United States v. Blue, No. 13-4069 (4th Cir. 2015)
Annotate this Case
Justia Opinion Summary
Want to stay in the know about new opinions from the Fourth Circuit US Court of Appeals?
Sign up for free summaries delivered directly to your inbox. Learn More ›
You already receive new opinion summaries from Fourth Circuit US Court of Appeals. Did you know we offer summary newsletters for even more practice areas and jurisdictions? Explore them here.
Defendant appealed his convictions for possession with intent to distribute 100 grams or more of heroin, aiding and abetting the same, and conspiracy to distribute and possess with intent to distribute 100 grams or more of heroin. The court concluded that the government failed to present sufficient evidence to sustain defendant's conviction for possession with intent to distribute 100 grams or more of heroin on July 13, 2011. In this case, the fact that defendant possessed a key to the Apartment, entered the apartment building containing the Apartment on July 13, 2011, stayed five minutes, and exited with a sandwich-sized plastic container in his hand, standing alone, is insufficient evidence to establish his constructive possession of the heroin found in the footstool in the front bedroom of the Apartment. Further, the court concluded that there was insufficient evidence to convict defendant of conspiracy to distribute and possess with intent to distribute 100 grams or more of a mixture or substance containing a detectable amount of heroin where the court does not know and cannot know whether the jury found defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of every element of the lesser included offense. Accordingly, the court reversed both convictions.
Download PDF
PUBLISHED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT No. 13-4069 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff - Appellee, v. DANIEL BLUE, Defendant - Appellant. No. 15-4153 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff - Appellee, v. DANIEL BLUE, Defendant - Appellant. Appeals from the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, at Baltimore. Ellen L. Hollander, District Judge. (1:11-cr-00508-ELH-1) Argued: October 28, 2015 Before AGEE and Circuit Judge. WYNN, Decided: Circuit Judges, and December 10, 2015 HAMILTON, Senior Reversed by published opinion. Senior Judge Hamilton wrote the opinion, in which Judge Agee and Judge Wynn joined. ARGUED: Sapna Mirchandani, OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER, Greenbelt, Maryland, for Appellant. John Walter Sippel, Jr., OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: James Wyda, Federal Public Defender, OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER, Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellant. Rod J. Rosenstein, United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellee. - 2 - HAMILTON, Senior Circuit Judge: On appeal, Daniel Blue (Blue) challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support his convictions on a single count of possession with intent to distribute 100 grams or more of heroin in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), and aiding and abetting the same in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2, and a single count of conspiracy to distribute and possess with intent to distribute 100 grams or more §§ 841(a)(1) and 846. of heroin in violation of 21 U.S.C. Blue also challenges the district court’s denial of his motion for a new trial based upon newly discovered evidence. Because we agree with Blue that the evidence is insufficient to support his two convictions, we reverse both convictions and do not reach Blue’s challenge to the district court’s denial of his new trial motion. I A. June 29, 2011. Following his June 29, 2011 arrest on heroin distribution and firearm (Fenner) charges agreed (Detective Bearde) Gialamas) of ongoing to the heroin in Baltimore, cooperate and with Sergeant Baltimore City trafficking Maryland, Herbert Fenner Detective William Bearde Marinos Police Gialamas Department in their investigation - 3 - (Sergeant in the Baltimore area. As part of Fenner’s cooperation efforts, he identified Keith Townsend of 715 North Curley Street, Baltimore City, as a middleman from occasions grams whom earlier he the had same respectively). Detective Bearde purchased month Armed heroin on (purchasing with this two ten new separate and twenty information, and Sergeant Gialamas set up a controlled heroin buy targeting Townsend later the same day. Sitting in a vehicle Curley Street, Sergeant block of North Curley parked Gialamas Street on the and without 800 Fenner block viewed obstruction. of North the 700 Sergeant Gialamas sat in the front driver’s seat, while Fenner sat in the middle of the back seat leaning forward. Detective Bearde sat in the passenger front seat of the same vehicle, but his view of the 700 block of North Curley Street was obstructed by another vehicle parked directly in front of the undercover vehicle. Then, following