Belk, Jr. v. CIR, No. 13-2161 (4th Cir. 2014)
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Petitioners donated a conservation easement to a land trust and claimed a $10,524,000 charitable deduction for the asserted value. The Tax Court held that the easement did not qualify as a charitable contribution and petitioners were not entitled to the deduction. The Tax Code and Treasury Regulations together make clear that 26 U.S.C. 170(h)(2)(C) means that a charitable deduction may be claimed for the donation of a conservation easement only when that easement restricts the use of the donated property in perpetuity. In this case, because the easement fails to meet this requirement, it is ineligible to form the basis of a charitable deduction under section 170(h)(2)(C). The court rejected petitioners' contention that the court should reject this straightforward application of statutory text and affirmed the judgment.
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PUBLISHED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT No. 13-2161 B. V. BELK, JR.; HARRIET C. BELK, Petitioners - Appellants, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent - Appellee. ------------------------------------THE LAND TRUST OF NAPA COUNTY; ANN TAYLOR SCHWING; ROGER COLINVAUX; JOHN ECHEVERRIA; JOHN LESHY; NANCY MCLAUGHLIN; JANET MILNE, Amici Supporting Respondent. Appeal from the United States Tax Court. (Tax Ct. No. 005437-10) Argued: October 29, 2014 Decided: December 16, 2014 Before MOTZ, KING, and KEENAN, Circuit Judges. Affirmed by published opinion. Judge Motz wrote the opinion, in which Judge King and Judge Keenan joined. ARGUED: David Mace Wooldridge, SIROTE & PERMUTT, P.C., Birmingham, Alabama, for Appellants. Patrick J. Urda, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C., for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Ronald A. Levitt, Gregory P. Rhodes, Michelle A. Levin, SIROTE & PERMUTT, P.C., Birmingham, Alabama, for Appellants. Tamara W. Ashford, Acting Assistant Attorney General, Gilbert S. Rothenberg, Jonathan S. Cohen, Tax Division, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C., for Appellee. Ann Taylor Schwing, BEST BEST & KRIEGER, L.L.P., Sacramento, California, for Amici Land Trust of Napa County and Ann Taylor Schwing. Douglas A. Ruley, Environmental and Natural Resources Law Clinic, VERMONT LAW SCHOOL, South Royalton, Vermont, for Amici Roger Colinvaux, John Echeverria, John Leshy, Nancy McLaughlin, and Janet Milne. 2 DIANA GRIBBON MOTZ, Circuit Judge: After taxpayers donated a conservation easement to a land trust, they claimed a $10,524,000 charitable deduction for the asserted value of the easement. The Tax Court held that the easement did not qualify as a charitable contribution and so the taxpayers were not entitled to the deduction. For the reasons that follow, we affirm. I. The parties stipulated to the following facts before the Tax Court. Between 1994 and 1996, B.V. and Harriet Belk accumulated roughly 410 Counties 1996, acres outside the Belks of of land straddling Charlotte, formed a North limited Union and Carolina. liability Mecklenburg In February company, Olde Sycamore, LLC, and transferred to it their newly acquired parcel of land. Olde Sycamore developed the land, building a golf course and surrounding it with 402 residential lots, which were later sold to builders. Single-family homes now occupy those lots, and Olde Sycamore continues to own the golf course. Sycamore remains wholly owned by the Belks -- Old ninety-nine percent by B.V., and one percent by his wife, Harriet. In 2004, Olde Sycamore executed a conservation easement (“the Easement”) covering roughly 184 acres of the land on which 3 the golf course now sits. Smoky Mountain National The Easement was then transferred to Land Trust, Inc. (“the recorded in both Union and Mecklenburg Counties. imposes on the 184-acre parcel a number of Trust”) and The Easement enforceable use restrictions, including a prohibition on further development and a requirement that the parcel be used “for outdoor recreation.” Olde Sycamore granted the Easement in perpetuity, subject to certain “Reserved Rights.” One such reserved right, central to this appeal, permits Olde Sycamore to “substitute an area of land owned by [it] which is contiguous to the Conservation Area for an equal or lesser area of land comprising a portion of the Conservation Area.” Olde Sycamore’s substitution right is conditioned upon the Trust’s agreement that “the substitute property is of the same or better ecological stability,” that “the substitution shall have no adverse effect on the conservation purposes,” and that the fair market value of the substituted property is at least equal to that Easement. Sycamore, of The if the the property substitution Trust originally provision agrees (and it subject thus cannot to permits the Olde unreasonably withhold agreement), to swap land in and out of the Easement. In doing so, Olde Sycamore can shift the use restriction from one parcel to another, provided the Easement continues to cover at least 184 acres and to advance 4 its stated conservation purpose. Such a substitution becomes final when reflected in a formal amendment to the Easement recorded in the relevant county or counties. The Easement contains a savings clause, also of relevance here, which circumscribes the Trust’s ability to agree to such amendments. This clause provides that the Trust “shall have no right or power to agree to any amendments . . . that would result in this Conservation Easement failing to qualify . . . as a qualified conservation contribution under Section 170(h) of the Internal Revenue Code and applicable regulations.” 