US v. Eric Zuspan, No. 15-4294 (4th Cir. 2016)

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UNPUBLISHED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT No. 15-4294 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff - Appellee, v. ERIC WAYNE ZUSPAN, Defendant - Appellant. Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of West Virginia, at Clarksburg. Irene M. Keeley, District Judge. (1:09-cr-00081-IMK-JSK-1) Submitted: November 30, 2015 Decided: January 6, 2016 Before NIEMEYER, SHEDD, and HARRIS, Circuit Judges. Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion. Tracy Weese, Shepherdstown, West Virginia, for Appellant. William J. Ihlenfeld, II, United States Attorney, Andrew R. Cogar, Assistant United States Attorney, Clarksburg, West Virginia, for Appellee. Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. PER CURIAM: Eric Wayne Zuspan appeals the revoking his supervised release. the district court abused district court’s judgment On appeal, he contends that its discretion when it admitted hearsay evidence at the revocation hearing and in revoking his supervised release. At a We affirm. revocation hearing, a defendant is entitled to “question any adverse witness unless the court determines that the interest of justice does not require the witness to appear.” Fed. R. Crim. P. balance the witness against 32.1(b)(2)(C). releasee’s confrontation.” (4th Cir. 2012). any “[T]he interest proffered in good district court confronting cause for an must adverse denying such United States v. Doswell, 670 F.3d 526, 530 “[T]he reliability of the [hearsay] evidence is a critical factor in the balancing test under Rule 32.1.” United States v. Ferguson, 752 F.3d 613, 617 (4th Cir. 2014) (internal quotation marks omitted). However, “unless the government makes a showing of good cause for why the relevant witness is unavailable, revocation hearings.” The decision to hearsay evidence is inadmissible Id. admit hearsay evidence at hearing is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. F.3d at 529. review. at a revocation Doswell, 670 Evidentiary rulings are subject to harmless error United States v. Johnson, 617 F.3d 286, 292 (4th Cir. 2 2010). In reviewing the admission of hearsay in a revocation hearing, “the proper harmlessness test must ensure that the error had no substantial and injurious effect or influence on the outcome, reasonable not whether doubt.” the error was 752 F.3d Ferguson, harmless at beyond 618 a (internal quotation marks omitted). Zuspan first argues that the district court abused its discretion when it admitted the recorded interview of a witness, contending the Government did not offer good cause for failing to present the witness to testify. We conclude that any error did not have a substantial and injurious effect on the outcome. The district court did not rely on the witness’ statements in determining supervised that Zuspan release. Government’s evidence violated Moreover, was the conditions because sufficient — we without of his conclude the the hearsay statements — to determine that Zuspan violated the conditions of his supervised release by participating in a scheme to defraud a retail store, this claim warrants no relief. Ferguson, 752 F.3d at 617. Zuspan next challenges the district court’s admission of testimony about the results of a store’s internal investigation —specifically, the finding that items were not scanned at the register and the total cost of the unscanned items. Zuspan failed to object below, 3 we review for plain Because error. United States v. Obey, 790 F.3d 545, 547 (4th Cir. 2015). To establish plain error, Zuspan must demonstrate “that an error occurred, that it was plain and that it affected his substantial rights.” it Id. seriously We have discretion to “correct the error only if affect[s] the fairness, reputation of judicial proceedings.” integrity or public Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). We conclude that any error in the admission of the store’s findings did not affect Zuspan’s substantial rights. amount of restitution loss to was the established state court. by Zuspan’s Moreover, the First, the payment of Government’s evidence, including videos of the transactions shown during the hearing, established that items were not being scanned into the register. Zuspan next contends that the district court abused its discretion in revoking his supervised release because the Government’s evidence failed to establish he had the specific intent to defraud. court’s judgment We review for abuse of discretion a district revoking supervised factual findings for clear error. release but review its United States v. Padgett, 788 F.3d 370, 373 (4th Cir. 2015), cert. denied, __ S. Ct. __, 2015 WL 5937870 (U.S. Nov. 9, 2015) (No. 15-6499); United States v. Copley, 978 F.2d 829, 831 (4th Cir. 1992). The district court need only find a violation of a condition of supervised release 4 by a preponderance of the evidence. (2012); Copley, 978 F.2d at 831. 18 U.S.C. § 3583(e)(3) “[A] preponderance of the evidence . . . simply requires the trier of fact to believe that the existence of a fact is more probable than its nonexistence.” United States v. Manigan, 592 F.3d 621, 631 (4th Cir. 2010) (internal quotation marks omitted). We conclude the district court did not clearly err when it found that Zuspan intended to defraud the store. Zuspan admitted that he knew he was getting a break and that the clerk was not scanning all of the items he purchased. The video and store records show that Zuspan purchased cigarettes, yet only paid using an Electronic Benefits Transfer (EBT) card — further demonstrating that Zuspan was aware he was not being charged for items because EBT cards cannot be used to pay for tobacco. See 7 U.S.C.A. §§ 2012(d)(1), (k)(1), 2016(b) (West 2010 & Supp. 2015). Moreover, as the Government argued below, the number and circumstances of the transactions is circumstantial evidence that Zuspan intended to defraud the store. Finally, Zuspan asserts that it was fundamentally unfair to revoke his supervised release because he detrimentally relied upon his probation officer’s promise that his federal supervision would not be revoked in forgoing a challenge to the state charges and instead paying restitution to resolve those charges. However, as the Government 5 argues, the probation officer could not promise that Zuspan’s supervised release would not be revoked after the state charges were dismissed because only the release district and court retained had authority discretion as to to revoke whether to supervised accept reject the probation officer’s recommended disposition. or See 18 U.S.C. § 3583(e)(3). Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s judgment. dispense with contentions are oral argument adequately because presented in the the facts We and legal materials before this court and argument would not aid the decisional process. AFFIRMED 6

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