U.S. D.I.D. Corp. v. Windstream Communications, Inc., No. 13-206 (2d Cir. 2014)
Annotate this Case
Justia Opinion Summary
Want to stay in the know about new opinions from the Second Circuit US Court of Appeals?
Sign up for free summaries delivered directly to your inbox. Learn More ›
You already receive new opinion summaries from Second Circuit US Court of Appeals. Did you know we offer summary newsletters for even more practice areas and jurisdictions? Explore them here.
The district court granted a D.I.D. a temporary restraining order against Windstream, requiring D.I.D. to post security with the court clerk under Rule 65(c) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. The district court later denied D.I.D.'s motion for a preliminary injunction and dissolved the TRO, concluding that D.I.D. failed to show a likelihood of success on the merits of the underlying suit. D.I.D. filed a notice of voluntary dismissal without prejudice under Rule 41(a)(1)(A)(i) and Windstream moved for an award of costs and damages from the TRO security. The court agreed that a district court may grant recovery from a TRO security after the plaintiff files a notice of voluntary dismissal. The court held that recovery from a TRO security requires only a determination that the defendant was wrongfully restrained, and not necessarily a final adjudication on the merits. The court vacated the district court's judgment because it never made this specific determination. The court remanded for the district court to determine, whether, and for what time period, Windstream was wrongfully restrained by the TRO, and to calculate the damages accordingly.
Download PDF
13 206 cv U.S. D.I.D. Corp. v. Windstream Communications, Inc. 1 In the 2 United States Court of Appeals 3 For the Second Circuit 4 5 6 August Term, 2013 No. 13 206 cv 7 8 U.S. D.I.D. CORP., Plaintiff Appellant, 9 v. 10 11 12 WINDSTREAM COMMUNICATIONS, INC., Defendant Appellee. 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. No. 12 cv 4023 Jesse M. Furman, Judge. ARGUED: MARCH 31, 2014 DECIDED: DECEMBER 22, 2014 Before: KATZMANN, Chief Judge, WALKER and DRONEY, Circuit Judges. Appeal from an order of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Furman, Judge) awarding the U.S. D.I.D. CORP. V. WINDSTREAM COMMUNICATIONS, INC. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 defendant damages from security posted by the plaintiff upon the grant of a temporary restraining order under Rule 65(c) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. We hold that the district court retained jurisdiction to award such damages from the security after the plaintiff’s notice of voluntary dismissal under Rule 41(a)(1)(A)(i) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Because we conclude that the district court must determine that the defendant was wrongfully restrained before awarding recovery on the security, however, we remand. Finally, we find that, where the district court determines that the defendant was wrongfully restrained by being required to provide services to the plaintiff, it may order recovery from the security in an amount equal to the market value of the services provided. Accordingly, we VACATE and REMAND. JOSEPH K. SCULLY, Day Pitney LLP, Hartford, Connecticut (Nancy Kourland, Rosen & Associates, P.C., New York, New York, on the brief), for Plaintiff Appellant. 21 22 BRIAN J. BUTLER, Bond, Schoeneck & King, PLLC, Syracuse, New York, for Defendant Appellee. 23 24 DRONEY, Circuit Judge: 25 This appeal presents the question of whether a defendant may 26 recover costs and damages from security posted by a plaintiff in 27 obtaining a temporary restraining order (“TRO”), even though the 2 U.S. D.I.D. CORP. V. WINDSTREAM COMMUNICATIONS, INC. 1 plaintiff later filed a notice of voluntary dismissal without prejudice, 2 preventing a final adjudication on the merits. The U.S. District Court 3 for the Southern District of New York (Furman, Judge) granted 4 Plaintiff Appellant U.S. D.I.D. Corp. (“D.I.D.”) a TRO against 5 Defendant Appellee 6 (“Windstream”). In doing so, the district court required D.I.D. to 7 post security with the court clerk under Rule 65(c) of the Federal 8 Rules of Civil Procedure (the “TRO security” or “Rule 65(c) 9 security”).1 The district court later denied D.I.D.’s motion for a 10 preliminary injunction and dissolved the TRO, concluding that 11 D.I.D. failed to show a likelihood of success on the merits of the 12 underlying suit. Soon afterward, D.I.D. filed a notice of voluntary 13 dismissal without prejudice under Rule 41(a)(1)(A)(i) of the Federal Windstream Communications, Inc. Rule 65(c) employs the term “security,” which includes bonds. Typically, bonds securing a TRO are posted by a surety, while “security” includes amounts deposited directly by the plaintiff into the court, as occurred here. As discussed below in the text, Rule 65.1 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provides for an expedited procedure against sureties for such bonds. 1 3 U.S. D.I.D. CORP. V. WINDSTREAM COMMUNICATIONS, INC. 1 Rules of Civil Procedure. Windstream then moved for an award of 2 costs and damages from the TRO security. The district court found 3 that awarding recovery from such security requires a final 4 adjudication on the merits. It went on to conclude, however, that 5 D.I.D.’s voluntary dismissal without prejudice functioned as a final 6 adjudication on the merits and allowed recovery on the TRO 7 security. 