170(h) details conservation the circumstances easement contribution deduction. On its 2004 may under be which claimed the as Section grant a of a charitable See 26 U.S.C. § 170(h) (2012). income tax return, Olde Sycamore claimed a deduction of $10,524,000 for the donation of the Easement to the Trust. The deduction passed through to the Belks as the sole owners of Olde Sycamore, see 26 U.S.C. § 702(a)(4), and the Belks claimed the deduction on their 2004, 2005, and 2006 income tax returns. In Belks a 2009, the notice of Commissioner deficiency, substantial amounts in 2006. The of Internal informing Revenue them that sent they the owed back taxes for tax years 2004, 2005, and Commissioner reasoned that the Belks had not “established that all the requirements of IRC § 170 and the 5 corresponding Treasury Regulations ha[d] been satisfied to enable [them] to deduct the noncash charitable contribution of a qualified conservation contribution.” The Belks filed a petition for redetermination with the Tax Court. The Tax Court upheld the Commissioner’s determination in a published opinion, and upon motion for reconsideration by the Belks, issued conclusion. a supplementary opinion reaching the same The Belks timely appealed to this court, and we have jurisdiction pursuant to 26 U.S.C. § 7482(a)(1). II. The Internal Revenue Code permits taxpayers to deduct from their taxable contribution. income 26 the U.S.C. value § of a 170(a)(1). qualifying The Code charitable generally restricts a taxpayer’s ability to claim a charitable deduction for the donation of “an interest in property which consists of less than the taxpayer’s entire interest in such property.” § 170(f)(3)(A). rule for “a Id. But it provides an exception to the general qualified conservation contribution.” Id. § 170(f)(3)(B)(iii). The Code defines a “qualified conservation contribution” as “a contribution (A) of a qualified real property interest, (B) to a qualified organization, (C) exclusively for conservation purposes.” Id. § 170(h)(1). It is the first requirement -6 that the donation be of “a qualified real property interest” -that the Tax Court concluded the Belks had not satisfied here, and which is now the focus of this appeal. 1 A “qualified real property interest” includes “a restriction (granted in perpetuity) on the use which may be made of the real property.” Id. § 170(h)(2)(C). Because an easement is, by definition, a “restriction . . . on the use which may be made of . . conservation . real easement property,” can properly id., the provide donation the basis of a of a deduction under the Code -- if the restriction is granted in perpetuity. The Treasury Regulations offer a single -- and exceedingly narrow -- exception to the requirement that easement impose a perpetual use restriction. a conservation The regulations provide that in the event that a subsequent unexpected change in the conditions surrounding the property . . . make[s] impossible or impractical the continued use of the property for conservation purposes, the conservation purpose can nonetheless be treated as protected in perpetuity if the restrictions are extinguished by judicial proceeding and all of the donee’s proceeds . . . from a subsequent sale or exchange of the property are used 1 The parties agree that the Trust is a “qualified organization.” In addition to the ground relied on by the Tax Court, the Commissioner also contended that the donation furthers no valid “conservation purpose,” and that, in any event, its value did not approach the $10,524,000 the Belks claimed. The Tax Court did not reach these arguments; nor do we. 7 by the donee organization in a manner consistent with the conservation purposes of the original contribution. Treas. Reg. § 1.170A-14(g)(6)(i) (emphasis added). these “unexpected” and extraordinary Thus, absent circumstances, real property placed under easement must remain there in perpetuity in order for the donor of the easement to claim a charitable deduction. Where, as here, the parties have proceeded on stipulated facts before the Tax Court, we “review the Tax Court’s legal decisions de novo.” (4th Cir. 2004). Pfister v. Commissioner, 359 F.3d 352, 353 In doing so, we keep in mind that deductions are a matter of legislative grace and the taxpayers bear the burden of proving their entitlement to a claimed deduction. See INDOPCO, New Inc. v. Commissioner, 503 U.S. 79, 84 (1992); Colonial Ice Co. v. Helvering, 292 U.S. 435, 440 (1934). III. The Tax Court concluded that the Belks were not entitled to claim a deduction for the donation of the easement because Olde Sycamore had not donated “a qualified real property interest.” 