instructions, Fenner called Townsend on the telephone Townsend and placed responded an that order he would for fifty be grams of heroin. ready in about fifteen minutes. Several minutes later, Townsend walked out of his house and interacted for less than a minute with the occupants silver Lexus sport utility vehicle double parked on the block of North Curley Street. of a 700 During their interactions, which included verbal communication, Townsend pulled his wallet out of - 4 - his front right pants pocket, opened currency and handed it to the driver. hands were partially driver’s side. inside the it, removed some paper At one point, Townsend’s window of the Lexus on the From their location on the 800 block of North Curley Street, Sergeant Gialamas and Fenner did not see anything pass back to Townsend from any occupant of the Lexus. Next, Townsend walked toward the corner of East Madison Street and North Curley Street approximately two minutes. where he met with Blue for At the start of the meeting, Blue had “a brownish-tannish item protruding from his left hand” in a semi-closed fist. (J.A. 407). Blue and Townsend then both raised their left hands toward each other and lowered them back down. When Townsend lowered his left hand, he was holding an item, which he promptly placed in his left front pants pocket. When Blue lowered his left hand, it was empty. Townsend Curley Street, then walked while toward Blue his headed in residence the at opposite 715 North direction, entered a gold Honda Accord, and drove away. While walking, Townsend he telephoned Fenner and told Townsend also asked Fenner’s location. enter his residence, an arrest team him that was ready. As Townsend was about to stopped him, placed under arrest, and searched him incident to such arrest. him One of the arresting officers found a plastic bag containing a folded over slice of bread in Townsend’s front left pants pocket. - 5 - The folded slice of bread concealed a plastic bag containing 49.87 grams of heroin. A Baltimore City Police Department pole video camera captured the meeting between Townsend and Blue on video tape. B. July 13, 2011. Fast forward two weeks to July 13, 2011. McShane (Detective Department McShane) witnessed Blue of the enter the Detective James Baltimore Baltimore City City Police District Courthouse of the District Court of Maryland, located at 1400 East North Avenue, Baltimore. Detective McShane had previously learned that Blue had a scheduled court proceeding that day. While Blue was in the courthouse, an officer with the Baltimore City Police Department hid a global positioning system (GPS) tracking device on Blue’s vehicle parked nearby. When Blue later exited the courthouse and entered his vehicle along with a male passenger, Detective McShane, driving an unmarked vehicle, began to follow Blue. So did Detective Bearde and another officer, each driving separately in unmarked vehicles. For traveled approximately northbound at twenty a minutes normal Blue rate of and his speed passenger past Lake Montebello until he pulled into the parking lot of the Fox Hall apartment complex on Rosecrans Place in Nottingham, Maryland, which is still in Baltimore County. The Fox Hall apartment complex consists of multiple apartment buildings, each containing - 6 - numerous individual apartments. once parked. Only Blue exited his vehicle Blue then entered apartment building number seven empty-handed and exited no more than five minutes later holding a sandwich-sized, cloudy white, plastic container in his hand. Blue then entered his vehicle and drove away. Due seven, to the entered the configuration surveilling any apartment of officers in apartment could apartment not building see building number whether number Blue seven. Rather, the surveilling officers saw Blue enter the front door of apartment building number seven, go up a couple of steps, and then disappear. Detective McShane, Detective Bearde, and the third officer took turns following Blue’s vehicle back to Lake Montebello in Baltimore City and kept him under surveillance. Lake Montebello is a recreational area known for narcotics transactions. Blue parked and exited his vehicle with only his mobile phone in his hand. The same male passenger remained in Blue’s vehicle. As Blue walked across a playground, he approached an individual later walked identified toward a as Jeep Jamar Holt (Holt). Cherokee vehicle. Blue and Holt then Blue got into the passenger side, Holt got into the driver’s side, and Holt drove them around Lake Montebello. stopped the vehicle at the A minute or entrance to Lake exited the vehicle, and Holt drove away. - 7 - two later, Holt Montebello, Blue Detective McShane, Detective Bearde, and the third officer followed Holt in their respective unmarked vehicles because they suspected that Holt and Blue had just engaged in an illegal narcotics transaction. A short time later, the three officers conducted a traffic stop of Holt’s vehicle after he ran a stop sign. front Detective and McShane ordered him approached