USA v. Renteria, No. 22-50242 (5th Cir. 2023)
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Defendant was charged with and convicted of (1) producing child pornography, (2) committing that offense while being required to register as a sex offender, (3) possessing child pornography, and (4) sex trafficking of a child. All four charges involved his conduct with “Minor Victim-1” or “the Minor.” Defendant appealed his conviction for Count 4, sex trafficking of a child. He maintains that in light of Bond v. United States, 572 U.S. 844 (2014), 18 U.S.C. Section 1591 should not be interpreted to reach his conduct, which he terms a “purely local sex offense.”
The Fifth Circuit affirmed. The court explained that overturning Defendant’s conviction under Bond requires him to show three things: (1) that allowing his conviction would “significantly change the federal-state balance,” (2) that Congress has not included a clear indication that they meant to reach “purely local crimes,” and (3) that his is a purely local crime. The court explained without expressing any view on (1) or (3), it determines that Defendant failed to demonstrate (2). Congress included a clear indication that Section 1591 is meant to reach “purely local crimes.” The court explained that it is not alone in adopting a broader interpretation of Section 1591 despite Bond. Because Congress included a clear indication that Section 1591 is meant to reach “purely local crimes,” Defendant’s argument under Bond fails.
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Case: 22-50242 Document: 00516929731 Page: 1 Date Filed: 10/12/2023 United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit ____________ No. 22-50242 ____________ United States Court of Appeals Fifth Circuit FILED October 12, 2023 Lyle W. Cayce Clerk United States of America, Plaintiff—Appellee, versus Martin Renteria, Defendant—Appellant. ______________________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Texas USDC No. 7:20-CR-355-1 ______________________________ Before Smith, Southwick, and Higginson, Circuit Judges. Jerry E. Smith, Circuit Judge: Martin Renteria was charged with and convicted of (1) producing child pornography, (2) committing that offense while being required to register as a sex offender, (3) possessing child pornography, and (4) sex trafficking of a child. All four charges involved his conduct with “Minor Victim-1” or “the Minor.” Renteria appeals his conviction for Count 4, sex trafficking of a child. He maintains that in light of Bond v. United States, 572 U.S. 844 (2014), 18 U.S.C. § 1591 should not be interpreted to reach his conduct, which he Case: 22-50242 Document: 00516929731 Page: 2 Date Filed: 10/12/2023 No. 22-50242 terms a “purely local sex offense[].” We disagree. I. Wanting to earn money, the Minor approached Renteria, a neighbor, and asked him whether there were any odd jobs he could do. Over the course of several weeks, the Minor mowed Renteria’s lawn, washed his car, and completed other chores. During that time, Renteria provided the Minor with several items, such as a bike and a hoverboard, and took him to eat at fast food restaurants. It was later discovered (via a cell phone recording and testimony from the Minor) that Renteria had molested the Minor four times during those weeks. Renteria was arrested by the state authorities and charged with the state offenses of indecency with a child and aggravated sexual assault of a child. He was then charged with two federal charges and later with a superseding federal indictment. Renteria moved to dismiss Count 4 of the superseding indictment because the grounds charged did not constitute federal sex trafficking. The district court denied his motion. At trial, testimony and evidence were offered to show that the gifts were given in exchange for the sexual acts as distinguished from the chores done. Renteria then moved for a judgment of acquittal, which was denied. The jury found Renteria guilty, and he was sentenced to life imprisonment for Count 4. He now appeals. II. The parties disagree about the standard of review. Questions of statutory interpretation are reviewed de novo if properly objected to at the district court, but for plain error if the defendant raises the objection for the first time on appeal. United States v. Knowlton, 993 F.3d 354, 357 (5th Cir. 2021). 