Smith v. Wenderlich, No. 14-3920 (2d Cir. 2016)
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Petitioner appealed the denial of habeas relief under 28 U.S.C. 2254, alleging that his right to be free from double jeopardy was violated when the New York State court that had sentenced him in 2000 to 11 years of imprisonment amended his sentence - after he had been imprisoned for 11 years but remained imprisoned because of additional crimes he committed during that 11-year period - by adding a term of post-release supervision that, under New York law, was required to be part of his 2000 sentence. The court held that it is not contrary to or an unreasonable application of United States v. DiFrancesco for a state court to hold that the Double Jeopardy Clause permits the resentencing of a prisoner while he is still in prison, when such resentencing is necessary to impose a term of supervised release required by statute. The court also concluded that the State court's decision that Smith had no legitimate expectation that his determinate sentence had become final, based on the court's conclusion that his judicially imposed sentences could properly be aggregated by DOCCS pursuant to N.Y. Penal Law 70.30 without further participation by the court, and on the fact that because of his intervening crimes he had not been released, did not constitute an unreasonable application of Hill v. United States ex rel. Wampler. Accordingly, the court affirmed the judgment.
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14-3920 Smith v. Wenderlich 1 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 2 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT 3 ------ 4 August Term, 2015 5 (Argued: October 21, 2015 6 Decided: June 24, 2016) Docket No. 14-3920 7 _________________________________________________________ 8 RAMEEN SMITH, Petitioner-Appellant, 9 10 - v. - 11 STEPHEN WENDERLICH, Superintendent, Southport Correctional Facility, 12 13 Respondent-Appellee.* _________________________________________________________ 14 Before: KEARSE, WINTER, and CABRANES, Circuit Judges. 15 Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of 16 New York, John Gleeson, Judge, denying petition for habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 17 alleging that petitioner's right to be free from double jeopardy was violated when the New York State 18 court that had sentenced him in 2000 to 11 years of imprisonment amended his sentence--after he had 19 been imprisoned for 11 years but remained imprisoned because of additional crimes he committed 20 during that 11-year period--by adding a term of post-release supervision that, under New York law, * The Clerk of Court is instructed to amend the official caption to conform with the above. 1 was required to be part of his 2000 sentence. The district court denied the petition on the ground that 2 the New York court's rejection of Smith's constitutional challenges to the resentencing was neither 3 contrary to nor an unreasonable application of United States Supreme Court precedent. 4 Affirmed. 5 6 7 PAUL SKIP LAISURE, New York, New York (Lynn W.L. Fahey, Appellate Advocates, New York, New York, on the brief), for Petitioner-Appellant. 8 9 10 11 12 ANNE GRADY, Assistant District Attorney, Staten Island, New York (Daniel L. Master, Jr., Acting District Attorney for Richmond County, Morrie I. Kleinbart, Assistant District Attorney, Staten Island, New York, on the brief), for Respondent-Appellee. 13 KEARSE, Circuit Judge: 14 Petitioner Rameen Smith, who was convicted in a New York State ("State") court in 15 2000 of robbery, grand larceny, and criminal possession of stolen property, for which he was 16 sentenced to a determinate term of a total of 11 years' imprisonment, appeals from a judgment of the 17 United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York, John Gleeson, Judge, denying his 18 habeas corpus petition pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. Smith alleged principally that his right to be free 19 from double jeopardy was violated when, after he had been imprisoned for 11 years but had not been 20 released because of additional convictions, the sentencing court resentenced him in order to add to 21 his 2000 sentence a term of post-release supervision (or "PRS") whose imposition had been required 22 as a matter of New York law. The district court, applying the standards set forth in the Antiterrorism 23 and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 ("AEDPA"), denied the petition on the ground that the New 24 York court's rejection of Smith's constitutional challenges to the resentencing neither was contrary 2 1 to, nor involved an unreasonable application of, United States Supreme Court precedent. On appeal, 2 Smith contends that the Appellate Division's ruling was contrary to, or an unreasonable application 3 of, the Supreme Court's decisions in Hill v. United States ex rel. Wampler, 298 U.S. 460 (1936) 4 ("Wampler"), and United States v. DiFrancesco, 449 U.S. 117 (1980) ("DiFrancesco"). Finding no 5 merit in his contentions, we affirm the judgment. 