to show his Holt’s vehicle hands. The from the encounter immediately escalated to Holt pointing a handgun at Detective McShane and then attempting to run him over. Detective McShane and the third officer discharged their weapons in the direction of Holt. speed. Holt exited the scene unharmed at a high rate of Although the quickly eluded them. abandoned. Later officers gave chase by vehicle, Holt Holt’s vehicle was located one hour later No firearms or illegal narcotics were found in it. the same day, the GPS tracking device on Blue’s vehicle revealed its whereabouts to be on the 4900 block of Sinclair Lane, Baltimore City. Detective Bearde, among other officers, began surveilling the area. When Detective Bearde observed Blue exit the residence located at 4913 Sinclair Lane and approach Blue’s vehicle, Detective Bearde alerted the arrest team, which moved in to arrest Blue based upon Blue’s meeting with Townsend on June 29, 2011. After Detective Bearde read Blue his rights pursuant to Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966), Blue acknowledged his - 8 - understanding of those rights and indicated that he wanted to cooperate Bearde, nonetheless. Blue Sinclair During falsely Lane denied earlier his interview exiting that day Baltimore City earlier that day. and the with Detective residence falsely at denied 4913 leaving When informed that he had been under surveillance earlier that day and had been seen entering building number seven of the Fox Hall apartment complex on Rosecrans Place, which location is outside of Baltimore City, Blue hung his head. When asked about meeting with Holt earlier that day, Blue admitted that he had met with Holt to discuss a drug transaction that was to take place later that afternoon. At this point, the interview ended. During a search of Blue’s person incident to his arrest, Detective Bearde recovered a set of keys. Investigative work revealed that one key of the set of keys unlocked the door of apartment 1-D in building number seven of the Fox Hall apartment complex on Rosecrans Place (the Apartment). After officers secured the Apartment, they obtained a search warrant to search it for evidence of narcotics trafficking. Execution of the search warrant uncovered 108.6 grams of heroin, two scales with heroin residue, and numerous empty plastic sandwich bags all hidden in a footstool in the front bedroom. In the same bedroom, officers found mail in the name of Tiffany Elliott and women’s clothing. Tiffany Elliott’s brother, Brandon Cooper, - 9 - was found sleeping in the back bedroom. held mail addressed to Brandon Cooper. The dining room table The search uncovered no evidence linking Blue to the Apartment, no evidence linking him to the contents of the footstool, and no evidence linking him to Tiffany Elliott or Brandon Cooper. Law enforcement residence at 4913 also obtained Sinclair Lane. a search Execution warrant of for such the warrant found nothing to incriminate Blue of a crime. C. Procedural History. A federal grand jury sitting in the District of Maryland indicted Blue on three counts. Count 1 alleged that, from in or about June 2011 through in or about July 2011, Blue conspired with Townsend and others to distribute and possess with intent to distribute containing a 100 Blue or detectable §§ 841(a)(1), 846. 2011, grams more amount of of a mixture or heroin. substance 21 U.S.C. Count 2 alleged that, on or about June 29, possessed with intent to distribute a mixture or substance containing a detectable amount of heroin and aiding and abetting the same. 18 U.S.C. § 2; 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). Count 3 alleged that, on or about July 13, 2011, Blue possessed with intent to distribute 100 grams or more of a mixture or substance containing a detectable amount of heroin and aiding and abetting the same. Id. - 10 - Citing United States v. Jones, 132 S. Ct. 945 (2012), Blue moved to suppress the evidence derived from the GPS tracking device placed upon his vehicle on July 13, 2011 (namely, his statements to Detective Bearde and the key to the Apartment). The government exclusionary warrantless vehicle argued rule applied placement was the because of lawful. good the The faith exception to the officers believed that the GPS tracking district device court agreed on Blue’s with the government’s argument and, therefore, denied Blue’s motion to suppress. Blue’s jury trial spanned three days. government’s presented prosecution the testimony of of Blue six at In support of the trial, witnesses the and government introduced the video surveillance tape of the June 29, 2011 meeting between Blue and Townsend. The government also relied upon the following three stipulations entered into between the government and Blue: (1) the heroin found on Townsend’s person on June 29, 2011 weighs 49.87 grams; (2) the heroin found in the footstool in the front bedroom of the Apartment weighs 108.6 grams; and (3) no fingerprints were found on containing the 108.6 grams of heroin. the clear plastic bag