26 U.S.C. § 170(h)(1). The Tax Court reasoned that “because the conservation easement agreement permits [the Belks] to change what property is subject to the conservation easement, the use restriction was not granted in 8 perpetuity,” as required by § 170(h)(2)(C). The Belks maintain that the Code requires only a restriction in perpetuity on some real property, rather than the real property Appellants’ Br. 26. governed The by the Easement original here easement. satisfies this requirement, they argue, because any property removed from the Easement must be replaced with property of equal value that is then subject to the same use restrictions. The plain language of the Code belies this contention. For the Code expressly provides that a “qualified property interest” includes “a restriction (granted in perpetuity) on the use which may be made of the real property.” (emphasis added). 26 U.S.C. § 170(h)(2)(C) The placement of the article “the” before “real property” makes clear that a perpetual use restriction must attach to a defined parcel of real property rather than simply some property. or any (or interchangeable parcels of) real For “the” is a definite article, which lends to the noun that follows it a specific rather than general identity. See American Bus Ass’n v. Slater, 231 F.3d 1, 4-5 (D.C. Cir. 2000); see also Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 2368 (1993) (providing the primary definition of “the” as “a function word [used] to indicate that a following noun . . . refers to someone or something previously mentioned or clearly understood from the context or the situation”). 9 Reading § 170(h)(1) and (2) together further makes clear that the defined parcel of land identified by the phrase “the real property” is the real property to conservation easement initially attached. which the donated These provisions of the Code provide: (h) Qualified conservation contribution. (1) In general. For purposes of subsection (f)(3)(B)(iii), the term “qualified conservation contribution” means a contribution (A) of a qualified real property interest, (B) to a qualified organization, (C) exclusively for conservation purposes. (2) Qualified real property interest. For purposes of this subsection, the term “qualified real property interest” means any of the following interests in real property: (A) the entire interest of the donor other than a qualified mineral interest, (B) a remainder interest, and (C) a restriction (granted in perpetuity) on the use which may be made of the real property. 26 U.S.C. § 170(h)(1)-(2) (2012). term “qualified real Section 170(h)(2) defines the property interest” as used in § 170(h)(1)(A), providing that “the term qualified real property interest means . . . a restriction (granted in perpetuity) on the use . . . of the real property.” Thus, in order to qualify as a qualified conservation contribution, the parcel in which use must be restricted in perpetuity is “the parcel” that must be contributed “to a qualified organization . . . exclusively for conservation purposes.” 10 The Easement at issue here fails to meet this requirement because the subject to purports real a to property use contributed restriction restrict in to the Trust perpetuity. development rights in The is not Easement perpetuity for a defined parcel of land, but upon satisfying the conditions in the substitution provision, the taxpayers may remove land from that defined parcel and substitute other land. restriction property” may is constitute be not. a perpetual, For this “qualified the Thus, while the restriction reason, the conservation on Easement “the real does contribution” not under § 170(h) and the Belks were not entitled to claim a deduction for the contribution. Moreover, permitting the Belks to claim a deduction for the Easement would critical to enable the them statutory deductions for U.S.C. 170(f)(11)(D) § charitable to and bypass several regulatory schemes contributions. requires that requirements For “[i]n governing instance, the case 26 of contributions of property for which a deduction of more than $500,000 is claimed . . . a qualified property” must accompany the tax return. appraisal of such Permitting the Belks to change the boundaries of the Easement renders the appraisal meaningless; it is no longer an accurate reflection of the value of the donation, for parts of the donation may be clawed back. It matters not that the Easement 11 requires that the removed property be replaced with property of “equal or greater value,” because the purpose of the appraisal requirement is to enable the Commissioner, not