6 I. BACKGROUND 7 The Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment, which is made applicable to the 8 states by the Fourteenth Amendment, see Benton v. Maryland, 395 U.S. 784, 794 (1969), provides 9 that no person shall be "subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy," U.S. Const. amend. 10 V. This provision "protects against," inter alia, "multiple punishments for the same offense." 11 DiFrancesco, 449 U.S. at 129 (internal quotation marks omitted). It is in this respect that Smith 12 contends that his right to be free from double jeopardy has been violated. 13 A. Smith's Original Sentence 14 In 2000, Smith was convicted in State court on two counts of robbery in the second 15 degree, one count of grand larceny in the fourth degree, and one count of criminal possession of stolen 16 property in the fifth degree. He was sentenced in April 2000, as amended in May 2000 nunc pro tunc, 17 to concurrent prison terms of varying types and lengths, including determinate terms of 11 years on 18 the robbery counts, resulting in a determinate sentence totaling 11 years' imprisonment ("Original 19 Sentence" or "2000 Sentence"). 3 1 When Smith was sentenced, the New York Penal Law provided that "[e]ach 2 determinate sentence also includes, as a part thereof, an additional period of post-release supervision," 3 N.Y. Penal Law § 70.45(1) (McKinney 1999). Smith's 2000 Sentence, though determinate, did not 4 indicate that post-release supervision was included. 5 In 2008, § 70.45(1) was amended to provide that, when imposing a determinate 6 sentence, the sentencing judge "shall . . . state" the "period of post-release supervision," N.Y. Penal 7 Law § 70.45(1) (McKinney 2009). In the same legislation, additional procedures were introduced to 8 deal with cases in which the imposition of PRS should have been, but was not, stated by the court at 9 sentencing. See generally People v. Williams, 14 N.Y.3d 198, 206-08, 899 N.Y.S.2d 76, 79-81, cert. 10 denied, 562 U.S. 947 (2010). 11 B. Smith's 2011 Resentencing 12 As Smith had been in custody during his prosecution for the above crimes, his 11-year 13 prison term would have been due to end in mid-2010, see N.Y. Penal Law § 70.30(3) (McKinney 14 1998). However, Smith committed two additional crimes during his imprisonment; he was convicted 15 of promoting prison contraband in the first degree in 2005 and in 2010. For the 2005 conviction, he 16 was sentenced to an indeterminate prison term of two-to-four years, to be consecutive to his 17 determinate 11-year term, thereby postponing his release by two years, see N.Y. Penal Law 18 § 70.30(1)(d) (McKinney 2004) ("If the defendant is serving one or more indeterminate sentences of 19 imprisonment and one or more determinate sentence of imprisonment which run consecutively, the 20 minimum term or terms of the indeterminate sentence or sentences and the term or terms of the 21 determinate sentence or sentences are added to arrive at an aggregate maximum term of 4 1 imprisonment" that is "no[t] . . . less than the term or maximum term of imprisonment of the sentence 2 which has the longest unexpired time to run." (emphases added)). For his 2010 conviction of 3 promoting prison contraband, Smith was sentenced to a consecutive indeterminate prison term of one- 4 and-a-half-to-three years, further extending his prison stay, see id. 5 In December 2010, the New York State Department of Correctional Services, now 6 known as the Department of Corrections and Community Supervision (collectively "DOCCS"), sent 7 a letter to the judge who had imposed Smith's 2000 Sentence (the "sentencing judge")--with a copy 8 to Smith--stating that although Smith had been given a determinate sentence of imprisonment, for 9 which § 70.45 required the imposition of a period of PRS, the sentence and commitment order 10 received by DOCCS did not indicate that PRS had been imposed. DOCCS cited a 2008 statutory 11 provision that requires it to notify the court whenever it appears to DOCCS that a defendant's 12 determinate sentence does not include PRS, see N.Y. Correction Law §§ 601-d(1) and (2) (McKinney 13 2009), so that the court may take steps with respect to a resentencing. Section 601-d provides that 14 when a court has received such a notice, if the court determines, after reviewing the record, that a PRS 15 term was not announced at sentencing, the court "shall," inter alia, "appoint counsel" for the 16 defendant, give notice to the parties, and "commence a proceeding to consider [whether to] 17 resentence." Id. §§ 601-d(3) and (4). 18 Smith's sentencing judge commenced the required review of the 2000 Sentence in early 19 2011 and found that no PRS term had been imposed. Smith opposed any resentencing to impose PRS, 20 pointing out that he had already been in prison for more than the 11 years imposed in the Original 21 Sentence. He stated that he thus had an expectation that his punishment for his original crimes had 5 1 become final and argued that the imposition of the additional penalty of PRS in 2011 therefore 2 violated his right to be free from double jeopardy. 