Pursuant to Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 29, Blue moved for judgment of acquittal on all counts at all appropriate times. Believing the government made a strong case against Blue with respect to Count - 11 - 2, the district court outright denied the motion with respect to Count 2. Blue’s Believing Counts 1 and 3 to present close calls on sufficiency of the evidence challenges, the district court reserved ruling on the motion with respect to those counts and let them go to the jury. Using a special verdict form, the jury convicted Blue on Counts 1 and 3, but acquitted him on Count 2. Of relevance on appeal, with respect to Count 1, the special verdict form first asked whether the jury found Blue guilty or not guilty as to “COUNT ONE (conspiracy to distribute heroin)[.]” (J.A. 788). It then stated that if the jury found Blue guilty as to Count 1, the jury needed to make a finding as to the amount of heroin involved with either “100 grams or more” or “Less than grams” as the only two alternative options for an answer. 100 Id. Of relevance on appeal, with respect to Count 3, the special verdict form asked whether the jury found Blue guilty of “COUNT THREE (possession with intent to distribute heroin on July 13, 2011)[.]” (J.A. 789). It then stated that if the jury found Blue guilty as to Count 3, the jury needed to make a finding as to the amount of heroin involved with either “100 grams or more” or “Less than 100 grams” as the only two alternative options for an answer. Id. With respect to Counts 1 and 3, the district court upheld the jury’s verdict in the face of Blue’s motion for judgment of - 12 - acquittal, although the district court continued to believe those counts presented close calls on the sufficiency of the evidence. In this regard, the district court was “readily satisfied that the evidence proved the existence of a conspiracy regarding heroin,” but believed “whether the evidence was sufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt a conspiracy to distribute 100 grams or more of heroin” was “[t]he difficult question . . .” (J.A. 828), giving Blue “a very good appellate issue,” (J.A. 870). Following the entry of judgment in which the district court sentenced Blue to 120 months’ imprisonment, Blue filed a timely notice of appeal challenging the denial of his motion to suppress and the denial of his motion for judgment of acquittal. Then, on October 3, 2014, while Blue’s appeal was pending, he moved for a new trial discovered evidence. motion, interest court of may justice on Counts 1 and 3 based upon newly See Fed. R. Crim. P. 33(a) (upon defense vacate so judgment requires). and grant new On October 31, trial if 2014, we granted Blue’s unopposed motion to stay his appeal and remand his case to the district court for consideration of his new trial motion. On remand, the district court denied the motion. Blue noted a timely appeal of such denial. We consolidated Blue’s appeal from his judgment of conviction with his appeal from the denial of his new trial motion. - 13 - II For analytical purposes, we first address Blue’s sufficiency of the evidence challenge to his conviction on Count 3, alleging that, on or about July 13, 2011, Blue possessed with intent to distribute 100 grams or more of a mixture or substance containing a detectable amount of heroin and aiding and abetting the same. In this count, the 100 grams or more of heroin pertains to the 108.6 grams of heroin found in the footstool located in the front bedroom of the Apartment. In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction, our function is to determine, “viewing the evidence and the reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom in the light most favorable to the Government, whether the evidence adduced at trial could support any rational beyond a reasonable doubt.” determination of guilty United States v. Burgos, 94 F.3d 849, 863 (4th Cir. 1996) (en banc) (internal quotation marks omitted). Section 841(a) provides, in relevant part, that “it shall be unlawful for any person knowingly or intentionally——(1) to . . . possess with intent to . . . distribute . . . a controlled substance . . 841(b)(1)(B)(i) . .” permits 21 an U.S.C. enhanced § 841(a)(1). sentence for Section an offense under § 841(a) involving “100 grams or more of a mixture or substance containing a detectable amount of heroin . . . .” - 14 - Id. § 841(b)(1)(B)(i). Because the government prosecuted Blue under a constructive possession theory with respect to the heroin at issue in Count 3, the two critical issues at trial with respect to this count were: heroin was Apartment, (1) whether Blue knew the 108.6 grams of in the footstool and (2) whether in Blue the had dominion and control over such heroin. front the bedroom power of to the exercise See United States v. Bell, 954 F.2d 232, 235 (4th Cir. 1992) (constructive possession requires knowledge of contraband’s presence and the exercise, or the power to exercise, dominion and control over it), overruled on other