United States v. Gilliam, No. 15-387 (2d Cir. 2016)
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Defendant was convicted of offenses concerning sex trafficking of a minor and was sentenced to 240 months in prison. The principal issue on appeal is whether information from a GPS can be obtained and used without a warrant to locate a suspect. The court concluded that exigent circumstances justified obtaining and using GPS location information without a warrant. In this case, Sprint had a good faith basis for believing that the disclosure of defendant's cell phone location was necessary to protect a missing child from being prostituted and subject to serious
physical injury. The court rejected defendant's remaining claims and affirmed the judgment.
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15-387 United States of America v. Gilliam UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT August Term 2016 Heard: September 29, 2016 Decided: December 1, 2016 Docket Nos. 15-387 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Appellee, v. JABAR GILLIAM, AKA Jamal Gilliam, AKA Jabal Gilliam, AKA JB, Defendant-Appellant. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Before: NEWMAN, WINTER, and CABRANES, Circuit Judges. Appeal District from Court (Thomas P. Gilliam after the for January the Griesa, a jury 28, Southern District trial 2015, District Judge), of judgment of New convicting offenses of the York Jabar concerning sex trafficking of a minor and sentencing him to 240 months of imprisonment. Gilliam contends primarily that the District Court erred in denying his motion to suppress his cell 1 phone’s location information, which had been supplied, at the Government’s request, by a telecommunications company. Affirmed. Robert A. Culp, Law Office of Robert A. Culp, Garrison, NY, for Appellant. Kristy J. Greenberg, Asst. U.S. Atty., New York, NY (Preet Bharara, U.S. Atty., Adam S. Hickey, Asst. U.S. Atty., New York, NY, on the brief), for Appellee. JON O. NEWMAN, Circuit Judge: The principal issue on this appeal from a conviction for sex trafficking involving a minor is whether information from a global positioning system (“GPS”) can be obtained and used without a warrant to locate a suspect. This issue arises on an appeal by Jabar Gilliam from the January 28, 2015, judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Thomas P. Griesa, District Judge). Gilliam was convicted of sex trafficking offenses after a jury trial and sentenced to imprisonment for 240 months. 2 We conclude obtaining and that using exigent GPS circumstances location information justified without a warrant and therefore affirm. Background Offense conduct. The Defendant’s offenses concern sex trafficking of a minor known as Jasmin. She recounted at trial the facts concerning Gilliam’s offenses. Gilliam met Jasmin in Maryland in late October or early November 2011. She was sixteen at the time, but told Gilliam that she was seventeen. Gilliam asked Jasmin to work for him as a prostitute after she told him she was working for another pimp. Gilliam told Jasmin that he was going to take her to New York, where she could work for him. Jasmin worked for Gilliam as a prostitute in Maryland in November 2011. On two occasions he punched her. On one occasion he had sex with her against her will in a hotel room and on November 30, Gilliam brought Jasmin to New York City after threatening to require her fifteen-year-old sister to work as a prostitute for him if Jasmin refused to go. Gilliam purchased Jasmin’s bus ticket for the trip, and on the ride to New York City, Gilliam told Jasmin to sit 3 near the window and then put his legs up beside her so that Jasmin could not get out of her seat. Gilliam brought Jasmin to his mother’s apartment in the Bronx, where he had sex with her against her will. Jasmin worked as a prostitute for Gilliam in the Bronx, giving him all the money that she earned. Locating and arresting Gilliam. On November 30, Jasmin’s foster mother reported to the Sheriff’s Office in Frederick County, Maryland, that Jasmin was missing from home. The foster mother told authorities that Jasmin had mentioned a “boyfriend,” known to her as “Jabar,” who was later identified as Gilliam. On December 2, the case was referred to Corporal Chris with Jasmin’s the Maryland Heid social to State Police, investigate. worker, who which Corporal expressed assigned Heid concern spoke that Jasmin was being forced into prostitution by Jabar Gilliam. The social worker based her concern on conversations with Jasmin’s biological mother. Heid then spoke with Jasmin’s biological mother, who confirmed this information. She told Heid that Gilliam had communicated with her directly and told her that he was planning to take Jasmin to New York to work there as a prostitute. 