the donee or donor, to verify the value of a donation. The Easement’s substitution provision places the Belks beyond the reach of the Commissioner in this regard. The requirement in the Treasury Regulations that a donor of a conservation “documentation easement sufficient make to available establish the to the condition donee of the property” would also be skirted if the borders of an easement could shift. Treas. Reg. § 1.170A-14(g)(5)(i); see also id. § 1.170A-14(g)(5)(i)(A)-(D) (listing maps and photographs of the property as potential sources of this documentation). Not only does this regulation confirm that a conservation easement must govern a defined and static parcel, it also makes clear that holding otherwise would deprive donees of the ability to ensure protection of conservation interests by, for instance, examination of maps and photographs of “the protected property.” Id. The regulations do provide that the use restrictions on a donated easement can be extinguished without donor’s tax benefit in one limited instance. sacrificing the That is, when “a subsequent unexpected change in the conditions surrounding the property that is the subject of a donation . . . make impossible or impractical the continued 12 use of the property for conservation purposes” and “the restrictions are extinguished by judicial proceeding.” Id. § 170A-14(g)(6). The Belks maintain that this limited exception to the perpetuity requirement “would be invalid” if the Tax Court’s reasoning is upheld. 5. That argument fails. retain a “granted tax in benefit Reply Br. This regulation permits a donor to when perpetuity,” a conservation subsequently easement, cannot though further its conservation purpose and is extinguished by court order. The regulation does nothing to undercut the correctness of the Tax Court’s holding here that the Code requires a donor to grant an easement to a single, immutable parcel at the outset to qualify for a charitable deduction. 2 In short, the Code and Treasury Regulations together make clear that § 170(h)(2)(C) means what it says: deduction may be claimed for the 2 donation of a charitable a conservation The Belks raise a similar argument with respect to Treas. Reg. § 1.170A-14(c)(2), which permits a donee to “exchange[]” property subject to a conservation easement in the same limited circumstance, i.e., “[w]hen a later unexpected change . . . makes impossible or impractical the continued use of the property for conservation purposes.” This provision is similarly invalid, they argue, if § 170(h)(2)(C) categorically prohibits property from being swapped in and out of a conservation easement. Appellants’ Br. 20-21. This argument also fails. That the regulations permit the donee organization to exchange restricted property under conditions both strict and rare fails to undercut the requirement that the donor grant an easement to a single, defined parcel. Indeed, that the regulations narrowly limit the ability of an easement to change after donation counsels against permitting a donor to contract for the right to make such changes in advance of the donation. 13 easement only when that easement donated property in perpetuity. restricts the use of the Because the Easement here fails to meet this requirement, it is ineligible to form the basis for a charitable deduction under § 170(h)(2)(C). IV. The Belks offer two reasons why we should reject this straightforward application of statutory text. First, they maintain that out-of-circuit cases support the notion that § 170(h)(2)(C) does not require that restrictions attach to a single, defined parcel. (citing Kaufman v. Shulman, 687 See Appellants’ Br. 21-23 F.3d 21 (1st Cir. Commissioner v. Simmons, 646 F.3d 6 (D.C. Cir. 2011)). 2012); In those cases, the courts found that preservation easements covering the facades of historic buildings, which reserved to the donee the right to abandon the easement, did not violate § 170(h)(5)(A) given the negligible possibility that the donee would actually abandon its rights under the easement. According to the Belks, Simmons and Kaufman demonstrate that courts have approved deductions for easements that “put the perpetuity of the conservation easement at far greater risk than the clause at issue in this case.” this argument misses cases and this one. the critical Appellants’ Br. 23. distinction between But those The Simmons and Kaufman courts considered 14 whether the easements before them satisfied the requirement in § 170(h)(5)(A) that the conservation purpose be protected “in perpetuity.” at 27-28. See Simmons, 646 F.3d at 9-10; Kaufman, 687 F.3d Here, the question is whether the Easement satisfies the requirement in § 170(h)(2)(C) that the use restrictions on the parcel be granted “in perpetuity.” Though both requirements speak in terms of “perpetuity,” they are not one and the same. The provision at issue here, § 170(h)(2)(C), governs the grant of the easement itself, while the provision at issue in Simmons