grounds by Burgos, 94 F.3d at 849; United States v. Schocket, 753 constructive F.2d 336, possession 340 of (4th a Cir. narcotic 1985) if (“A he person knows of has its presence and has the power to exercise dominion and control over it.”). mere Notably, dominion and control cannot be established by proximity to the contraband, by mere presence on the property where the contraband is found, or by mere association with the person who does control the contraband. United States v. Brown, 3 F.3d 673, 680 (3d Cir. 1993); United States v. Rusher, 966 F.2d 868, 878 (4th Cir. 1992). joint tenancy of a residence is Moreover, “[m]ere insufficient to prescribe possession [of its contents] to all the occupants . . . .” United States v. Morrison, 991 F.2d 112, 115 (4th Cir. 1993). See also United States v. Wright, 739 F.3d 1160, 1168 (8th Cir. - 15 - 2014) (“[W]hen there is joint occupancy of a residence, dominion over the premises constructive by itself possession.”). is insufficient Rather, establish joint “[i]n to occupancy cases, there must be some additional nexus linking the defendant to the contraband.” Id. Under these applicable legal parameters, the fact that Blue possessed a key to the Apartment, entered the apartment building containing the Apartment on July 13, 2011, stayed five minutes, and exited with a sandwich-sized plastic container in his hand, standing alone, is insufficient evidence to establish his constructive possession of the heroin found in the footstool in the front bedroom of the Apartment. The government concedes as much, but nonetheless contends that, based upon the cumulative facts presented during trial and the reasonable inferences to be drawn proved therefrom beyond in a favor of reasonable the doubt government, that Blue the government constructively possessed the 108.6 grams of heroin and other drug trafficking paraphernalia found in the footstool in the front bedroom of the Apartment. In this regard, the government points to following evidence and/or inferences from the evidence: In Blue’s case, police observed Blue participate in a 50-gram heroin transaction with Townsend. Approximately two weeks later, Blue drove past Lake Montebello to the Rosecrans Place apartment building and exited with a container in his hand. Blue then backtracked to Lake Montebello to discuss a drug transaction with Jamar Holt that was to take place later in the day. When detectives tried to stop Holt, - 16 - the he brandished a firearm, inferring that he was protecting and concealing something in his vehicle. When Blue was arrested, he had [a] key to the Rosecrans Place apartment, and lied about being at the Rosecrans Place apartment in order to conceal the large quantity of heroin and drug paraphernalia at the apartment. (government’s Br. at 38). lack of any personal The government also argues that the effects of Blue in the consistent with Blue using it as a stash house. government points Administration to Special the testimony Agent Todd of Apartment In support, the Drug Edwards is Enforcement (Special Agent Edwards), whom the district court qualified as an expert witness in the manner traffickers and means sometimes of utilize drug the trafficking, homes of that family drug members, girlfriends, or close friends to stash their drugs so they have ready access to their drugs, “[b]ut if law enforcement following them back to where they sleep, it’s not there.” 602). is (J.A. With respect to case law, the government relies heavily on the following statement set forth in a footnote in the Eighth Circuit’s Brett case: “[T]he holder of the key, be it to the dwelling, vehicle or motel room in question, has constructive possession of the contents therein.” United States v. Brett, 872 F.2d 1365, 1369 n.3 (8th Cir. 1989). In response to the government’s position, Blue emphasizes the government presented no evidence connecting him to Tiffany Elliot or Brandon Cooper, no evidence of him ever being present - 17 - inside the Apartment, and no evidence he had ever been to the Fox Hall apartment minutes. complex more than the one time for five Under these circumstances, Blue argues the jury would have to engage in impermissible speculation to conclude that he knew about the heroin in the footstool in the front bedroom of the Apartment and had dominion and control over it. We hold the evidence presented by the government at trial, viewed in the light most favorable to the government and drawing all reasonable inferences therefrom in the government’s favor, is insufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Blue constructively possessed the 108.6 grams of heroin found hidden in the footstool in the front bedroom of the Apartment. noted, the government did not attempt to prove As constructive possession of the heroin by proving that Blue resided or leased the Apartment, or that any of located within the Apartment. his personal possessions were Nor did the government introduce any evidence supporting constructive possession of the heroin based on Blue’s