8 We agree that a district court may grant recovery from a TRO 9 security after the plaintiff files a notice of voluntary dismissal. We 10 hold that recovery from a TRO security requires only a 11 determination that the defendant was wrongfully restrained, and 12 not necessarily a final adjudication on the merits. Because the district 13 court never made this specific determination, we VACATE the 14 judgment of the district court and REMAND for the district court to 15 determine whether, and for what time period, Windstream was 4 U.S. D.I.D. CORP. V. WINDSTREAM COMMUNICATIONS, INC. 1 wrongfully restrained by the TRO, and to calculate the damages 2 accordingly. 3 BACKGROUND 4 D.I.D. was, during the relevant time, a small, privately held 5 business engaged in the resale of telecommunications services to 6 “calling card” providers, “call centers,” and similar businesses. 7 D.I.D. in turn purchased telecommunications services from PAETEC 8 Communications, Inc. (“PAETEC”) under a long distance service 9 calling agreement (the “Service Agreement” or the “Agreement”) 10 entered into on May 5, 2011. The Agreement contained a 11 “limitations of service” clause, which stated that D.I.D. “may not 12 purchase services under this retail service agreement and resell 13 services to end users.” J.A. 81. The Agreement also contained a 14 termination provision, stating that “[a] party may terminate the 15 Agreement on thirty (30) days’ written notice if the other party 16 materially breaches the Agreement . . . .” J.A. 80. 5 U.S. D.I.D. CORP. V. WINDSTREAM COMMUNICATIONS, INC. 1 Windstream acquired PAETEC in late 2011. On March 27, 2 2012, Windstream informed D.I.D. that it had determined that D.I.D. 3 was engaged in resale of Windstream’s services, in violation of the 4 Agreement’s “limitations of service” clause. Windstream indicated 5 that it would raise D.I.D.’s rates to what the parties later referred to 6 as “interim” rates—between its lower “retail” rates and its higher 7 “wholesale” rates—until June 1, 2012. Windstream stated that it 8 would further increase D.I.D.’s rates to its “standard wholesale 9 rates” after June 1. In response to Windstream’s rate change 10 notification, D.I.D. did not deny that it was engaged in the resale of 11 Windstream’s telecommunications services. Instead, D.I.D. alleged 12 that Windstream’s attempt to raise its rates constituted an 13 impermissible restriction on the resale of telecommunications 14 services in violation of federal law. 15 On May 3, 2012, Windstream sent D.I.D. a termination notice. 16 Windstream asserted that its differential pricing structure for retail 6 U.S. D.I.D. CORP. V. WINDSTREAM COMMUNICATIONS, INC. 1 customers and wholesalers was lawful, and that D.I.D. “specifically 2 agreed to that distinction when [it] signed [its] retail contract.” J.A. 3 116. Windstream indicated that it interpreted D.I.D.’s most recent 4 response “as an improper refusal to pay the increased rates” and 5 that it would terminate D.I.D.’s services five days later, on May 8, 6 2012. Id. Windstream later agreed not to disconnect D.I.D.’s service 7 before May 21, 2012. 8 On May 21, 2012, D.I.D. filed a complaint and a motion for a 9 TRO against Windstream in the U.S. District Court for the Southern 10 District of New York. The district court granted the TRO that day, 11 enjoining Windstream from terminating service to D.I.D. In issuing 12 the order, the district court required that D.I.D. deposit $314,672.80, 13 an amount equal to twice the charges on Windstream’s most recent 14 monthly invoice, as security into the registry of the district court. 15 The district court held a hearing on May 23, 2012, which it 16 continued until June 4, 2012. At the June 4 hearing, the district court 7 U.S. D.I.D. CORP. V. WINDSTREAM COMMUNICATIONS, INC. 1 determined that it would “allow Windstream to increase the rates to 2 the wholesale rates effective June 1[]” until the hearing on D.I.D.’s 3 motion for a preliminary injunction, scheduled for June 21, 2012. 4 J.A. 629. Throughout the course of these hearings, the TRO remained 5 in effect, and Windstream continued to provide telecommunications 6 services to D.I.D.2 7 At the June 21, 2012 hearing, the district court denied D.I.D.’s 8 motion for a preliminary injunction and dissolved the TRO. The 9 district court concluded that although D.I.D. had established 10 irreparable harm at the time the TRO was first issued, any risk of 11 such harm that remained on June 21 resulted from D.I.D.’s failure to 12 use the time when the TRO was in effect to obtain a new service 13 provider. The district court further concluded that D.I.D. had failed A TRO cannot exceed fourteen days unless the district court, “for good cause,” 2 extends it for another period of no more than fourteen days; a TRO lasting longer than twenty eight days requires that the adverse party consent, as apparently occurred here. Fed. R. Civ. P. 65(b)(2). 8 U.S. D.I.D. CORP. V. WINDSTREAM COMMUNICATIONS, INC. 1 to establish a likelihood of success on the merits of the underlying 2 contractual dispute. The district court determined that D.I.D. was 3 engaged in the resale of telecommunications services, and that this 4 resale constituted a material breach of the Service Agreement. 