and Kaufman, § 170(h)(5)(A), governs its subsequent enforcement. Thus, Simmons proposition and that Kaufman a donation plausibly will not stand be only rendered for the ineligible simply because the donee reserves its right not to enforce the easement. a They do not support the Belks’ view that the grant of conservation easement qualifies for a even if the easement may be relocated. charitable deduction Indeed, as we have explained, such a holding would violate the plain meaning of § 170(h)(2)(C). The second reason the Belks offer for ignoring the clear statutory language of § 170(h)(2)(C) is equally unpersuasive. They contend that because North Carolina law permits parties to amend an easement, conservation § 170(h). the easements See Tax in Appellants’ Court’s North Br. 15 logic Carolina 32-37. would render ineligible But whether all under state property and contract law permits a substitution in an easement is irrelevant to the question of whether federal tax law permits a charitable deduction for the donation of such an easement. Contrary to the Belks’ suggestion, accepting this fact does not require a conclusion qualify for conservation Id. § 170(h)(2)(C) the applicable could prohibited amendments to make a substitution of property.” Rather, unless easement law 36. deduction “no state at a that requires that the gift of a conservation easement on a specific parcel of land be granted in perpetuity to qualify for a federal charitable deduction, notwithstanding the fact that state law may permit an easement to govern for some shorter period of time. Thus, an easement that, like the one at hand, grants a restriction for less than a perpetual term, may be a valid conveyance under state law, but is still ineligible for a charitable deduction under federal law. V. Finally, substitution satisfying clause the provision the argue in requirements nonetheless deduction. Belks renders the of the that even Easement § if find the it from prevents 170(h)(2)(C), Easement we the eligible savings for a The savings clause provides in pertinent part that the Trust: 16 shall have no right or power to agree to any amendments . . . that would result in this Conservation Easement failing to qualify . . . as a qualified conservation contribution under Section 170(h) of the Internal Revenue Code and applicable regulations. The Belks contend that if we should “determine that Section 170(h)(2)(C) precludes substitutions of property,” as we have, this savings clause “operates to ‘save’ [their] deduction by precluding the parties from executing an amendment allowing such a substitution of property.” Belks argue articulated that in the the Reply Br. 20. savings Easement clause -- In other words, the negates their a right right to clearly substitute property -- but only if triggered by an adverse determination by this court. We decline to give the savings clause such effect. The Belks properly acknowledge that “the IRS and the courts have rejected ‘condition subsequent’ savings clauses, which revoke or alter a gift following an adverse determination by the IRS or a court.” Appellants’ Br. 39 (citing Commissioner v. Procter, 142 F.2d 824, 827-28 (4th Cir. 1944)). however, that the savings clause here is not They maintain, a “condition subsequent” savings clause, but simply “an interpretive clause meant to insure that [the Trust] makes no amendment to the Conservation Easement . . . that would be inconsistent with the overriding intention of the parties.” 17 Id. The Belks are wrong. A condition occurrence of subsequent which rests terminates absolute contractual duty.” (4th ed.). on or a future discharges event, an “the otherwise 30 Williston on Contracts § 77:5 When a savings clause provides that a future event alters the tax consequences of a conveyance, the savings clause imposes a condition subsequent and will not be enforced. Procter, 142 F.2d at 827; Estate of Christiansen See v. Commissioner, 130 T.C. 1, 13 (2008), aff’d, 586 F.3d 1061 (8th Cir. 2009). As the IRS has explained, clauses that seek to “recharacterize the nature of the transaction in the event of a future” occurrence purposes.” “will be disregarded for federal tax I.R.S. Tech. Adv. Mem. 2002-45-053 (Nov. 8, 2002). In Procter, which the Belks do not suggest was incorrectly decided, the taxpayer sought to avoid the federal gift tax by including a savings clause within the trust conveying the gift. That clause provided that “[t]he settlor is . . . satisfied that the present transfer is not subject to Federal gift tax,” but added that if “a competent federal court of last resort” determined “that any part of the transfer . . . is subject to gift tax,” that part “shall automatically be deemed not to be included in the conveyance” and so not subject to gift tax. Procter, 142 F.2d at 827. We rejected the taxpayer’s argument out of hand, holding that tax consequences could not “be avoided by any such device as this.” 18 Id. We explained that the taxpayer’s attempt to avoid