3 In response, the State argued that under § 70.30(1), Smith's 2005 and 2010 convictions 4 while he was serving his 2000 Sentence resulted in a single aggregate sentence, which had not yet 5 been completed. Although Smith would have had a legitimate expectation of finality if he had been 6 released from prison prior to the imposition of PRS, he in fact was still serving his aggregate sentence, 7 and thus no legitimate expectation of finality had attached. 8 The sentencing judge rejected Smith's double jeopardy challenge; the court resentenced 9 him on the counts on which he received a determinate sentence, by reimposing the prison term and 10 adding a five-year term of post-release supervision. (See People v. Smith, No. 258/99, Supreme 11 Court, Richmond Co., Hearing Transcript, March 31, 2011, at 11-14.) 12 Smith appealed to the Appellate Division, arguing that the resentencing violated both 13 his right to be free from double jeopardy and his right to due process. That court affirmed the 14 resentence, and the New York Court of Appeals denied leave to appeal. See People v. Smith, 101 15 A.D.3d 761, 955 N.Y.S.2d 373 (2d Dep't 2012) ("Smith"), lv. denied, 20 N.Y.3d 1065, 962 N.Y.S.2d 16 616 (2013), and 22 N.Y.3d 959, 977 N.Y.S.2d 190 (2013). The Appellate Division, in rejecting 17 Smith's double jeopardy contention, noted, inter alia, that Smith was "'charged with knowledge'" both 18 "'that a determinate prison sentence without a term of PRS is illegal and, thus, may be corrected by 19 the sentencing court at some point in the future,'" Smith, 101 A.D.3d at 763, 955 N.Y.S.2d at 375 20 (quoting People v. Williams, 14 N.Y.3d at 217, 899 N.Y.S.2d at 87), and "that, by virtue of Penal Law 21 § 70.30(1), the New York State Department of Corrections and Community Supervision aggregates 6 1 his sentences into a single sentence," Smith, 101 A.D.3d at 763, 955 N.Y.S.2d at 375 (citing, inter 2 alia, People v. Brinson, 90 A.D.3d 670, 671-72, 933 N.Y.S.2d 728, 729-30 (2d Dep't 2011), lv. 3 granted, 18 N.Y.3d 992, 945 N.Y.S.2d 647 (2012), aff'd, 21 N.Y.3d 490, 972 N.Y.S.2d 182 (2013)). 4 The Appellate Division noted that "'a legitimate expectation in the finality of a 5 sentence arises and the Double Jeopardy Clause prevents reformation to attach a PRS component to 6 the original completed sentence'" "'after release from prison,'" Smith, 101 A.D.3d at 762, 955 7 N.Y.S.2d at 375 (quoting People v. Williams, 14 N.Y.3d at 217, 899 N.Y.S.2d at 87). It concluded 8 that Smith had no legitimate expectation of finality because he had not been released: 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 [P]ursuant to Penal Law § 70.30(1)(d), the defendant's 11-year determinate sentence was combined with his subsequently imposed consecutive indeterminate sentences, to form a single sentence . . . . Since the defendant was still serving this single, combined sentence at the time of the resentencing, and had not yet been released from prison, he did not have a legitimate expectation of finality in the portion of his sentence attributable to his convictions of robbery in the second degree . . . . 16 Smith, 101 A.D.3d at 763, 955 N.Y.S.2d at 375 (citing, inter alia, People v. Brinson, 90 A.D.3d 17 at 671-72, 933 N.Y.S.2d at 729-30) (emphases added). 18 The New York Court of Appeals denied Smith's motion for leave to appeal that 19 decision, but denied it without prejudice to a renewed motion after the Court of Appeals' resolution 20 of then-pending appeals in People v. Brinson, 90 A.D.3d 670, 933 N.Y.S.2d 728, and another case. 21 See People v. Smith, 20 N.Y.3d 1065, 962 N.Y.S.2d 616. 22 The Court of Appeals thereafter affirmed the appellate decision in People v. Brinson 23 on which the Appellate Division had relied in affirming the resentencing of Smith. See People v. 24 Brinson, 21 N.Y.3d 490, 972 N.Y.S.2d 182 (2013) ("Brinson"). The Court of Appeals' reasoning 25 paralleled that of the Appellate Division in Smith. 7 1 The Brinson Court dealt with two cases in which the prisoners' original sentences had 2 included determinate sentences but no term of PRS. Each defendant was resentenced to impose PRS 3 at a time when he had been in prison for more than the number of years imposed in his determinate 4 sentence and was still in prison because of his indeterminate sentences. Both prisoners claimed that 5 they had "completed their determinate sentences" and that the imposition of PRS violated the Fifth 6 Amendment Double Jeopardy Clause "prohibition against multiple punishments." Brinson, 21 N.Y.3d 7 at 492, 972 N.Y.S.2d at 183. The Court of Appeals "conclude[d] that the respective resentences do 8 not constitute violations of the Double Jeopardy Clause because defendants do not have a legitimate 9 expectation of finality until they have completed their aggregated sentences under Penal Law 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 § 70.30." Id. The Fifth Amendment's Double Jeopardy Clause prohibits multiple punishments for the same crime (see United States v DiFrancesco, 449 US 117, 129 [1980] . . . ). This prohibition "prevents a sentence from being increased once the defendant has a legitimate expectation in the finality of the sentence" (People v Williams, 14 NY3d 198, 215 [2010], citing DiFrancesco, 449 US at 135-136). However, defendants are presumed to be aware that a determinate prison sentence without a term of PRS is illegal . . . and courts have an inherent authority to correct illegal sentences . . . . 