank does not violate §362 by deferring payment so that it can offset an account s value against a debt owed to it. The Court s point is that a bank is not a warehouse, as if its vault (like Gringotts Bank) held stacks of specie labeled for each depositor. A bank s delay in complying with a payment instruction does not take any property away from the depositor and so does not violate the auto- 4 No. 12-2777 matic stay. This does not speak to the question whether an account holder s rights are personal property. Certainly the rights are not real property! A bank account may be an intangible interest, but intangible rights (for example, patents or copyrights) are still personal property. The Illinois statute asks what property rights a judgment debtor controls ; it is sensible to say that a checking account s holder controls the right to designate who receives the funds on deposit, which makes its value a form of personal property under Illinois law. We need not resolve the parties debate about the meaning of chose in action . It is enough to agree with the bankruptcy court that an account is personal property under the definition in §5/2-1402(m)(1). The Trustee has not identified any decision in Illinois or for that matter any other state concluding that a bank account is not personal property for the purpose of a statute similar to §5/2-1402(m). It is therefore not surprising that Air Auto Leasing was curt; the judges must have thought the proposition obvious. Indeed, if the Trustee were right, then serving a citation on a bank would be as useless as serving one on a debtor. If the value of an account is not personal property from the debtor s perspective, it is not personal property from a bank s either. The bank sees an account as a debt to its client as a liability, not an asset. The bank s assets lie in what it has done with the money (for example, lent it to a business or homeowner); the borrower s note promising to repay is the bank s property. Bank accounts are an important form of personal wealth; No. 12-2777 5 we cannot believe that Illinois has placed them beyond the reach of judgment creditors, and done so in such an obscure way. A prudent judgment creditor will serve the judgment debtor s bank as well as the judgment debtor personally; otherwise the bank will go on paying the judgment debtor s checks, and the account may be depleted. Crowell might have secured a larger payment had it served TCF Bank, as well as Porayko, in August 2008. But the $10,000 that remained in August 2009, when bankruptcy began, was part of Porayko s personal property and covered by a lien superior to the Trustee s. The judgment therefore is AFFIRMED . 1-28-13
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