4 On that same contacted day, based Sprint this Corporation telecommunications company. “investigating missing a on He Heid (“Sprint”), told child information, Sprint is who that . . a he . was being prostituted,” and requested GPS location information for Gilliam’s cell phone. Heid said that he was making the request because of “an exigent situation involving . . . immediate danger of death or serious bodily injury to a[] person.” Sprint providing complied real-time with GPS Heid’s location request information and to began the Maryland State Police, which passed the information on to the FBI and the New York City Police Department (“NYPD)”. Also on December 2, Jasmin placed a phone call to her biological mother from the Bronx apartment of Gilliam’s mother. NYPD officers went to that apartment and questioned Gilliam’s mother. Location information provided by Sprint indicated that Gilliam’s cell phone was a few blocks away. Canvassing the neighborhood, two NYPD officers saw Gilliam and Jasmin on the street and followed them to the third floor of an apartment building. When an officer confronted Gilliam, he attempted to flee. which Gilliam was arrested. 5 A scuffle ensued, after Charges, trial, and conviction. A grand jury charged Gilliam in Count One with sex trafficking of a minor by force, fraud, or coercion in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1591(a), (b)(1), and (b)(2), and in Count Two with transporting a minor in interstate commerce for purposes of prostitution in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2423(a). Gilliam was convicted on both counts after a jury trial and sentenced to imprisonment for 240 months. Discussion I. Use of GPS Location Information The District Court denied Gilliam’s motion challenging the use of GPS location information to determine where Gilliam was, information that led to his arrest. The Court ruled that 2702(c)(4), permitted, the Stored Communications authorized, Corporal Heid and to Act, exigent obtain 18 U.S.C. circumstances location information from Sprint without a warrant. Section 2702(c)(4) provides: A provider . . . may divulge a record or other information pertaining to a subscriber . . . (not including the contents of communications covered by [other subsections]) – . . . (4) to a governmental entity, if the provider, in good faith, believes that an emergency involving danger of death or serious physical 6 § injury to any person requires disclosure without delay of information relating to the emergency. 18 U.S.C. § 2702(c)(4) (emphasis added). The initial statutory issue presented by Sprint’s disclosure of GPS location information is whether it was “other subsection “other information” 2702(c)(4). information” to within Congress cover the meaning intended the “information of phrase about the customer’s use of the service.” S. Rep. No. 99-541, at 38 (1986). Several district courts have interpreted the phrase to include the location of a customer’s cell phone. See United States v. Graham, 846 F. Supp. 2d 384, 396 (D. Md. 2012) (subsequent history omitted); In re Application of the United States for an Order Authorizing the Release of Historical Cell-Site Info., 809 F. Supp. 2d 113, 125 (E.D.N.Y. 2011); In re Application of the United States for Prospective Cell Site Location Info. on a Certain Cellular Telephone, 460 F. Supp. 2d 448, 460-61 (S.D.N.Y. 2006). We agree 7 that “other information” includes the location of a subscriber’s cell phone.1 The second statutory question is whether the circumstances presented to Sprint showed “an emergency involving danger of . . . serious physical injury to any person.” We think it obvious that “involving,” 18 U.S.C. § 2702(c)(4), includes a realistic threat of such injury, not just a completed injury. That statutory question also arises in connection with the constitutional issue presented by Sprint’s disclosure at the request of a law enforcement officer and the use of that without information a to locate warrant. That issue and is arrest whether Gilliam such a disclosure and arrest without a warrant violated the Fourth Amendment.2 1 The cited cases involve interpretation of 18 U.S.C. § 2703, a statute different from, but closely related to, section 2702. Section 2703 concerns mandatory disclosures pursuant to a warrant. Subsection 2703(c) requires disclosure of “a record or other information pertaining to a subscriber . . . (not including the contents of communications) . . . .,” language identical to the language of subsection 2702(c). 2 “[T]he Government assumes for purposes of this appeal that cell phone users have a reasonable expectation of privacy in [location] information under the Fourth Amendment.” Br. for Appellee 14 n.3 at 15. We make the same assumption. 