5 Finally, in response to D.I.D.’s contention that Windstream’s May 3 6 notice of termination was ineffective because it provided that 7 services would be terminated on May 8, before the end of the 8 Agreement’s thirty day termination notice requirement, the district 9 court concluded that this issue was moot. The district court reasoned 10 that under New York law a termination notice that incorrectly 11 identifies the termination date nevertheless becomes effective as of 12 the correct termination date. 13 After issuing this ruling, the district court asked counsel for 14 Windstream whether it objected to the return of the TRO security to 15 D.I.D. Windstream’s counsel responded: “No objection, your Honor, 16 considering you are dissolving the TRO.” J.A. 653. The district court 9 U.S. D.I.D. CORP. V. WINDSTREAM COMMUNICATIONS, INC. 1 also noted that Windstream had not filed an answer to D.I.D.’s 2 complaint, even though Windstream’s answer was due that day. 3 Windstream’s counsel requested an extension, and the district court 4 granted an extension until 5 p.m. the following day, June 22, 2012. 5 Early in the day on June 22, before Windstream filed its 6 answer, D.I.D. filed a notice of dismissal without prejudice under 7 Rule 41(a)(1)(A)(i) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Three 8 days later, Windstream sent a letter to the district court requesting 9 recovery from the TRO security. In the letter Windstream’s counsel 10 acknowledged that he had not objected to the return of the TRO 11 security at the June 21 hearing. He explained, however, that at the 12 time of the hearing he was not aware that Windstream had just 13 issued an invoice in the amount of $244,888.79 for services rendered 14 between May 15, 2012 and June 14, 2012. Windstream requested that 15 the district court direct the payment of that amount from the TRO 16 security. 10 U.S. D.I.D. CORP. V. WINDSTREAM COMMUNICATIONS, INC. 1 On January 7, 2013 the district court issued an opinion and 2 order concluding that D.I.D.’s voluntary dismissal established that 3 Windstream was entitled to recover from the TRO security. See U.S. 4 D.I.D. Corp. v. Windstream Commc’ns, Inc. (U.S. D.I.D. II), 916 F. Supp. 5 2d 501 (S.D.N.Y. 2013).3 The district court found that recovery on 6 Rule 65(c) security—“a[t] least in this Circuit”—required a final 7 adjudication on the merits. Id. at 506 07. The district court 8 nevertheless concluded that a voluntary dismissal without prejudice 9 may function as a final adjudication on the merits for the purpose of 10 recovery on Rule 65(c) security. Id. at 508 11. Because D.I.D.’s 11 decision to enter a voluntary dismissal without prejudice 12 immediately followed the court’s denial of D.I.D.’s motion for a 3 The district court’s opinion and order vacated its earlier July 13, 2012 opinion and order granting in part Windstream’s request for recovery from the TRO security. See U.S. D.I.D. Corp. v. Windstream Commc’ns, Inc. (U.S. D.I.D. I), No. 12 Civ. 4023, 2012 WL 2878136 (S.D.N.Y. July 13, 2012). The district court’s July 2012 opinion and order had held that a final adjudication on the merits was not necessary for recovery on the TRO security, id. at *3, and that its denial of D.I.D.’s motion for a preliminary injunction determined the wrongfulness of the TRO, id. at *4. 11 U.S. D.I.D. CORP. V. WINDSTREAM COMMUNICATIONS, INC. 1 preliminary injunction and the dissolution of the TRO, and because 2 there was no reason to explain D.I.D.’s voluntary dismissal other 3 than the court’s determination that D.I.D. was unlikely to prevail on 4 the merits, the district court concluded that the dismissal qualified 5 as a final adjudication on the merits. Id. at 514 15. Finally, the district 6 court calculated the damages recoverable against the TRO security 7 at $227,271.92, a figure that it reached based on the “interim” rates 8 that Windstream charged for the period from May 22, 2012 (when 9 the TRO was first entered) to May 31, 2012, and the wholesale rates 10 for the period from June 1, 2012 to June 21, 2012 (when the TRO was 11 dissolved). Id. at 515 16. This appeal followed. 12 DISCUSSION 13 D.I.D. raises four issues on appeal. First, D.I.D. argues that the 14 district court lacked jurisdiction to order recovery from the TRO 15 security because the district court’s order followed D.I.D.’s 16 voluntary dismissal without prejudice. Second, D.I.D. contends that 17 Windstream is equitably estopped from asserting and has waived its 12 U.S. D.I.D. CORP. V. WINDSTREAM COMMUNICATIONS, INC. 1 claim to recovery from the TRO security. Third, D.I.D. argues that 2 the district court erred in concluding that D.I.D.’s voluntary 3 dismissal established that Windstream had been wrongfully 4 restrained by the TRO. Finally, D.I.D. asserts that, even if 5 Windstream were entitled to recovery from the TRO security, the 6 district court erred in calculating the amount based on the rates 7 charged by Windstream, rather than the cost to Windstream of 8 providing the telecommunications services. We address each 9 argument in turn. 10 I. Jurisdiction to Order Recovery on the TRO Security 11 D.I.D. argues that the voluntary dismissal of its complaint 12 deprived the district court of subject matter jurisdiction to award 13 recovery from the TRO security. We review jurisdictional questions 14 de novo. United States ex rel. Anti Discrimination Ctr. of Metro N.Y., Inc. 15 v. Westchester Cnty., 712 F.3d 761, 767 (2d Cir. 2013). 