association with any of the occupants of the Apartment. The inference that Blue used the Apartment as a stash house that the government wants us to draw from the fact that no Apartment personal is an items belonging unreasonable one to Blue given were the found complete in lack the of evidence establishing any connection to any of the occupants of the Apartment. The expert witness testimony by Special Agent - 18 - Edwards upon which the government relies to support its stashhouse inference hinges on one of the occupants of the Apartment being a family member, girlfriend, or a close friend of Blue. But the government introduced no such evidence that Blue even knew, let alone had any such close relationship with any of the occupants of the Apartment. As such, there was no evidence here from which the jury could reasonably infer that the Apartment was a stash house about their use. based on Special Agent Edwards’ testimony Moreover, the fact that the sandwich-sized plastic container Blue was seen carrying when he left apartment building number seven of the Fox Hall apartment complex was never seen again rendered its existence of dubious probative value. Additionally, the government presented no evidence of any connection between the heroin seized from Townsend to the heroin or other drug-trafficking paraphernalia found hidden in the footstool in the front bedroom of the Apartment. At number most, seven Blue of the was Fox observed Hall entering apartment apartment complex on building Rosecrans Place empty-handed on July 13, 2011, leaving five minutes later carrying a sandwich-sized plastic container never to be seen again, immediately driving to meet someone with whom he discussed a future drug transaction, and then, later the same day, falsely denied to law enforcement officers entered building number seven earlier that day. - 19 - that he had Besides the key, the government presented no other evidence, circumstantial, providing a nexus to the Apartment. controlling precedent holding such little direct or There is no nexus between a defendant and contraband found in a dwelling of joint occupancy establishes constructive possession of the contraband and the government has not convinced us there should be. Cf. United States v. Cruz, 285 F.3d 692, 699 (8th Cir. 2002) (dominion and control over contraband hidden in another’s house cannot be established by defendant’s mere access to and presence in such house); Goldsmith v. Witkowski, 981 F.2d 697, 701-02 (4th Cir. 1992) (concluding insufficient evidence of constructive possession of drugs close by and in plain sight of defendant because record lacked evidence that defendant resided or frequented the premises, he had no apparent relationship with the tenant, he did not act suspiciously upon the police’s entry, and there was no showing that he was alone with the drugs when police entered the apartment). Seemingly recognizing the weakness of its case with respect to showing heroin Blue found in constructively possessed the in footstool the the front 108.6 grams bedroom of of the Apartment, the government wants us to rely upon Blue’s false denial of having entered building number seven of the Fox Hall apartment complex earlier in the day beyond-a-reasonable-doubt finish line. - 20 - to get it across the This piece of evidence cannot bear the weight the government asks of it, however. be sure, the jury was free to consider whether To Blue’s consciousness of guilt led him to lie to law enforcement about visiting building number seven of the Fox Hall apartment complex. Cf. United States v. Obi, 239 F.3d 662, 665 (4th Cir. 2001) (“It cannot be doubted that in appropriate circumstances, a consciousness of guilt may be deduced from evidence of flight and that a jury’s finding consciousness of guilt.”). of guilt may be supported by However, the inference of guilt in Blue’s case was weakened by the fact that Blue also lied about being at the Sinclair residence earlier the same day where no contraband was found. Additionally, to infer Blue’s constructive possession of the 108.6 grams of heroin found in the footstool in the front bedroom of the Apartment based upon his denial of visiting building number seven of the Fox Hall apartment complex earlier that day is too tenuous to be reasonable in light of the complete lack of evidence of his connection to any of the occupants in the Apartment. The district court in the present case gave such deceptive behavior United on Blue’s States v. part Whitner, considerable 219 F.3d importance, 289 (3d Cir. relying on 2000), to observe that “‘suspicious and deceptive response to questioning leads to a reasonable inference that Whitner was attempting to conceal the existence of the apartment and [his] association - 21 - with the apartment.’” 