2 Case: 22-50242 Document: 00516929731 Page: 3 Date Filed: 10/12/2023 No. 22-50242 The parties dispute whether Renteria properly objected at the district court level. We need not resolve that dispute. Even under a de novo standard of review, we would affirm Renteria’s conviction. Thus, we will assume without deciding that Renteria properly objected and adopt a de novo standard of review. III. A. Bond is a “curious case.” 572 U.S. at 860. There, a woman tried to poison her neighbor and was charged with “possessing and using a chemical weapon.” Id. at 852. The government explicitly waived any reliance on interstate commerce, instead justifying its authority on the treaty power of the United States. Id. at 854–55. As in this case, Bond made a two-pronged argument: First, that extending the statute to her actions would be unconstitutional, and second, that Congress couldn’t possibly have intended the statute to criminalize behavior such as hers. Id. at 853. The Court stated that “[p]art of a fair reading of statutory text is recognizing that Congress legislates against the backdrop of certain unexpressed presumptions,” one of which is the “relationship between the Federal Government and the States.” Id. at 857 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Therefore, “‘it is incumbent upon the federal courts to be certain of Congress’s intent before finding that federal law overrides’ the usual constitutional balance of federal and state powers.” Id. at 858 (quoting Gregory v. Ashcroft, 501 U.S. 452, 460 (1991)). The upshot is this: If reading an otherwise ambiguous term in one way would cause an “intrus[ion] on the police power of the States,” id. at 860 (citing United States v. Bass, 404 U.S. 336, 349 (1971)), and “significantly change the federal-state balance,” id. at 859 (alterations omitted) (quoting Jones v. United States, 529 U.S. 848, 858 (2000)), then we require a clear 3 Case: 22-50242 Document: 00516929731 Page: 4 Date Filed: 10/12/2023 No. 22-50242 indication that Congress meant to reach purely local crimes. But we must be cautious. “Bond does not give courts a free-floating power to create statutory exemptions anytime a judge thinks Congress would have exempted a certain activity had anyone asked.” Gonzalez v. CoreCivic, Inc., 986 F.3d 536, 539 (5th Cir. 2021). B. The government makes two arguments that would prevent us from even reaching an analysis under Bond. First, it contends that Bond does not apply to statutes, like § 1591, that contain an interstate commerce element. Second, the government posits that this circuit’s precedent forecloses reinterpreting § 1591 in light of Bond. We do not resolve these questions here because Renteria’s conduct falls within the ambit of § 1591 even when viewed through the Bond framework. C. Overturning Renteria’s conviction under Bond requires him to show three things: (1) that allowing his conviction would “significantly change the federal-state balance,” 572 U.S. at 859; (2) that Congress has not included a clear indication that they meant to reach “purely local crimes,” id. at 860; and (3) that his is a purely local crime. Without expressing any view on (1) or (3), we determine that Renteria has failed to demonstrate (2). Congress included a clear indication that § 1591 is meant to reach “purely local crimes.” Id. at 859–60.1 _____________________ 1 To be clear: We today decide merely that this reach extends only to “purely local crimes” for which the government has established a connection to interstate commerce. It undoubtedly has done so here. Renteria used the Internet to show the Minor bikes, to search for a video game for him, and to show him pornography. Renteria used a cellphone made in Vietnam to search for bikes to show the Minor, to film the Minor, to time him performing sexual acts, and to coordinate with his parents. And Renteria bought the Minor 4 Case: 22-50242 Document: 00516929731 Page: 5 Date Filed: 10/12/2023 No. 22-50242 Our circuit has found an implied local-crime exception under Bond before. In United States v. Perez, 43 F.4th 437 (5th Cir. 2022), we concluded that Congress’s prohibition on biological warfare “does include the same local-crime exception” as does the prohibition on chemical weapons in Bond. Id. at 441. The similarity between the statutes at issue in Bond and Perez is striking. Both “originate in the Geneva Protocol of 1925 and both are treatyimplementing statutes,” id. (quoting United States v. Levenderis, 806 F.3d 390, 397 (6th Cir. 2015)), and both are about weapons that are similarly accessible, cf. id. But unlike the statutes at issue in Bond and Perez, § 1591 uses the phrase “in or affecting . . . commerce .” 18 U.S.C. § 1591(a)(1). And “[t]he phrase ‘affecting commerce’ indicates Congress’ intent to regulate to the outer limits of its authority under the Commerce Clause.” Circuit City Stores, Inc. v. Adams, 532 U.S. 105, 115 (2001). But, in that respect, Renteria’s case is more like the unpublished case United States v. Looney, 606 F. App’x 744, 747 (5th Cir. 2015) (per curiam). Looney interpreted 18 U.S.C. § 2251(a), which prohibits the production of child pornography “using materials that have been mailed, shipped, or transported in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce.” With respect to § 2251(a), and “[u]nlike . . . in Bond, there is every indication that Congress intended to exercise all its power to regulate child pornography, including punishing purely local conduct so long as the minimal jurisdictional hook is satisfied.” Id. Section 1591 is similar. The inclusion of the phrase “in or affecting . . . commerce” evinces Congress’s intent to punish even purely local crimes (at least insofar as the government can establish a connection between the crime and interstate commerce, as it did here). 