United States v. Haverkamp, No. 18-3735 (2d Cir. 2020)
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Defendant pleaded guilty to one count of distribution and receipt of child pornography and one count of possession of child pornography. The district court sentenced him to 121 months of imprisonment, followed by five years of supervised release, and imposed a $200 mandatory special assessment under 18 U.S.C. 3013, as well as a $10,000 assessment under 18 U.S.C. 3014.
The Second Circuit held that the district court did not abuse its discretion in sentencing defendant and his sentence was substantively reasonable. The court held that the text of the Justice for Victims of Trafficking Act (JVTA), 18 U.S.C. 3014, taken as a whole and in its context, is straightforwardly meant to be applied on a per-offender, not a per-count, basis. In this case, the district court erroneously applied the special assessment on a per-count, rather than per-offender, basis. Finally, the court held that the computer monitoring condition in question was reasonably related to the nature of defendant's offense. Accordingly, the court affirmed in part, vacated in part, and remanded for further proceedings.
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18-3735 United States v. Haverkamp 1 In the 2 United States Court of Appeals 3 For the Second Circuit 4 August Term 2019 5 6 No. 18-3735-cr 7 8 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 9 10 Appellee, 11 12 v. 13 14 PAUL HAVERKAMP, 15 16 Defendant-Appellant. _______________________________ 17 18 19 Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York No. 1:17-cr-00509, Ronnie Abrams, District Judge, Presiding. (Argued: December 11, 2019; Decided: May 4, 2020) 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Before: SACK, PARKER, and CHIN, Circuit Judges. 28 29 30 31 32 33 Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Abrams, J.), sentencing defendant-appellant, upon his guilty plea, to 121 months of imprisonment, five years of supervised release, a $200 special assessment under 18 U.S.C. § 3013, and a $10,000 assessment under 18 U.S.C. § 3014. Defendant-appellant contends that his 1 2 3 sentence of 121 months is substantively unreasonable, that the district court erred in imposing the $10,000 special assessment, and that a computer monitoring condition of his supervised release was overbroad. 4 5 6 7 AFFIRMED IN PART, VACATED IN PART, AND REMANDED ____________________________ 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 ALINE R. FLODR, Assistant United States Attorney (Daniel B. Tehrani, Assistant United States Attorney, on the brief) for Geoffrey S. Berman, United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, for Appellee. 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 YUANGCHUNG LEE Federal Defenders of New York, Inc. Appeals Bureau, New York, NY, for DefendantAppellant. ____________________________ 22 23 24 25 BARRINGTON D. PARKER, Circuit Judge: Paul Haverkamp appeals from a judgment of conviction entered in the 26 United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Abrams, J.). 27 The judgment followed a plea of guilty to one count of distribution and receipt of 28 child pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2252A(a)(2)(B), 2252A(b)(1) and 29 one count of possession of child pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2 1 2252A(a)(5)(B), 2252A(b)(2). Haverkamp was sentenced to 121 months of 2 imprisonment, to be followed by five years’ supervised release. In addition, the 3 district court imposed a $200 mandatory special assessment under 18 U.S.C. § 4 3013 as well as a $10,000 assessment under 18 U.S.C. § 3014. One of the 5 conditions of supervised release required that Haverkamp submit to computer 6 monitoring that will alert the Probation Office should any “impermissible or 7 suspicious activity” occur on an internet-connected device he might be using. 8 9 On appeal, Haverkamp challenges his term of imprisonment as substantively unreasonable, the $10,000 special assessment as legally 10 impermissible, and the computer monitoring condition of his supervised release 11 as overbroad. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm the sentence in part, 12 vacate in part, and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. 