299). (J.A. 875) (quoting Whitner, 219 F.3d at But Whitner addressed a motion to suppress and whether deceptive responses gave rise to probable cause to search the residence at issue. not at supply issue Whitner, 219 F.3d at 299. here. probable Here, cause Blue’s to get deceptive the That analysis is responses warrant to helped search the Apartment, but such standard only requires a fair probability on which reasonable and prudent persons act. 133 S. Ct. 1050, 1055 (2013). U.S. 213, 235 (1983) Florida v. Harris, See also Illinois v. Gates, 462 (“Finely-tuned standards such as proof beyond a reasonable doubt or by a preponderance of the evidence, useful in formal trials, have no place in [a probable cause] decision” because probable cause is “only the probability, and not a prima facie showing, quotation marks omitted)). deceptive responses beyond-a-reasonable-doubt knowledge of the of criminal activity.” (internal The question here is whether Blue’s get the finish presence of line the government that 108.6 Blue past not grams the only of had heroin discovered in the footstool in the Apartment’s front bedroom, but also that he had dominion and control over it at the time of its seizure. We hold they do not. We now turn to briefly address the government’s reliance on the following statement in footnote 3 of the Eighth Circuit’s Brett case: “[T]he holder of [a] key, be it to the dwelling, - 22 - vehicle or motel room in question, has constructive possession of the contents therein.” Brett, 872 F.2d at 1369 n.3. government’s reliance is misplaced. The First, no Fourth Circuit case has adopted this overly broad statement as the law of the Fourth Circuit. Circuit case narcotics reside. are See residence is Second, the statement conflicts with our Fourth law analyzing discovered in F.3d a place possession where multiple where persons Morrison, 991 F.2d at 115 (mere joint tenancy of insufficient to contents to all occupants). 739 constructive 1160, 1168 prescribe possession of its Third, in United States v. Wright, (8th Cir. 2014), the Eighth Circuit necessarily qualified its broadly worded statement in footnote 3 of Brett by rejecting the government’s argument in Wright that the defendant’s possession of a key to the home, by itself, proved he knowingly possessed cocaine found in the southeast bedroom of the home. In this regard, the Eighth Circuit cited its earlier decision in United States v. Wajda, 810 F.2d 754, 762 (8th Cir. 1987), for the proposition that “when there is joint occupancy of a residence, dominion over the premises by itself is insufficient to establish constructive possession.” Wright, 739 F.3d at 1168. And lest there be any doubt about the Wright panel’s qualification of the statement at issue in footnote 3 of Brett, Chief Judge Riley wrote a concurring opinion in Wright to make - 23 - clear that the government’s reading of the Brett footnote “is untenable” because whether the defendant had knowledge that the drugs were in the dwelling was not at issue in Brett. 1174. Id. at Thus, Chief Judge Riley explained, “the Brett court’s reference to ‘the holder of the key’ related only to what was at issue: whether the government had proved dominion and control over the contraband.” the Id. defendant’s Chief Judge Riley then went on to explain that, “[o]n casual reading,” some Eighth Circuit “post-Brett cases might appear inconsistent with Wajda, but a contextual reading of these cases’ cursory references to the Brett footnote demonstrate” that the Eighth Circuit “has never allowed the government to convict an individual for drugs he knew nothing about based solely upon his possession of a duplicated key.” Wright, 739 F.3d at 1175 n.4. In sum, because the government failed to present sufficient evidence to sustain Blue’s conviction on Count 3 for possession with intent to distribute 100 grams or more of heroin on July 13, 2011, we reverse his conviction. III We now turn to address Blue’s challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence to support his conviction on Count 1, charging him under 21 U.S.C. § 846 with conspiracy to distribute and possess with intent to distribute 100 grams or more of a mixture - 24 - or substance containing a detectable amount of heroin from in or about June 2011 through in or about July 2011, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). Section 846 provides that “[a]ny person who attempts or conspires to commit any offense defined in this subchapter shall prescribed for be the subject offense, to the the commission object of the attempt or conspiracy.” same penalties of as which those was the 21 U.S.C. § 846. In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support Blue’s conspiracy conviction, our function is to determine, “viewing the evidence and the reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom in the light most favorable to the Government, whether the evidence adduced at trial could support any determination of guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.” rational Burgos, 94 F.3d at 863 (internal quotation marks omitted). In the present case, viewing the evidence and the reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom in the light most favorable to the government, such evidence fails to support