19 Brinson, 21 N.Y.3d at 494, 972 N.Y.S.2d at 184 (other internal quotation marks omitted) (emphases 20 ours). Under New York law a court no longer has authority to correct an illegal sentence if the time 21 to appeal has expired (or the appeal has been completed) and the prisoner has been released. See 22 People v. Williams, 14 N.Y.3d at 217, 899 N.Y.S.2d at 88. The Brinson Court held that 23 24 25 26 a legitimate expectation of finality turns on the completion of a sentence. Where multiple sentences are properly aggregated into a single sentence, that expectation arises upon completion of that sentence. Brinson, 21 N.Y.3d at 496, 972 N.Y.S.2d at 186 (emphases added); see also id. at 494, 972 N.Y.S.2d 8 1 at 184 ("the defendant's 'expectation of finality arises for purposes of double jeopardy when a 2 defendant completes the lawful portion of an illegal sentence and exhausts any appeal taken'" (quoting 3 People v. Lingle, 16 N.Y.3d 621, 630, 926 N.Y.S.2d 4, 8 (2011) (emphasis in Lingle))). The Court 4 concluded that the defendants in the cases before it 5 6 7 8 9 will have a legitimate expectation of finality upon completion of their respective aggregated sentences. Until such time, resentencing for purposes of correcting their illegal determinate sentences does not run afoul of the Double Jeopardy Clause and the prohibition against "multiple punishments." Brinson, 21 N.Y.3d at 496, 972 N.Y.S.2d at 186 (emphasis added). 10 Upon Smith's post-Brinson motion for leave to appeal the Appellate Division's 11 affirmance of his resentencing, the Court of Appeals denied leave to appeal. 12 C. The Present Habeas Proceeding 13 Smith commenced the present habeas proceeding in 2014, asserting principally that 14 the Appellate Division's affirmance of his resentencing was contrary to, or an unreasonable 15 application of, the Supreme Court's decisions in both Wampler, 298 U.S. 460, which held it 16 impermissible for a sentence imposed by a court to be enlarged by an administrative entity, see also 17 Earley v. Murray, 451 F.3d 71, 76 n.1 (2d Cir.) ("Earley") (interpreting Wampler's holding as rooted 18 in due process), reh'g denied, 462 F.3d 147 (2d Cir. 2006), cert. denied, 551 U.S. 1159 (2007), and 19 DiFrancesco, 449 U.S. 117, which Smith described as meaning that "an individual serving a single 20 determinate 11-year sentence could not be resentenced after he had been incarcerated for 11 years" 21 (Petition for a Writ of Habeas Corpus by a Person in State Custody ("Habeas Petition") at 20; see id. 22 at 10-25). 9 1 With respect to federal law as established in Wampler, Smith asserted principally that 2 3 4 5 6 [t]he Appellate Division's decision in this case violated the basic principle that the Supreme Court recognized in Wampler, 298 U.S. at 460, that courts must pronounce sentence upon conviction in the defendant's presence, and that even a term required by statute is not a part of the sentence unless and until a sentencing judge imposes it. 7 (Habeas Petition at 13; see also id. at 16-17 ("The Appellate Division['s] . . . . entire analysis depended 8 upon a finding that Mr. Smith was serving a single aggregate sentence calculated by DOCCS rather 9 than the separate consecutive sentences imposed by three different sentencing courts in 2000, 2005, 10 and 2010, a finding precluded by Wampler[ and] Earley . . . ."); id. at 15 ("Since the sentencing court 11 imposed one discrete sentence, not a sentence that was merged with subsequent convictions, Mr. 12 Smith is serving separate consecutive sentences, not a single aggregate one."); id. at 16 ("[U]nder 13 clearly established United States Supreme Court precedent, for federal double jeopardy purposes, Mr. 14 Smith's sentences were exactly what the three sentencing judges imposed in court, not the product of 15 release date calculations made by DOCCS under § 70.30. Wampler, 298 U.S. at 464.").) 16 With respect to his contention that the New York court's affirmance of his resentencing 17 was contrary to or an unreasonable application of the United States Supreme Court's decision in 18 DiFrancesco, Smith asserted that 19 20 21 22 23 [e]ven if the sentences the court imposed could possibly be construed as having been somehow converted into a single aggregate sentence, the Fifth Amendment's Double Jeopardy Clause prohibited resentencing because Mr. Smith had, nonetheless, developed a legitimate "expectation of finality in the original sentence." 