8 Both the second statutory issue and the Fourth Amendment issue turn on whether the circumstances known to law enforcement and presented to Sprint were within the category of “exigent circumstances” that permit warrantless searches. See Riley v. California, 134 S. Ct. 2473, 2487 (2014). “The core question is whether the facts . . . would lead a reasonable, experienced officer, to believe that there was an urgent need to . . . take action.” United States v. Klump, 536 F.3d 113, 117–18 (2d Cir. 2008) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). “A district court's determination as to whether exigent circumstances existed is fact-specific, and will not be reversed unless clearly erroneous.” United States v. MacDonald, 916 F.2d 766, 769 (2d Cir. 1990) (in banc) (citations omitted). We agree circumstances with the justified District GPS tracking Court of that exigent Gilliam’s cell phone. The evidence available to law enforcement at the time of the search for Gilliam’s location was compelling. Based on Heid’s discussions with Jasmin’s foster mother, social worker, and biological mother, law enforcement officers had a substantial basis to believe that Gilliam 9 was bringing Jasmin to New York City to require her to work there as a prostitute. That type of sexual exploitation of a minor has often been found to pose a significant risk of serious bodily injury. See, e.g., United States v. Daye, 571 F.3d grounds 225, by 234 Johnson (2d Cir. 2009), v. United abrogated States, 135 S. on other Ct. 2551 (2015); United States v. Curtis, 481 F.3d 836, 838-39 (D.C. Cir. 2007). As the Ninth Circuit has observed, prostitution of a child involves “the risk of assault or physical abuse by the pimp’s customers or by the pimp himself” and “a serious potential transmitted 1089, 1091 risk disease.” (9th of United Cir. contracting States 2001) v. a Carter, (internal sexually 266 F.3d citations and quotation marks omitted). Several courts have found that exigent circumstances justified warrantless entry into premises to avoid risk of injury to a minor held there. See, e.g., Hunsberger v. Wood, 570 F.3d 546, 555 (4th Cir. 2009); United States v. Kenfield, 270 F. App’x 695, 696-97 (9th Cir. 2008); United States v. Thomas, No. 3:14-CR-00031 (RNC), 2015 WL 164075, *4-5 (D. Conn. Jan. 13, 2015); United States v. Williams, No. 12-CR-6152G(MWP), 2015 WL 429087, at *12-13 (W.D.N.Y. 10 Feb. 2, 2015), report and recommendation adopted, No. 12CR-6152(FPG), 2015 WL 3454430 (W.D.N.Y. May 29, 2015). Locating on the streets a victim of sexual exploitation might seem to present a less immediate need for police action than entering premises where such a victim is being held, but it is nonetheless sufficient to constitute exigent circumstances. Gilliam contends that the time required to obtain a warrant would not have significantly added to the risk of injury to Jasmin. That argument calls to mind the plight of social workers who have to decide whether to face a lawsuit for quickly removing a child from the home of an abusive parent or for failing to act in time to prevent the child’s injury. “If they err in interrupting parental custody, they may be accused of infringing the parents’ constitutional rights. If they err in not removing the child, they risk injury to the child and may be accused of infringing the child’s rights.” Van Emrik v. Chemung County Dep’t of Social Services, 911 F.2d 863, 866 (2d Cir. 1990). Faced with exigent circumstances based on credible information that Gilliam was engaged in prostituting a missing child across state lines, Corporal 11 Heid acted reasonably in obtaining Gilliam’s cell phone location information without a warrant. Congress has “deemed it reasonable to subordinate any individual privacy information to interest society’s in more cell phone compelling location interest in preventing an imminent threat of death or serious bodily injury,” and authority to has therefore decide given providers there whether service existed an the “emergency involving danger of death or serious physical injury to any person.” United States v. Caraballo, 963 F. Supp. 2d 341, 360 (D. Vt. 2013) (citations omitted), aff'd, 831 F.3d 95 (2d Cir. 2016). Based on Heid’s affirmation, Sprint had a good faith basis for believing that the disclosure of Gilliam’s cell phone location was necessary to protect a missing child from being prostituted and subject to serious physical injury. II. Other Claims Gilliam’s discussion. His other arrest claims was do not supported require by extended probable cause, based both on events occurring at the scene of his arrest and his sex trafficking with respect to Jasmin. There was 12 no error in the jury charge, and the evidence supported the jury’s verdict. Conclusion The judgment of the District Court is affirmed. 13 fully
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