13 U.S. D.I.D. CORP. V. WINDSTREAM COMMUNICATIONS, INC. 1 Rule 41(a)(1) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure allows a 2 plaintiff “one free dismissal.” Cooter & Gell v. Hartmarx Corp., 496 3 U.S. 384, 397 98 (1990). The Rule “permits a plaintiff to dismiss an 4 action without prejudice” so long as the plaintiff “files a notice of 5 dismissal before the defendant files an answer or motion for 6 summary judgment and . . . the plaintiff has never previously 7 dismissed an action based on or including the same claim.” Id. at 394 8 (internal quotation marks omitted). A voluntary dismissal without 9 prejudice “vitiate[s] and annul[s] all prior proceedings and orders in 10 the case, and terminat[es] jurisdiction over it for the reason that the 11 case has become moot.” Oneida Indian Nation of N.Y. State v. Oneida 12 Cnty., 622 F.2d 624, 629 n.7 (2d Cir. 1980) (citation and internal 13 quotation marks omitted). 14 “It is well established,” however, “that a federal court may 15 consider collateral issues after an action is no longer pending.” 16 Cooter & Gell, 496 U.S. at 395. A district court may, for instance, grant 14 U.S. D.I.D. CORP. V. WINDSTREAM COMMUNICATIONS, INC. 1 an award of costs or attorney’s fees or initiate contempt proceedings 2 after a voluntary dismissal without prejudice. Id. at 395 96. When a 3 district court addresses such collateral issues “after a voluntary 4 dismissal[, it] does not deprive the plaintiff of his right under Rule 5 41(a)(1) to dismiss an action without prejudice” because the issues’ 6 resolution “does not signify a district court’s assessment of the legal 7 merits of the complaint.” Id. at 396. This is true “[e]ven if a district 8 court indicated that a complaint was not legally tenable or factually 9 well founded for Rule 11 purposes,” because “the resulting Rule 11 10 sanction would nevertheless not preclude the refiling of a 11 complaint.” Id. 12 Like the Rule 11 sanctions at issue in Cooter & Gell, a district 13 court’s awarding recovery from a Rule 65(c) security following the 14 voluntary dismissal of a complaint “is not a judgment on the merits 15 of an action.” 496 U.S. at 396. True, a district court may express its 16 views on the merits of the underlying claims in determining 15 U.S. D.I.D. CORP. V. WINDSTREAM COMMUNICATIONS, INC. 1 whether a party was wrongfully restrained, just as it may express its 2 views on the merits of the underlying claims in determining 3 whether a complaint is frivolous and warrants sanctions. But that 4 does not preclude the district court from considering collateral 5 issues such as sanctions or recovery from a Rule 65(c) security. 6 Our conclusion is consistent with the policies underlying both 7 Rule 41(a)(1) and Rule 65(c) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. 8 In Cooter & Gell, the Supreme Court observed that Rule 41(a)(1) was 9 “designed to curb abuses of . . . nonsuit rules” by limiting the right 10 to voluntary dismissal without prejudice to “the brief period before 11 the defendant had made a significant commitment of time and 12 money.” Id. at 397. Similarly, Rule 11 operates to deter “[t]he filing of 13 complaints, papers, or other motions without taking the necessary 14 care in their preparation,” which constitutes “a separate abuse of the 15 judicial system, subject to separate sanction.” Id. at 398. 16 U.S. D.I.D. CORP. V. WINDSTREAM COMMUNICATIONS, INC. 1 Just as “the harm triggering Rule 11’s concerns has already 2 occurred” upon the mere filing of baseless papers “[e]ven if the 3 careless litigant quickly dismisses the action,” id., a defendant may 4 have already suffered harm while the TRO was in effect even if the 5 TRO is subsequently dissolved. The Rule 65(c) security requirement 6 is designed to “assure[] the [restrained] party that it may readily 7 collect damages from the funds posted in the event that it was 8 wrongfully [restrained], and that it may do so without further 9 litigation and without regard to the possible insolvency of the 10 plaintiff.” Nokia Corp. v. InterDigital, Inc., 645 F.3d 553, 557 (2d Cir. 11 2011). To achieve these purposes, a district court must retain 12 jurisdiction to award costs and damages from Rule 65(c) security 13 despite the plaintiff’s entry of a voluntary dismissal under Rule 14 41(a)(1). Like the imposition of Rule 11 sanctions, moreover, an 15 award of costs and damages from Rule 65(c) security “is useful to 16 deter . . . misconduct.” Cooter & Gell, 496 U.S. at 398. Discouraging 17 U.S. D.I.D. CORP. V. WINDSTREAM COMMUNICATIONS, INC. 1 abuse of TROs is particularly important given the “drastic” character 2 of the remedy, Pan Am. World Airways, Inc. v. Flight Eng’rs’ Int’l 3 Ass’n, 306 F.2d 840, 843 (2d Cir. 1962), which may be issued in an ex 4 parte proceeding in which the restrained party lacks the opportunity 5 to be heard, see In re Vuitton et Fils S.A., 606 F.2d 1, 4 (2d Cir. 1979) 6 (per curiam). 7 Determining whether a defendant is entitled to recover from a 8 Rule 65(c) security following a plaintiff’s voluntary dismissal is also 9 consistent with the “expeditious, summary procedure” provided for 10 by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 65.1. 11A Wright & Miller § 2972. 11 Rule 65.1 permits a wrongfully enjoined or restrained party, by 12 motion and without filing an independent action, to collect against a 13 non party surety on a TRO or injunction bond. Where a plaintiff has 14 voluntarily dismissed its suit before a final adjudication on the 15 merits, the defendant’s recovery on the Rule 65(c) security would 18 U.S. D.I.D. CORP. V. WINDSTREAM COMMUNICATIONS, INC. 1 similarly be sought by motion and adjudicated in a summary 2 proceeding. 