13 14 BACKGROUND From approximately March 17, 2017 through April 23, 2017, Haverkamp 15 exchanged over 400 messages with an undercover agent from the Federal Bureau 16 of Investigation on the social media app KIK. Over the course of their 17 conversations, Haverkamp sent the Agent approximately 35 image and video 18 files and shared a link to a cloud storage account that contained hundreds of files 3 1 of child pornography. The files contained images depicting the sexual 2 exploitation of children, including infants and toddlers. In July 2017, FBI Special 3 Agents executed a search warrant at Haverkamp’s apartment. Haverkamp was 4 home at the time and voluntarily spoke with agents. Over the course of the 5 interview, he made numerous incriminating statements. Haverkamp was 6 prosecuted and in June 2018 he pleaded guilty to a two-count indictment. The 7 first count charged distribution and receipt of child pornography in violation of 8 18 U.S.C. §§ 2252A(a)(2)(B), 2252A(b)(1) and the second count charged 9 possession of child pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2252A(a)(5)(B), 10 2252A(b)(2). The Probation Office prepared a presentence report in which it 11 calculated a total offense level of 37, a Criminal History Category of I, and a 12 resulting Guidelines range of 210-262 months. DISCUSSION 13 Haverkamp’s first challenge on appeal is to the substantive 14 15 reasonableness of his sentence. We apply a “deferential abuse-of-discretion” 16 standard to that challenge. United States v. Cavera, 550 F.3d 180, 189 (2d Cir. 2008) 17 (en banc) (quoting Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 41 (2007)). 1 A sentence is Unless otherwise noted, when quoting from published judicial decisions, all internal quotation marks, brackets, and citations have been omitted. 1 4 1 substantively unreasonable if it “cannot be located within the range of 2 permissible decisions,” shocks the conscience, or constitutes manifest injustice. 3 See United States v. Rigas, 583 F.3d 108, 123 (2d Cir. 2009). 4 Haverkamp contends that the district court erred by not approaching the 5 child pornography guidelines with the “appropriate skepticism.” As support, he 6 points to this Court’s precedent, which expresses concerns about § 2G2.2, 7 describing it as a “Guideline that is fundamentally different from most and that, 8 unless applied with great care, can lead to unreasonable sentences that are 9 inconsistent with what [18 U.S.C.] § 3553 requires.” United States v. Dorvee, 616 10 11 F.3d 174, 184 (2d Cir. 2010). Our review of the record shows no abuse of discretion. To the contrary, the 12 record reflects that the district court properly considered the “nature and 13 circumstances of the offense” when fashioning the sentence imposed. The district 14 court noted the volume of messages, videos, and photographs Haverkamp 15 exchanged and emphasized that his conduct went beyond the trading of existing 16 child pornography. Specifically, the district court explained that Haverkamp’s 17 conduct included the solicitation of the production of child pornography from 18 minors over social media as well as his admission that at one point in time he 5 1 had sexual relations with a 14-year-old boy. The district court also expressly 2 acknowledged Haverkamp’s timely acceptance of responsibility, his apparently 3 genuine expression of regret and remorse, his active engagement in therapy, and 4 his volunteer work while incarcerated. The district court considered all these 5 factors and concluded that a sentence of 121 months’ imprisonment, which was 6 well below Haverkamp’s Guidelines range, was warranted. We see no manifest 7 injustice in that conclusion. 8 Next, Haverkamp argues that the district court erred in imposing a $10,000 9 special assessment under 18 U.S.C. § 3014. The special assessment was applied 10 by the district court on a “per-count” basis, rather than a “per-offender” basis, 11 which would have limited the assessment to $5,000. We review the district 12 court’s imposition of the special assessment for plain error because Haverkamp 13 did not challenge this computation during his sentencing proceedings. See United 14 States v. Marcus, 560 U.S. 258, 264-67 (2010); United States v. Santiago, 238 F.3d 213, 15 215-17 (2d Cir. 2001) (per curiam). Consequently, Haverkamp bears the “burden 16 of persuasion on appeal to show that the district court committed plain error.” 