tax, by providing the gift “shall be void” as “clearly to a property condition later held subsequent,” “subject and to involved the the tax,” “sort was of trifling with the judicial process [that] cannot be sustained.” Id. So it is here. The Belks’ Easement, by its terms, conveys an interest in real property to the Trust. The savings clause attempts to alter that interest in the future if the Easement should “fail[] to qualify as a . . . qualified conservation contribution under Section 170(h).” In seeking to invoke the savings clause, the Belks, like the taxpayer in Procter, ask us to “void” the offending substitution provision to rescue their tax benefit. The Belks’ attempt to distinguish Procter fails. They find significant the fact that the savings clause there altered the conveyance “following an judgment,” while savings the adverse invoke the IRS or a court. IRS clause determination here does not Appellants’ Br. 39. distinction without a difference. or court expressly This is a Though not couched in terms of an “adverse determination” by the IRS or a court, the Belks’ savings clause operates in precisely the same manner as that in Procter. until The Easement plainly permits substitutions unless and those substitutions “would result” in the Easement’s “failing to qualify . . . under Section 170(h) of the Internal 19 Revenue Code,” a determination that can only be made by either the IRS or a court. Indeed, relying on Procter, the IRS has found a clause void as a condition subsequent notwithstanding its failure to reference determination by a court. Rul. 65-144, 1965-1 C.B. 442, 1965 WL 12880. See Rev. The Belks do not suggest that the IRS erred in so concluding, nor do they attempt to distinguish that clause from their own. They do contend, however, that their savings clause is simply “an interpretive clause” meant to ensure the “overriding intention” of the charitable deduction. persuaded. When “interpretive” parties a tool, that the Easement Appellants’ clause it has is Br. 39. been because qualify We are recognized it simply as as a not an “help[ed] illustrate the decedent’s intent” and was not “dependent for [its] operation upon some Internal Revenue Service.” subsequent adverse action by the I.R.S. Tech. Adv. Mem. 79-16-006 (1979) (distinguishing Procter); see also Estate of Cline v. Commissioner, 43 T.C.M. (CCH) 607 (T.C. 1982) (clause valid to interpret “ambiguous . . . language in a poorly drafted . . . agreement,” but not to “change the property interests otherwise created”); Rev. Rul. 75-440, 1975-2 C.B. 372, 1975 WL 34994 at *2 (clause “relevant . . . only because it helps indicate the testator’s intent not to give . (emphasis added)). 20 . . a disqualifying power” In contrast to those situations, the Belks’ intent to retain “a disqualifying power” is clear from the face of the Easement. There is no open interpretive savings clause to “help” clarify. question for the If the Belks’ “overriding intent[]” had been, as they suggest, merely for the Easement to qualify for a tax deduction under § 170(h), they would not have included a provision so clearly at odds with the language of § 170(h)(2)(C). “overriding In fact, the to create intent[]” Easement an reflects easement the that Belks’ permitted substitution of the parcel -- in violation of § 170(h)(2)(C) -and to jettison the substitution provision only if it subsequently caused the donation to “fail[] to qualify . . . as a qualified conservation contribution under Section 170(h).” Thus, the Belks ask us to employ their savings clause not to “aid in determining [their] intent,” Rev. Rul. 75-440, but to rewrite their Easement in response to our holding. This we will not do. 3 3 In a last-ditch effort, the Belks further argue that the savings clause is designed “to accommodate evolving . . . interpretation of Section 170(h)” so that the Easement “continue[s] to be consistent” with their intent to comply with that provision. Reply Br. 20. But the statutory language of § 170(h)(2)(C) has not “evolved” since the provision was enacted in 1980. See Pub. L. 96-541, 94 Stat. 3204 (Dec. 17, 1980). The simple truth is this: the Easement was never consistent with § 170(h), a fact that brings with it adverse tax consequences. The Belks cannot now simply reform the Easement because they do not wish to suffer those consequences. 21 Indeed, we note that were we to apply the savings clause as the Belks suggest, we would be providing an opinion sanctioning the very same “trifling with the judicial process” we condemned in Procter. 142 F.2d at 827. Moreover, providing such an opinion would dramatically hamper the Commissioner’s enforcement power. If every taxpayer could rely on a savings clause to void, after the fact, a disqualifying deduction (or credit), enforcement of the Internal Revenue Code would grind to a halt. VI. For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the Tax Court is AFFIRMED. 22
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