3 Accordingly, the issue of whether the defendant may recover 4 against a Rule 65(c) security is collateral to the merits of the 5 plaintiff’s underlying claims. Because it is collateral, the district 6 court retains jurisdiction to award recovery against the Rule 65(c) 7 security after the plaintiff has filed a notice of voluntary dismissal. 8 II. Equitable Estoppel and Waiver 9 D.I.D. also asserts that Windstream is either equitably 10 estopped from asserting or has waived its claim for damages from 11 the TRO security because Windstream’s attorney stated at the June 12 21 hearing that he had “[n]o objection” to the release of the TRO 13 security. J.A. 653. Where the facts are undisputed, a determination 14 regarding waiver and estoppel is a question of law, reviewed de 15 novo. See Jarvis v. Ford Motor Co., 283 F.3d 33, 59 (2d Cir. 2002) 19 U.S. D.I.D. CORP. V. WINDSTREAM COMMUNICATIONS, INC. 1 (considering waiver); Chartier v. Marline Mgmt., LLC, 202 F.3d 89, 93 2 (2d Cir. 2000) (considering estoppel). 3 The district court rejected D.I.D.’s equitable estoppel and 4 waiver arguments, the former because it found that D.I.D. could not 5 establish detrimental reliance. U.S. D.I.D. I, 2012 WL 2878136, at *3. 6 We agree with the district court that D.I.D. failed to establish the 7 detrimental reliance required for equitable estoppel. As for waiver, 8 we conclude that Windstream’s attorney’s statement did not evince 9 a clear and unequivocal intent to forgo recovery against the TRO 10 security. 11 A. Equitable Estoppel 12 Equitable estoppel precludes a person from regaining 13 property or its value where that person “makes a definite 14 misrepresentation of fact to another person having reason to believe 15 that the other will rely upon it” and “the other in reliance upon the 16 misrepresentation . . . so change[s] his position that it would be 20 U.S. D.I.D. CORP. V. WINDSTREAM COMMUNICATIONS, INC. 1 unjust to deprive him of that which he thus acquired.” Heckler v. 2 Cmty. Health Servs. of Crawford Cnty., Inc., 467 U.S. 51, 59 (1984) 3 (quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts § 894(1) (1979)). “[A] 4 hallmark of the doctrine is its flexible application . . . .” Id. “An 5 essential element of equitable estoppel,” however, “is detrimental 6 reliance on the adverse party’s misrepresentations.” Republic of 7 Ecuador v. Chevron Corp., 638 F.3d 384, 400 (2d Cir. 2011) (internal 8 quotation marks, citations and alteration omitted). 9 We conclude later in this opinion that a recovery on Rule 65(c) 10 security turns on a determination that the defendant was wrongfully 11 restrained. Because Windstream’s ability to recover on the TRO 12 security did not depend on D.I.D.’s voluntary dismissal, and 13 because D.I.D. does not identify any other actions that it took in 14 reliance on Windstream’s counsel’s representations during the brief, 15 four day period between the June 21 hearing and Windstream’s 21 U.S. D.I.D. CORP. V. WINDSTREAM COMMUNICATIONS, INC. 1 request for costs and damages from the TRO security, we find that 2 D.I.D. failed to establish detrimental reliance. 3 B. Waiver 4 Waiver is the “intentional relinquishment of a known right.” 5 Hamilton v. Atlas Turner, Inc., 197 F.3d 58, 61 (2d Cir. 1999). Although 6 we have recognized that waiver “may be inferred from the conduct 7 of the parties,” we have emphasized that “[t]he conduct said to 8 constitute a waiver must be clear and unequivocal, as waivers are 9 never to be lightly inferred.” Mooney v. City of N.Y., 219 F.3d 123, 131 10 (2d Cir. 2000) (internal quotation marks omitted). “We will infer a 11 waiver only where the parties were aware of their rights and made 12 the conscious choice, for whatever reason, to waive them.” Id. 13 (internal quotation marks omitted). “Mere negligence, oversight, or 14 thoughtlessness does not create a waiver.” 28 Am. Jur. 2d Estoppel 15 and Waiver § 192 (2011). 22 U.S. D.I.D. CORP. V. WINDSTREAM COMMUNICATIONS, INC. 1 We have little difficulty rejecting D.I.D.’s waiver argument. 2 Although Windstream did indicate that it had “[n]o objection” to the 3 release of the TRO security during the June 21 hearing, this brief 4 colloquy included no mention of Windstream’s right to recover 5 damages from the TRO security before it was released. The remarks 6 of Windstream’s counsel, then, evince no conscious or unequivocal 7 choice to forgo recovery from the TRO security. On the contrary, 8 there is no reason to doubt counsel’s representation that his remarks 9 reflected his unawareness that Windstream had issued an invoice 10 for services rendered during the time the TRO was in effect, and that 11 this invoice had not been paid. Waiver “is an equitable doctrine 12 based upon fairness and justice,” which we use “to avoid a result 13 where parties have conducted themselves in such a way as to make 14 that result unfair.” 