17 United States v. Gore, 154 F.3d 34, 42 (2d Cir. 1998). However, as we have noted, a 18 “relaxed” form of plain error review is appropriate in the sentencing context 6 1 because “the cost of correcting an unpreserved error is not as great as in the trial 2 context.” United States v. Matta, 777 F.3d 116, 121 (2d Cir. 2015); see also United 3 States v. Gamez, 577 F.3d 394, 397 (2d Cir. 2009); United States v. Williams, 399 F.3d 4 450, 457 (2d Cir. 2005) (“[T]here is no need to apply the plain error doctrine in the 5 sentencing context with precisely the same procedure that has been used in the 6 context of review of errors occurring at trial.”). 7 The Justice for Victims of Trafficking Act (“JVTA”) was enacted in May 8 2015. Pub. L. No. 114-22, 129 Stat. 227 (2015). Section 101 of the JVTA amended 9 the U.S. Code by adding § 3014, which reads in relevant part: 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 (a) In general. – Beginning on the date of enactment of the Justice for Victims of Trafficking Act of 2015 and ending on September 30, 2019, in addition to the assessment imposed by section 3013, the court shall assess an amount of $5,000 on any non-indigent person or entity convicted of an offense under – (1) Chapter 77 (relating to peonage, slavery, and trafficking in persons); (2) Chapter 109A (relating to sexual abuse); (3) Chapter 110 (relating to sexual exploitation and other abuse of children); (4) Chapter 117 (relating to transportation for illegal sexual activity and related crimes); or (5) Section 274 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. § 1324) (relating to human smuggling … ) 24 7 1 18 U.S.C. § 3014(a). 2 “Statutory analysis begins with the plain meaning of a statute.” Natural 2 3 Resources Defense Council v. Muszynski, 268 F.3d 91, 97 (2d Cir. 2001). We derive 4 meaning from context, thus, “a statute is to be considered in all its parts when 5 construing any one of them.” Lexecon Inc. v. Milberg Weiss Bershad Hynes & Lerach, 6 523 U.S. 26, 36 (1998). 7 We conclude that the text of § 3014, taken as a whole and in its context, is 8 straightforwardly meant to be applied on a per-offender, not a per-count, basis. 9 That provision directs the court to “assess an amount of $5,000 on any non- 10 indigent person or entity convicted of an [eligible] offense . . .” 18 U.S.C. § 3014(a) 11 (emphasis added). As a matter of grammar and common understanding, “an 12 amount” on any person convicted means the amount is assessed one time. It 13 does not mean an amount for each count of conviction. 14 Comparing § 3014 to § 3013 reinforces our conclusion that when Congress 15 intended multiple amounts to be assessed rather than “an amount” it knew how 16 to do so. Unlike § 3014, § 3013 instructs courts to impose a special assessment, the Though set to expire in September 2019, Congress extended § 3014 through September 2021. See Pub. L. No. 115-392, § 2(b)(1), 132 Stat. 5250, 5250 (Dec. 21, 2018). 2 8 1 amount of which varies, with specifications for the grade or classification of the 2 offense or offenses of which the defendant is convicted. Indeed, § 3013(a) is 3 divided into subsections, providing for distinct and nominal charges depending 4 on whether the offense is an infraction, misdemeanor, or felony, and then further 5 divided based on the class of misdemeanor. 18 U.S.C. § 3013(a). Section 3013 6 specifically ties the amount of the special assessment to the classification of the 7 offense of conviction, and therefore plainly authorizes multiple assessments 8 where there are multiple counts of conviction. The special assessments of § 3013 9 are also nominal, ranging from $5 for an infraction or a class C misdemeanor to 10 $50 for a felony. As this Court has noted, it would not make sense to read § 3013 11 as imposing only one assessment on a given defendant. United States v. Pagan, 12 785 F.2d, 378, 381 (2d Cir. 1986). Section 3014, on the other hand, authorizes a 13 single assessment: $5,000 if a defendant is convicted of an eligible offense. The 14 classification of the offense and the number of offenses is not relevant to the 15 assessment. The legislative record confirms this reading. The lead House sponsor 16 of the JVTA, on the two-year anniversary of its passage, noted that the Act 17 “allows a federal judge to impose an additional assessment of up to $5,000.” 163 18 Cong. Rec. H4564 (daily ed. May 24, 2017) (statement of Rep. Poe) (emphasis 9 1 added). While not conclusive in itself, this remark lends further support to our 2 conclusion that the special assessment in § 3014 applies on a per-offender basis. 