Bessie Miller v. Baltimore City Board of School Comm'rs, No. 13-1962 (4th Cir. 2014)
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UNPUBLISHED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT No. 13-1962 BESSIE MILLER, Plaintiff - Appellant, v. BALTIMORE CITY BOARD OF SCHOOL COMMISSIONERS; KEVIN SEAWRIGHT, Special Assistant to the COO Baltimore City Public Schools System; JEROME JONES, Labor Relations Associate Baltimore City Public School System, Defendants - Appellees. Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, at Baltimore. William D. Quarles, Jr., District Judge. (1:10-cv-02038-WDQ) Submitted: March 31, 2014 Decided: April 10, 2014 Before NIEMEYER and THACKER, Circuit Judges, and DAVIS, Senior Circuit Judge. Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion. John H. Morris, Jr., Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellant. Edmund J. O Meally, PESSIN KATZ LAW, P.A., Towson, Maryland, for Appellees. Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. PER CURIAM: Bessie Miller appeals the district court s grant of summary judgment on her claim that the Baltimore City Board of School Commissioners ( the Board ) and its representatives violated her due process rights by coercing her retirement from her position as a school cafeteria manager. We affirm. We review de novo a district court s order granting summary judgment, Bonds v. Leavitt, 629 F.3d 369, 380 (4th Cir. 2011), taking the facts in the light most favorable to Miller. Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 380 (2007). on her due process claim, Miller was In order to proceed required to produce sufficient evidence that [she] has a constitutionally protected liberty or property interest, and that [she] has been deprived of that protected interest by some form of state action [.] Stone v. Univ. of Md. Med. Sys. Corp., 855 F.2d 167, 172 (4th Cir. 1988) (internal citation omitted). Although the parties do not dispute that Miller had a protected interest in her continued employment, Miller contends that the Board coerced her relinquishment of that interest by placing her on suspension without pay. As we have explained, [i]f [an employee] resign[s] of [her] own free will even though prompted to do so by events set in motion by [her] employer, [she] relinquished [her] property interest voluntarily and thus cannot establish that the state 2 deprived [her] of it within the meaning of the due process clause. Id. at cannot avoid process by its the resignations. 173. However, [a] public employer obviously constitutional simple Id. obligation expedient (internal of to provide forcing quotation due involuntary marks omitted). Accordingly, where an employee s purported resignation was so involuntary that it amounted to a constructive discharge, it must be considered a deprivation by state action triggering the protections of the due process clause. marks omitted). Generally, we Id. (internal quotation have found resignations involuntary where forced by . . . duress or coercion. 174. Id. at Thus, we must examine whether the Board s conduct deprived Miller of a free and informed choice regarding her retirement. Id. (discussing factors courts consider in making this objective determination). The common thrust of Miller s arguments on appeal is that the facts of her case are distinguishable from those we examined in Stone. the plaintiff educated in employee To that end, Miller first notes that, unlike Stone, with she is not considerable a sophisticated, experience and well- seniority. However, Miller fails to appreciate that, also unlike in Stone, she was not rushed to accept the Board s offer of a demotion, and she had, at all pertinent representative or counsel. times, the aid of her union Accordingly, as in Stone, there is 3 no concern that Miller either misunderstood her rights or was not granted an ample opportunity to discover them. Miller has never argued to the contrary, and, moreover, Miller was able to choose retirement, an option not even offered by the Board. See id. at 177-78. Next, Miller suggests that the Board lacked good cause to threaten her with termination, especially in light of the purported admission of a Board Miller had taken no money. representative that he knew Miller does not dispute, however, that the Board had sufficient evidence to accuse her of failing to comply with proper money handling procedures, regardless of whether claim she on in fact appeal that misappropriated her alleged funds. Nor mismanagement does of Miller cafeteria funds was insufficient to warrant her demotion or termination. See id. at 177. Finally, Miller asserts that her retirement was involuntary because, despite her request for further discussions regarding possible retaliation, the Board remained idle and stranded her in the financially untenable position of suspension without pay. Thus, Miller contends that the circumstances motivating her choice to retire were appreciably more coercive than those we examined in Stone. See id. at 170-71. Contrary to Miller s suggestion that the voluntariness of an employee s decision when facing the threat of termination turns on whether 4 the employee had the option of participating in some form of disciplinary process, we have explicitly cautioned against analyzing the willfulness of an employee s actions in terms of a waiver of the process received or been due. the employee might Id. at 173 n.7. have otherwise Instead, the proper analysis . . . recognize[s] that the public employee who resigns voluntarily has no procedural rights to waive because [she] has suffered no deprivation we Accordingly, at that conclude the hands the of Board s the offer between demotion or termination was not coercive. Winston, 929 retirement F.2d voluntary 1009, 1011-13 where (4th employee Cir. was state. of a Id. choice See Shealy v. 1991) offered (finding choice of retirement or demotion in rank). Accordingly, because Miller, with a full understanding of her district options, court s voluntarily chose judgment. We to retire, dispense with we affirm oral the argument because the facts and legal contentions are adequately presented Although Miller also cites the Board s failure to respond to her invitation to discuss whether the allegations against her might be motivated by her recent worker s compensation claim as further evidence of coercion, Miller improvidently assumes that the Board was obliged to entertain or grant her request. Because the majority of Miller s suspension without pay was precipitated by her ultimately ill-advised decision to attempt to engage the Board in negotiations it had no obligation to undertake, there was no coercion on the Board s part. 5 in the materials before this court and argument would not aid the decisional process. AFFIRMED 6
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