31 C.J.S. Estoppel and Waiver § 86. That standard 15 was not met here. 23 U.S. D.I.D. CORP. V. WINDSTREAM COMMUNICATIONS, INC. 1 2 III. Determining Recovery on Rule 65(c) Security Following a Voluntary Dismissal Without Prejudice 3 Rule 65(c) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure allows for 4 recovery on posted security where the party has “been wrongfully 5 enjoined or restrained.” Citing our decision in Blumenthal v. Merrill 6 Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc., 910 F.2d 1049 (2d Cir. 1990), D.I.D. 7 argues, and the district court held, that determining whether a 8 defendant was “wrongfully restrained” requires a final adjudication 9 on the merits. D.I.D. additionally argues that the district court erred 10 to the extent it concluded that D.I.D.’s voluntary dismissal 11 constituted the requisite final determination on the merits. We 12 review “a district court’s decision to grant or deny recovery against 13 an injunction bond . . . for abuse of discretion,” recognizing that “the 14 court’s discretion should be exercised in a manner consistent” with 15 the presumption that “wrongfully enjoined parties are entitled to . . . 16 recovery against the bond for provable damages.” Nokia Corp., 645 17 F.3d at 557. The “abuse of discretion” standard entails de novo review 24 U.S. D.I.D. CORP. V. WINDSTREAM COMMUNICATIONS, INC. 1 for legal issues and clear error review for factual findings. United 2 States v. Legros, 529 F.3d 470, 474 (2d Cir. 2008). 3 4 A. Whether Determining Wrongful Restraint Requires a Final Adjudication on the Merits 5 The Supreme Court has held that whether a party has “been 6 wrongfully enjoined or restrained” is not always coextensive with a 7 final adjudication on the merits. See Grupo Mexicano de Desarrollo, 8 S.A. v. Alliance Bond Fund, Inc., 527 U.S. 308, 314, 317 (1999). In Grupo 9 Mexicano, the plaintiffs, various investment funds, had purchased 10 unsecured notes of the defendant, Grupo Mexicano de Desarrollo, 11 S.A. (“GMD”), a Mexican company involved in the construction of a 12 toll road sponsored by the Mexican government. Id. at 310. Due to a 13 downturn in the Mexican economy, the Mexican government 14 assisted various entities involved in the construction of the toll road, 15 including GMD, by issuing guaranteed notes to them. Id. at 311. The 16 problems in the Mexican economy persisted, GMD started to 17 negotiate a restructuring of its debt, and reports began to circulate 25 U.S. D.I.D. CORP. V. WINDSTREAM COMMUNICATIONS, INC. 1 suggesting that GMD was dissipating its most valuable assets—the 2 guaranteed notes issued by the Mexican government—to the 3 detriment of its creditors, including the investment funds. Id. at 311 4 12. 5 The investment funds brought suit in the U.S. District Court 6 for the Southern District of New York to recover on their unsecured 7 notes following GMD’s default. Id. at 312. The district court granted 8 a TRO and then a preliminary injunction prohibiting GMD from 9 transferring the government guaranteed notes. Id. at 312 13. While 10 the interlocutory appeal of the preliminary injunction was pending, 11 the district court granted summary judgment in favor of the 12 investment funds and converted the preliminary injunction into a 13 permanent injunction. Id. at 313. GMD ultimately chose not to 14 appeal the grant of summary judgment or the permanent injunction, 15 but continued with its appeal of the preliminary injunction. Id. at 16 313 14. 26 U.S. D.I.D. CORP. V. WINDSTREAM COMMUNICATIONS, INC. 1 The Supreme Court agreed that the preliminary injunction 2 should not have been issued, even though the plaintiffs prevailed on 3 the merits. The Court explained that, in the usual case, the final 4 injunction establishes the substantive validity of the preliminary 5 injunction because “[t]he final injunction establishes that the 6 defendant should not have been engaging in the conduct that was 7 enjoined.” Id. at 315 (emphasis in original). At times, however, “the 8 substantive validity of the final injunction does not establish the 9 substantive validity of the preliminary one,” so the defendants may 10 establish that “they have been harmed by the issuance of the 11 unauthorized preliminary injunction—and hence should be able to 12 recover on the bond—even if the final injunction is proper.” Id. 13 (emphasis in original). The Court concluded that Grupo Mexicano 14 presented the latter type of case because the district court had 15 enjoined the defendant’s transfer of assets in contravention of “the 16 historical principle that before judgment (or its equivalent) an 27 U.S. D.I.D. CORP. V. WINDSTREAM COMMUNICATIONS, INC. 1 unsecured creditor [here, the investment funds] has no rights at law 2 or in equity in the property of his debtor.” Id. at 330. 3 Just as an injunction may have been improperly issued even 4 though the plaintiff ultimately prevails on the merits, a defendant 5 may have been properly enjoined even though the plaintiff 6 ultimately loses on the merits. Several circuits have held, for 7 instance, that, where a plaintiff acquires temporary relief to enforce 8 an arbitration grievance procedure required under a collective 9 bargaining agreement, the defendant may not necessarily recover 10 from the Rule 65(c) security even though it ultimately prevails in the 11 arbitration process. See Newspaper & Periodical Drivers’ & Helpers’ 12 Union, Local 921 v. S.F. Newspaper Agency, 89 F.3d 629, 634 (9th Cir. 13 1996); Miscellaneous Drivers, Helpers, Heath Care & Pub. Emps. Union 14 Local 610 v. Kroger Co., 858 F.2d 415, 416 (8th Cir. 1988); Lever Bros. 15 Co. v. Int’l Chem. Workers Union, Local 217, 554 F.2d 115, 120 21 (4th 16 Cir. 1976). These decisions reason that a grievance arbitration 28 U.S. D.I.D. CORP. V. WINDSTREAM COMMUNICATIONS, INC. 1 procedure in a collective bargaining agreement establishes a 2 procedural right distinct from the underlying merits of any given 3 labor dispute. Thus, temporary relief enforcing this procedural right 4 may be properly issued even if the defendant ultimately prevails on 5 the merits in arbitration. See Newspaper & Periodical Drivers’ & 6 Helpers’ Union, 89 F.3d at 634. 