24 (Habeas Petition at 17 (quoting DiFrancesco, 449 U.S. at 139 (emphases ours)).) Perhaps recognizing 25 the premise-denying fallacy of this argument--i.e., the argument that he could have a legitimate 26 expectation that a sentence that "ha[d] been . . . converted" to a different configuration nonetheless 10 1 retained its "original" configuration--Smith reverted to his invocation of Wampler for the proposition 2 that his sentences could not properly be "aggregate[d]" except by order of a court: 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 In Wampler, the United States Supreme Court held that "[t]he only sentence known to the law is the sentence or judgment entered upon the records of the court." 298 U.S. at 464. Since Mr. Smith's supposed "aggregate sentence" was not "entered upon the records of the court," the Appellate Division's holding that he was serving such a sentence, and therefore that resentencing did not violate double jeopardy, see United States v. DiFrancesco, 449 U.S. 117 (1980), was contrary to clearly established federal law as decided by the United States Supreme Court. (Habeas Petition at 23 (emphasis in original).) He also concluded that since he could only be lawfully serving the sentences the court had imposed, Wampler, 298 U.S. at 464, and he had finished serving the determinate sentence to which post-release supervision applied, the state court holdings that he had no expectation of finality that barred resentencing were unreasonable applications of Supreme Court precedent. (Habeas Petition at 24-25.) The district court, in a Memorandum and Order dated September 22, 2014 ("District Court Order"), denied Smith's petition, ruling as follows: 20 21 22 23 24 25 The Appellate Division['s holding] . . . that Smith's service of his illegal 11-year determinate sentence did not establish a legitimate expectation of finality that barred correction of that sentence because at the time of the resentencing he was still serving a single, combined sentence that included his two subsequent prison contraband sentences . . . . was not contrary to the holding of any court, let alone of the Supreme Court of the United States. . . . 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Nor was the Appellate Division's decision objectively unreasonable. Indeed, in the Supreme Court decision United States v. DiFrancesco, on which Smith relies heavily, the Court found that there is no legitimate expectation of finality where the petitioner "is charged with knowledge of [a] statute" that would allow for some future alteration in his or her sentence. 449 U.S. 117, 136 (2010). The Appellate Division charged Smith with knowledge of the New York laws allowing for the aggregation of his sentences into a single sentence and for the correction of sentences from which a mandatory PRS term was unlawfully omitted. The state court's holding mirrors the language in DiFrancesco almost exactly. 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 District Court Order at 7-8. The district court also rejected Smith's arguments under Wampler: There is no specter here that the defendant's judicially-imposed punishment was subsequently enlarged by his jailer, as in Wampler. As for the provision of New York law that combines multiple periods of incarceration, and thus in some cases enlarges the period in which an erroneous failure to impose a PRS term may be corrected, the state court's determination that such a correction does not violate a defendant's double jeopardy rights is neither contrary to nor an unreasonable application of clearly established federal law. Id. at 8-9 (emphasis added). Judgment was entered denying the petition. This Court, in an order dated December 23, 2014, granted Smith's application for a certificate of appealability on the following issue: Whether Appellant's double jeopardy rights were violated when he was resentenced to add a post-release supervision term to his 11-year determinate sentence, after he had served 11 years, but while still incarcerated on unrelated sentences that were aggregated by operation of New York law. See United States v. DiFrancesco, 449 U.S. 117 (1980); In re Wampler, 298 U.S. 460 (1936). II. DISCUSSION 19 On appeal, Smith argues that "DiFrancesco is the precedent on which a PRS federal 20 double-jeopardy claim should be based" (Smith brief on appeal at 21) and that his habeas petition 21 should have been granted on the ground that after serving 11 years in prison he had a legitimate 22 expectation of finality in his original 11-year determinate sentence, and his resentencing thereafter 23 thus violated double jeopardy principles as articulated in DiFrancesco (see, e.g., id. at 12, 22-23, 24 26-29). He argues that the State court's ruling that he lacked such an expectation of finality because 25 his sentences had been aggregated into a single sentence that he was still serving at the time of 12 1 resentencing was impermissible under the Supreme Court's decision in Wampler. (See, e.g., id. 2 at 12-13, 19-21, 28-29.) For the reasons that follow, we disagree. 