a rational determination that Blue is guilty of conspiring to distribute and possess with intent to distribute at least 100 grams of heroin. The only way the government can reach the at-least-100-gram mark is by tying Blue and at least one other person to an agreement to distribute the 108.6 grams of heroin found in the footstool in the front bedroom of the Apartment. As we explained at length in Part - 25 - II of this opinion, the government failed to present sufficient evidence to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Blue even knew about such heroin. Additionally, the government failed to present any evidence of what type of relationship, if any, Blue, Townsend, or Holt may have had with one or more of the Apartment’s occupants. In other words, the jury had no evidence before it from which to draw a reasonable inference that Blue conspired with another to distribute or possess with intent to distribute 100 grams or more of heroin. Accordingly, we reverse Blue’s conviction on Count 1. One final issue——in a single footnote in its appellate brief in the present case, the government cites United States v. Hickman, 626 F.3d 756 (4th Cir. 2010), in support of its position that, in the event we find the evidence before the jury insufficient to sustain Blue’s conviction for conspiracy to distribute and possess with intent to distribute 100 grams or more of heroin, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(B)(i), we should instruct the district court to enter judgment on the lesser included offense of conspiracy to distribute and possess with intent to distribute less than 100 grams of (b)(1)(C). heroin, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), We decline to do so because “[t]o do otherwise would be to usurp the jury’s institutional function in the criminal - 26 - justice system——to determine the facts.” Thornton v. Texas, 425 S.W.3d 289, 299 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014). While we acknowledge that “it is within our power to direct entry of judgment on a lesser included offense when vacating a greater offense for insufficient evidence,” Hickman, 626 F.3d at 770, “courts of reformation to conviction for appeals those a should limit circumstances lesser offense the when whose what use is of sought commission established from facts that the jury actually found.” 425 S.W.3d at 298-99. such that we judgment is can a be Thornton, Here, the evidence presented at trial was cannot know the jury actually found Blue participated in the charged conspiracy apart from also finding the conspiracy involved the 100 grams or more of heroin found in the footstool and charged in Count 3. By finding Blue entered into an agreement with at least one other person to distribute and possess with intent to distribute 100 grams or more of heroin, based upon the evidence presented at trial, the jury necessarily found the conspiracy involved the 108.6 grams of heroin found bedroom of the Apartment. in the footstool in the front Because the jury would have needed to go no further in its findings to convict Blue of Count 1, we cannot conclude with any assurance that the jury actually found Blue had conspired with another to distribute or possess with - 27 - intent to distribute any other heroin besides the 108.6 grams found in the footstool in the front bedroom of the Apartment. Notably, from the evidence presented at trial in Hickman, in which case we vacated the defendant’s conviction for conspiracy to distribute and possess with intent to distribute more than one kilogram of heroin for lack of sufficient evidence and remanded the case to the district court with directions to enter judgment on the lesser included offense of conspiracy to distribute or possess with intent to distribute 100 grams or more of heroin, we knew the jury actually found the defendant participated in a conspiracy to distribute and possess intent to distribute 100 grams or more of heroin. with Here, in material contrast, we do not know and cannot know whether the jury found Blue guilty beyond a reasonable element of the lesser included offense. doubt of every Accordingly, judgment reformation is inappropriate in the present case. IV In conclusion, we hold insufficient Blue’s convictions on Counts 1 and 3. evidence supports Accordingly, we reverse both convictions. ∗ ∗ We note that Blue initially challenged on appeal the district court’s denial of his motion to suppress the evidence discovered as the result of the GPS tracking device placed on (Continued) - 28 - REVERSED his vehicle. He has since, however, withdrawn such challenge because he agrees that our decision in United States v. Stephens, 764 F.3d 327 (4th Cir. 2014), cert. denied, 136 S. Ct. 43 (2015), precludes relief on that issue in his case. - 29 -
Some case metadata and case summaries were written with the help of AI, which can produce inaccuracies. You should read the full case before relying on it for legal research purposes.
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