7 Although resolving the propriety of temporary relief can be 8 distinct from the final adjudication on the merits, as in Grupo 9 Mexicano, in the usual case the wrongfulness inquiry “generally . . . 10 must be resolved by a trial on the merits.” Univ. of Tex. v. Camenisch, 11 451 U.S. 390, 396 (1981) (emphasis added); see also Guzman v. Local 12 32B 32J, Serv. Emps. Int’l Union, 72 F.3d 260, 263 (2d Cir. 1995) 13 (finding that the claim “should be resolved only after the District 14 Court has conducted a full evidentiary hearing” where the 15 defendant’s claim to recovery from the injunction bond turned on 16 whether the defendant was entitled to refrain from the conduct 29 U.S. D.I.D. CORP. V. WINDSTREAM COMMUNICATIONS, INC. 1 compelled by injunction). That is because it is the final adjudication 2 on the merits, after the full presentation of the parties’ cases, that 3 ordinarily establishes whether the defendant should not have been 4 engaging in the conduct that was enjoined. See Grupo Mexicano, 527 5 U.S. at 315. TRO and preliminary injunction proceedings do not 6 typically give the parties “the benefit . . . of a full opportunity to 7 present their cases []or . . . a final judicial decision based on the 8 actual merits of the controversy.” Camenisch, 451 U.S. at 396. 9 Our decision in Blumenthal is illustrative. There, the district 10 court issued a preliminary injunction prohibiting the two plaintiffs, 11 former Merrill Lynch brokers, from soliciting the firm’s clients using 12 its customer records. 910 F.2d at 1051. Following arbitration 13 proceedings before the New York Stock Exchange, the arbitrator 14 found that the plaintiffs had the right to use the customer records 15 and that the injunction should be lifted. Id. The district court, 16 however, denied recovery by the plaintiffs against the injunction 30 U.S. D.I.D. CORP. V. WINDSTREAM COMMUNICATIONS, INC. 1 bond. Id. We reversed and held that the plaintiffs were entitled to 2 recover costs and damages against the Rule 65(c) bond. Id. at 1056. 3 “In light of the ultimate decision on the merits by the arbitrators,” 4 we concluded, “Merrill Lynch was not entitled to the injunction it 5 received and that [the plaintiffs] had at all times the right to do 6 business with their Merrill Lynch clients.” Id. at 1055. 7 That a trial on the merits is usually required to determine 8 whether the defendant was entitled to engage in the conduct that 9 was enjoined is true irrespective of whether the defendant seeks 10 recovery on security posted to secure a TRO or a preliminary 11 injunction. In both situations it is only upon full presentation of the 12 parties’ evidence that it may typically be determined whether the 13 defendant should have been restrained or enjoined. But the need for 14 a final adjudication on the merits does not apply where, as here, a 15 plaintiff has voluntarily dismissed its suit following the order for 16 temporary relief. By voluntarily dismissing its suit, the plaintiff has, 31 U.S. D.I.D. CORP. V. WINDSTREAM COMMUNICATIONS, INC. 1 in effect, abandoned its right to “a full opportunity to present [its] 2 case[] [or] of a final judicial decision based on the actual merits of 3 the controversy.” Camenisch, 451 U.S. at 396. Having decided that its 4 claims should not be pursued to trial, the plaintiff can hardly insist 5 that the defendant have no opportunity to establish that it was 6 wrongfully restrained. 7 This holding resolves the district court’s well founded 8 concerns over the potential abuse of TROs in this context. If a final 9 adjudication on the merits is necessary to award recovery on a TRO 10 security, “[a] plaintiff who voluntarily dismisses an action after a 11 [TRO] has been issued reaps the benefit of the [TRO] and, at the 12 same time, deprives the defendant of an opportunity to establish 13 that the [TRO] ought not to have been granted.” U.S. D.I.D. II, 916 F. 14 Supp. 2d at 511 (quoting Belfer v. Minko, No. 05 CV 02473, 2008 WL 15 163615, at *2 (N.D. Ohio Jan. 17, 2008)). Apparently motivated by 16 that concern, a number of district courts—including the district 32 U.S. D.I.D. CORP. V. WINDSTREAM COMMUNICATIONS, INC. 1 court here—have concluded that a voluntary dismissal may operate 2 as a final adjudication on the merits for purposes of recovery from 3 security posted to secure a TRO.4 However, by rejecting the premise 4 that a final adjudication on the merits is always required for 5 recovery on Rule 65(c) security, our holding resolves this problem 6 without redefining a “dismissal without prejudice” as its “opposite,” 7 an “adjudication upon the merits.” Semtek Int’l, Inc. v. Lockheed 8 Martin Corp., 531 U.S. 497, 505 (2001). 