3 A. AEDPA Standards 4 To the extent pertinent here, AEDPA provides that "with respect to any claim that was 5 adjudicated on the merits in State court proceedings," a federal court may not grant a state prisoner's 6 petition for habeas corpus relief unless the state court's adjudication of the claim 7 8 9 resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States, 10 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1) (emphases added). "'[C]learly established Federal law'" in this provision 11 "'refers to the holdings, as opposed to the dicta, of th[e Supreme] Court's decisions.'" Carey v. 12 Musladin, 549 U.S. 70, 74 (2006) ("Musladin") (quoting Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 412 13 (2000)). To the extent that a federal habeas petitioner relies--as Smith does here, in part--on decisions 14 of any other court which are not reflected in a holding of the Supreme Court, such decisions are not 15 a permissible basis for the granting of the writ. When there is no Supreme Court holding on a given 16 issue, "it cannot be said that the state court unreasonabl[y] appli[ed] clearly established Federal law" 17 within the meaning of AEDPA. Musladin, 549 U.S. at 77 (internal quotation marks omitted). 18 In order to hold that a state-court adjudication was "contrary to" a United States 19 Supreme Court holding, the federal habeas court must conclude that the state court either has arrived 20 at a conclusion that is the "opposite" of the conclusion reached by the Supreme Court on a question 21 of law or has "decide[d] a case differently than th[e Supreme] Court has on a set of materially 22 indistinguishable facts." Williams, 529 U.S. at 412-13. In order to hold that the state court's 13 1 adjudication constituted "an unreasonable application of" a Supreme Court holding, the district court 2 must conclude that "the state court identifie[d] the correct governing legal principle from th[e 3 Supreme] Court's decisions but unreasonably applie[d] that principle to the facts of the prisoner's 4 case." Id. at 413. "[T]his standard is difficult to meet . . . because it was meant to be." Harrington 5 v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 102 (2011) ("Richter"). "[T]he purpose of AEDPA is to ensure that federal 6 habeas relief functions . . . not as a means of error correction," but rather "as a 'guard against extreme 7 malfunctions in the state criminal justice systems.'" Greene v. Fisher, 132 S. Ct. 38, 43 (2011) 8 (quoting Richter, 562 U.S. at 102 (other internal quotation marks omitted)). 9 "In reviewing a district court's decision on a state prisoner's habeas petition, we review 10 the district court's legal rulings de novo," Contreras v. Artus, 778 F.3d 97, 106 (2d Cir. 2015); but "we 11 cannot grant habeas relief where a petitioner's claim pursuant to applicable federal law, or the U.S. 12 Constitution, has been adjudicated on its merits in state court proceedings in a manner that is not 13 manifestly contrary to common sense," Anderson v. Miller, 346 F.3d 315, 324 (2d Cir. 2003). 14 B. The Supreme Court's Holdings in DiFrancesco and Wampler 15 Smith argues that the Appellate Division's rejection of his double jeopardy claim was 16 contrary to or an unreasonable application of the Supreme Court's holdings in DiFrancesco and 17 Wampler. But he misdescribes the holding in each case. 18 1. DiFrancesco 19 Smith states that "DiFrancesco[] . . . held that when a sentence is no longer subject to 20 correction, the Fifth Amendment's double jeopardy clause bars resentencing" (Smith brief on appeal 21 at 12). That was not its holding. 14 1 In DiFrancesco, the Supreme Court considered two provisions of the Organized Crime 2 Control Act of 1970 ("OCCA"), 18 U.S.C. §§ 3575, 3576 (1976) (repealed by Sentencing Reform Act 3 of 1984, Pub. L. No. 98-473, Title II, §§ 212(a)(2), 235(a)(1), 98 Stat. 1987, 2031 (1984), as amended, 4 Sentencing Reform Amendments Act of 1985, Pub. L. No. 99-217, § 4, 99 Stat. 1728 (1985)). In 5 those provisions, OCCA authorized the imposition of increased sentences on a defendant who was 6 found to be a "dangerous special offender," 18 U.S.C. § 3575; it allowed the government to obtain 7 appellate review of the sentence imposed, and it authorized the court of appeals on such an appeal to, 8 inter alia, increase the sentence to one that the district court could, under § 3575, have imposed 9 originally, see id. § 3576. The question was whether § 3576, in authorizing such appellate 10 proceedings, violated the Double Jeopardy Clause; the holding of the Court was that it did not. See 11 449 U.S. at 120-21, 143. 12 The State-court decision in the present case--that resentencing the still-imprisoned 13 Smith to impose a condition that was required by statute did not violate principles of double jeopardy- 14 -plainly could not be "contrary to" the DiFrancesco Court's holding that a somewhat different 15 procedure that allowed an increase to a defendant's sentence also did not violate double jeopardy. 16 Nor does the DiFrancesco opinion lend support to Smith's suggestion that its analysis 17 somehow established a rule as to the point at which a prisoner achieves a legitimate expectation of 18 finality in his sentence for double jeopardy purposes (see Smith brief on appeal at 23 ("Smith had," 19 having been sentenced to determinate terms of 11 years and having been in prison for 11 years, 20 "developed a legitimate 'expectation of finality in the original sentence'" (quoting DiFrancesco, 449 21 U.S. at 139)); id. at 21 (referring to "DiFrancesco's legitimate expectation of finality rule"); see also 22 id. at 24-25 (citing federal court of appeals cases and arguing that "[t]he longer a defendant serves 23 under his original sentence before its illegality is corrected, the greater his expectation of finality")). 