3 Applying relaxed plain error review requires the appellant to demonstrate 3 4 that there is an error, and that the error is clear and obvious. Marcus, 560 U.S. at 5 262. That standard is satisfied here. The district court erroneously applied the 6 special assessment on a per-count, rather than per-offender, basis. The statute, on The Third Circuit has recently held that the special assessment established by § 3014 is to be applied on a per-count, rather than per-offender basis. United States v. Johnman, 948 F.3d 612, 620 (3d Cir. 2020). That Court reasoned that “an offense” meant “a discrete criminal act” and “convicted” was an “offense-specific term.” Id. at 617. Its main authority for this proposition was a case from the First Circuit, United States v. Luongo, 11 F.3d 7 (1st Cir. 1993), which interpreted a different provision—§ 3013—and held that “convicted of an offense” should be read to mean an assessment imposed for each qualifying conviction. Id. Luongo contained no discussion of § 3014, which had not been enacted when the case was decided. Johnman concluded that § 3014 should be read “lockstep” with § 3013 and interpreted in the same way. Johnman, 948 F.3d at 619. We respectfully disagree. Although §§ 3013 and 3014 both deal with post-conviction assessments, the two provisions differ in important respects. Section 3013 is a reticulated provision that calibrates assessments according to the severity of the offense(s)— from infractions to felonies and then sub-classifies them according to the class of misdemeanors. The assessment of § 3014 is far larger (one hundred to one thousand times greater) than the assessments provided for in § 3013. Section 3013 does not contain an indigency exception, whereas § 3014 does. Most importantly, the provision, “an amount,” that underpins § 3014 differs sharply from § 3013, which specifies “the amount” for each discrete category of offense. We believe that these differences are too pronounced to justify Johnman’s “lockstep” approach. 3 10 1 its face, provides that the assessment is to be applied on a per-offender basis. In 2 imposing it on a per-count basis, the district court committed legal error because 3 the amount it imposed exceeded the maximum authorized by the statute. 4 Finally, Haverkamp appeals the imposition of the special condition of 5 computer monitoring during his supervised release. Under this condition, 6 Haverkamp must submit to the monitoring of his Internet-connected devices. He 7 argues that the condition is overbroad and involves a greater deprivation of 8 liberty than is reasonably necessary because it covers “all activity” on devices 9 owned or operated by him. See United States v. Myers, 426 F.3d 117, 123-24 (2d 10 11 Cir. 2005). A challenge to a condition of supervised release is normally reviewed for 12 abuse of discretion, but here, we review for plain error because Haverkamp 13 failed to challenge this condition in the district court. See United States v. Green, 14 618 F.3d 120, 122 (2d Cir. 2010); United States v. Dupes, 513 F.3d 338, 343 (2d Cir. 15 2008). As noted above, in the sentencing context “the plain error doctrine should 16 not be applied stringently.” Gamez, 577 F.3d at 397; Williams, 399 F.3d at 457. 17 18 A condition of supervised release must be related to sentencing purposes and must impose no greater restraint on liberty than is reasonably necessary to 11 1 accomplish sentencing objectives. United States v. Johnson, 446 F.3d 272, 277 (2d 2 Cir. 2006). A district court is required to make an “individualized assessment” 3 when determining whether to impose special conditions of supervised release. 4 United States v. Betts, 886 F.3d 198, 202 (2d Cir. 2018). There must be a reasonable 5 relationship between the factors considered by the district court in the 6 individualized assessment and the special condition of release being challenged. 7 See Johnson, 446 F.3d at 281. The computer monitoring condition in question was reasonably related to 8 9 the nature of Haverkamp’s offense. He admitted to a history of sexual contact 10 with children, both online and in person. Given these considerations, it was not 11 plain error for the district court to impose this condition. 4 We have considered Haverkamp’s remaining arguments and find them to 12 13 be without merit. Accordingly, we AFFIRM in part and VACATE in part the 14 judgment of the district court and REMAND for further proceedings consistent 15 with this opinion. We are not called upon to decide and we do not decide whether this condition would have been appropriate had the standard not been plain error. 4 12
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