18 U.S.C. _____________________ a bike that had been made outside of Texas. 5 Case: 22-50242 Document: 00516929731 Page: 6 Date Filed: 10/12/2023 No. 22-50242 § 1591(a)(1). Renteria points to two decisions that interpreted statutes that did include “in or affecting commerce language” and that Bond favorably discussed. See 572 U.S. at 859. The first is United States v. Bass, in which the Court interpreted “a statute that prohibited any convicted felon from ‘receiv[ing], possess[ing], or transport[ing] in commerce or affecting commerce . . . any firearm.’” Id. (quoting Bass, 404 U.S. at 337). But Renteria’s reliance on Bass is misplaced. In that case, the government wanted the Court to interpret the statute to “bar[] felons from possessing all firearms” even when the government could not “demonstrate a connection to interstate commerce.” Bond, 572 U.S. at 859. The Court rejected the government’s proposed interpretation, refusing to read an interstate element out of the statute. See id. Crucially, that is not what Renteria seeks. The government prosecuted Renteria for a crime that did have a connection to interstate commerce. In that respect, a “narrowed” reading of § 1591 à la Bass would still capture Renteria’s conduct. Moreover, Renteria makes a strange argument that Bass requires narrowing § 1591 to cases where “conduct is [] suited to federal criminal [jurisdiction] alone.” That is, since Renteria’s conduct “is punishable under Texas law, as is appropriate for matters of traditionally local concern,” Bass counsels interpreting the statute not to capture his conduct. But Renteria’s argument places an unreasonable emphasis on one word in Bass. The Court in Bass said that its narrowing of the statute in that case “preserve[d] as an element of all the offenses a requirement suited to federal criminal jurisdiction alone.” 404 U.S. at 351 (emphasis added). Renteria’s interpretation badly misreads this statement. The most natural reading of the passage is an observation that a connection to interstate 6 Case: 22-50242 Document: 00516929731 Page: 7 Date Filed: 10/12/2023 No. 22-50242 commerce is suitable only as an element of federal criminal jurisdiction (i.e. that it is not a suitable element of state criminal jurisdiction.) This is not the same as requiring that whatever the federal government seeks to reach with its commerce power be unreachable by state power. And this court has rejected just that deduction. See, e.g., Looney, 606 F. App’x at 746 (Looney was charged with state and federal crimes for child pornography related conduct where the federal statute relied on a commerce hook.). Renteria also relies on Jones v. United States, in which the Court interpreted the federal arson statute to exclude private residences. See 529 U.S. at 859. The statute in Jones prohibited arson against “any building . . . used in . . . commerce or in any activity affecting . . . commerce.” Id. at 853 (emphasis added) (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 844(i) (1994 ed., Supp. IV)). Rather than endorsing the government’s argument that this included private owneroccupied residences, the Court required a demonstration that the building in question was “currently used in commerce or in an activity affecting commerce.” Id. at 859. In doing so, the Court seemed to acknowledge that “‘affecting . . . commerce’ . . . when unqualified signal[s] Congress’ intent to invoke its full authority under the Commerce Clause.” Id. at 854 (citations omitted). It then distinguished the federal arson statute: “But § 844(i) contains the qualifying words ‘used in’ a commerce-affecting activity. The key word is ‘used.’” Id. (citations omitted). That key word is absent from the relevant part of § 1591 and from the law in Bass, 404 U.S. at 337 n.1.2 Plainly put, the Court’s somewhat restrictive inquiry of what it means to be “used in commerce,” Jones, 529 U.S. at 859, is inapposite here. _____________________ 2 It is present in the relevant part of § 2251, cf. Looney, 606 F. App’x at 745. That statute, however, does not require “use in commerce” but use of “materials . . . mailed, shipped or transported” in commerce. 18 U.S.C. § 2251(a). As the conclusion reached by our court in that case demonstrates, this is not the same inquiry as the one in Jones. 7 Case: 22-50242 Document: 00516929731 Page: 8 Date Filed: 10/12/2023 No. 22-50242 This court is not alone in adopting a broader interpretation of § 1591 despite Bond. The Ninth Circuit has rejected arguments like those that Renteria raises, concluding that the interstate commerce element of § 1591 and its legislative history demonstrated Congress’s clear intent to reach sex trafficking at all levels. See United States v. Walls, 784 F.3d 543, 546–47 (9th Cir. 2015). Because Congress included a clear indication that § 1591 is meant to reach “purely local crimes,” Renteria’s argument under Bond fails. AFFIRMED. 8
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