15 1 2 3 4 5 Far from establishing a rule such as Smith posits, the DiFrancesco Court stated that [t]he Double Jeopardy Clause does not provide the defendant with the right to know at any specific moment in time what the exact limit of his punishment will turn out to be, DiFrancesco, 449 U.S. at 137 (emphases added). 6 The DiFrancesco Court stated that "the Double Jeopardy Clause does not require that 7 a sentence be given a degree of finality that prevents its later increase." Id. This is especially so 8 where the defendant "is aware at the original sentencing" that additional punishment is authorized. 9 Id. In DiFrancesco, the 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 [r]espondent was . . . aware that a dangerous special offender sentence is subject to increase on appeal. His legitimate expectations are not defeated if his sentence is increased on appeal any more than are the expectations of the defendant who is placed on parole or probation that is later revoked. Id. (emphasis added). The Court added: Although it might be argued that the defendant perceives the length of his sentence as finally determined when he begins to serve it, and that the trial judge should be prohibited from thereafter increasing the sentence, that argument has no force where, as in the dangerous special offender statute, Congress has specifically provided that the sentence is subject to appeal. Under such circumstances there can be no expectation of finality in the original sentence. Id. at 139 (emphases added). 23 Similar circumstances exist here with respect to post-release supervision. The New 24 York legislature enacted a statute providing that a sentence containing a determinate term of 25 imprisonment must also impose PRS; it amended the statute to specify that the judge must state the 26 term of PRS in sentencing the defendant; and it enacted statutory procedures by which, if no PRS term 27 was announced in the sentence originally, the court is allowed to resentence the defendant to cure that 28 illegality. A defendant is presumed to be aware that a determinate prison sentence without a term of 16 1 PRS is illegal and is presumed to know that the illegality is subject to correction. Under these 2 circumstances, so long as the defendant properly remains imprisoned, he can have no legitimate 3 expectation of finality in a sentence that, illegally, does not provide for his post-release supervision; 4 and a decision upholding such resentencing as not violating double jeopardy principles is entirely 5 consistent with, rather than an unreasonable application of, DiFrancesco. 6 To be clear, we hold only that, under the deferential standard of AEDPA review, it is 7 not contrary to or an unreasonable application of DiFrancesco for a state court to hold that the Double 8 Jeopardy Clause permits the resentencing of a prisoner while he is still in prison, when such 9 resentencing is necessary to impose a term of supervised release required by statute. We express no 10 view on the broader question of what, if any, vitality remains in the principle, expressed in United 11 States v. Benz, 282 U.S. 304 (1931), that to increase "a punishment already partly suffered . . . . is to 12 subject the defendant to double punishment for the same offense in violation of the Fifth 13 Amendment," id. at 307 (internal quotation marks omitted); see Ex parte Lange, 85 U.S. 163, 175 14 (1873) (impermissible for court to sentence defendant to both the statutory maximum one-year 15 imprisonment and a fine when only one or the other was authorized, and then, after defendant had 16 paid the fine and served five days in prison, to vacate that sentence and resentence him to one year's 17 imprisonment, "without [recognition of] what [w]as . . . done under" the first sentence). We note that 18 the Supreme Court in DiFrancesco stated that it "confine[d] the dictum in Benz to Lange's specific 19 context," saying that "[t]he holding in Lange, and thus the dictum in Benz, are not susceptible of 20 general application," DiFrancesco, 449 U.S. at 139, but also stated that it "venture[d] no comment as 21 to th[e] limitation" reflected in "the established practice in the federal courts that the sentencing judge 17 1 may recall the defendant and increase his sentence, at least . . . so long as he has not yet begun to 2 serve that sentence," id. at 134. In any event, Smith relies only on DiFrancesco and Wampler, and 3 does not cite, much less discuss, Benz and Lange. 4 2. Wampler 5 Smith argues that the State court's decision was contrary to or an unreasonable 6 application of the Supreme Court's holding in Wampler, stating that a sentence aggregated by 7 "calculat[ions] under § 70.30" is "an aggregate sentence the United States Supreme Court has 8 expressly held could not exist" (Smith brief on appeal at 20 (emphasis added)). There is no such 9 holding in Wampler. 10 Wampler, which did not address double jeopardy issues at all, involved a prisoner who 11 had been sentenced to both a prison term and a fine. The commitment order issued by the clerk of the 12 court contained the announced penalties, but it also provided that Wampler was to remain in prison 13 until he paid the fine. The Supreme Court held that the condition to which Wampler was subjected 14 only in the commitment order, and not in the sentence stated by the court, was a nullity: "The only 15 sentence known to the law is the sentence or judgment entered upon the records of the court." 298 16 U.S. at 464. A "prisoner is detained, not by virtue of the warrant of commitment, but on account of 17 the judgment and sentence," id. at 465 (internal quotation marks omitted) (emphasis ours), and "[a] 18 warrant of commitment departing in matter of substance from the judgment back of it is void," id. 19 Plainly, the State court's affirmance of the resentencing in Smith's case was not 20 contrary to Wampler's holding. The PRS term was imposed on Smith not by an administrator but by 18 1 the court itself. There was no issue in Wampler as to the permissibility of a sentence's amendment 2 by the court. 3 Further, the circumstances in Wampler were materially distinguishable from those in 4 the present case in at least two ways. First, the Wampler Court noted that the decision as to whether 5 to enforce a criminal fine by "direct[ing] . . . that the defendant shall be imprisoned until the fine is 6 paid," rather than relying on an execution against the defendant's property, is a matter committed to 7 the court's "discretion." 298 U.S. at 463-64. Here, in contrast, whether to impose a term of PRS was 8 not left to the court's discretion. For a sentence such as Smith's, containing a determinate prison term, 9 a term of PRS is mandatory. 10 Second, in Wampler the government argued that the district's practice of having the 11 judge instruct the clerk to make the commitment order broader than the judgment was akin "to a rule 12 of court." Id. at 465. The Court rejected that argument, as the practice was undefined and susceptible 13 to abuse: 14 15 16 [Such] instructions . . . . were not published; they were not reduced to writing; they are lacking in the formal safeguards that protect against mistake and perhaps against oppression. 17 Id. Here, in contrast, there is a statute on the books that expressly provides in what circumstances a 18 term of PRS must be imposed, that provides that the judge must state that term in announcing the 19 sentence, and that provides procedures by which the absence of a required PRS term may be remedied 20 by the judge. 21 Smith argues that the principle announced in Wampler was violated because his 22 sentences were aggregated into a single prison term by DOCCS rather than by a court. But it was a 19 1 court, not DOCCS, that imposed each of Smith's sentences. And the court, not DOCCS, specified that 2 Smith's relevant prison terms were to be cumulative rather than concurrent. Nothing done by DOCCS 3 enlarged Smith's time in prison. Nothing in Wampler suggests that there must be a line of 4 demarcation between a defendant's service of his non-concurrent prison terms; there were no non- 5 concurrent prison terms in Wampler. 6 Pursuant to § 70.30, DOCCS calculates a defendant's ultimate release date. The 7 components of that date of release from prison include the sentences imposed by the court. Nothing 8 in Wampler suggests that in these circumstances a judge who has properly specified the length and 9 nature of the defendant's sentence must also calculate the defendant's release date. Indeed, a 10 defendant's release date is affected by factors other than the length of his sentence or sentences, such 11 as the length of his pre-conviction detention on any of the relevant charges and the availability of so- 12 called "good time" credits he may earn during his imprisonment, see, e.g., N.Y. Correction Law 13 § 803(1)(a) (McKinney 2013). See generally People v. Williams, 14 N.Y.3d at 218, 899 N.Y.S.2d 14 at 88 (in appropriate cases, "State law permit[s] defendants' release after having served substantial 15 portions of their determinate prison terms" (emphasis added)). 16 We conclude that the State court's decision that Smith had no legitimate expectation 17 that his determinate sentence had become final, based on the court's conclusion that his judicially 18 imposed sentences could properly be aggregated by DOCCS pursuant to § 70.30 without further 19 participation by the court, and on the fact that because of his intervening crimes he had not been 20 released, did not constitute an unreasonable application of Wampler. 20 1 2 3 CONCLUSION We have considered all of Smith's arguments on this appeal and have found them to be without merit. The judgment of the district court is affirmed. 21
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