9 In sum, we reject D.I.D.’s assertion and the district court’s 10 holding that recovery on Rule 65(c) security always requires a final See Belfer v. Minko, No. 05 CV 2473, 2008 WL 163615, at *1 (N.D. Ohio Jan. 17, 2008) (plaintiffs posted bond upon granting of TRO; hearing on preliminary injunction never occurred because parties entered into settlement negotiations); Almoss, Ltd. v. Furman, No. 06 Civ. 8234, 2007 WL 1975571, at *1 *2 (S.D.N.Y. July 6, 2007) (after plaintiffs discontinued action, defendants sought recovery from Rule 65(c) bond for costs incurred in vacating TRO); LaSalle Capital Grp. v. Alexander Doll Co., 95 C 1640, 1995 WL 584429, *1 (N.D. Ill. Oct. 2, 1995) (district court “issued and twice continued a temporary restraining order” before discharging it); Pace v. Ross, No. 78 Civ. 5212, 1981 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 11351, at *10 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 13, 1981) (plaintiffs voluntarily dismissed action under Rule 41(a)(1) after district court denied plaintiffs’ motion for a preliminary injunction and dissolved the TRO). 4 33 U.S. D.I.D. CORP. V. WINDSTREAM COMMUNICATIONS, INC. 1 adjudication on the merits. Following the voluntary dismissal of a 2 plaintiff’s complaint, recovery on Rule 65(c) security requires only a 3 determination that the defendant was “wrongfully restrained.” 4 B. Whether Windstream Was Wrongfully Restrained 5 Windstream argues that, even if the district court erred in 6 reasoning that D.I.D.’s notice of voluntary dismissal established the 7 wrongfulness of the TRO, the district court’s denial of D.I.D.’s 8 motion for a preliminary injunction and dissolution of the TRO 9 establishes that Windstream was wrongfully restrained. This 10 argument has some merit. When a plaintiff files a voluntary 11 dismissal under Rule 41(a)(1), the district court’s denial of the 12 plaintiff’s motion for a preliminary injunction may establish that the 13 TRO should not have been granted and the defendant was 14 wrongfully restrained by a preceding TRO. Cf. Middlewest Motor 15 Freight Bureau v. United States, 433 F.2d 212, 243 (8th Cir. 1970) 16 (“Where a party fails to prove grounds sufficient for the grant of an 34 U.S. D.I.D. CORP. V. WINDSTREAM COMMUNICATIONS, INC. 1 interlocutory injunction, he at the same time shows that the 2 temporary restraining order should not have been granted, at least 3 to the extent of rendering him liable in restitution for benefits 4 received under the temporary restraining order.”); Qualcomm, Inc. v. 5 Motorola, Inc., 185 F.R.D. 285, 288 (S.D. Cal. 1999) (“When a court 6 denies a preliminary injunction after it has granted a contested TRO, 7 the restrained party has been ‘wrongfully restrained,’ given that a 8 TRO is only intended to last until a preliminary injunction hearing is 9 held.”). 10 Yet, just as “the substantive validity of the final injunction 11 does not [always] establish the substantive validity of the 12 preliminary one,” Grupo Mexicano, 527 U.S. at 315 (emphasis in 13 original), denial of a motion for a preliminary injunction and 14 dissolution of a TRO will not always establish that the defendant 15 was wrongfully restrained. For instance, a plaintiff may fail to prove 16 at the preliminary injunction stage that she will suffer irreparable 35 U.S. D.I.D. CORP. V. WINDSTREAM COMMUNICATIONS, INC. 1 harm from the defendant’s conduct or that the public interest 2 weighs in favor of an injunction. See Winter v. Natural Res. Def. 3 Council, 555 U.S. 7, 20 (2008). If the denial of the preliminary 4 injunction is based on some ground other than the lawfulness of the 5 defendant’s conduct, then the denial of the preliminary injunction 6 may not be sufficient to show that the defendant was wrongfully 7 restrained. It may also be that although a TRO was justified for a 8 portion of the time period it was in effect, it was not justified for the 9 entire period. 10 After a district court has granted a TRO, the burden remains 11 on the plaintiff “to show that [it is] entitled to a preliminary 12 injunction.” Granny Goose Foods, Inc. v. Bhd. of Teamsters & Auto Truck 13 Drivers Local No. 70 of Alameda Cnty., 415 U.S. 423, 443 (1974). Thus, 14 where a district court dissolves a TRO without granting the 15 plaintiff’s motion for a preliminary injunction, a plaintiff seeking to 16 defeat the defendant’s request for recovery from the TRO security 36 U.S. D.I.D. CORP. V. WINDSTREAM COMMUNICATIONS, INC. 1 bears the burden of establishing that the defendant was not 2 wrongfully restrained and is, therefore, not entitled to recover from 3 the TRO security. A plaintiff may satisfy this burden by showing 4 that the defendant did not have the legal right to engage in the 5 conduct restrained while the TRO was in effect, notwithstanding the 6 denial of the preliminary injunction. If the plaintiff fails to make this 7 showing, then the dissolution of the TRO likely establishes that the 8 defendant was wrongfully restrained, and the defendant 9 consequently enjoys “a presumption in favor of recovery against the 10 [security] for provable damages.” Nokia Corp., 645 F.3d at 557. 11 The effect of the thirty day notice of termination provision in 12 the parties’ contract here illustrates the complexities of this analysis. 13 When the TRO was first issued, it performed two functions. First, 14 the TRO prevented Windstream from terminating service based on 15 D.I.D.’s refusal to pay the higher rates that Windstream had 16 imposed on D.I.D. Second, the TRO prevented Windstream from 37 U.S. D.I.D. CORP. V. WINDSTREAM COMMUNICATIONS, INC. 1 cutting off service before June 3, the last day of the Service 2 Agreement’s thirty day termination notice period. 3 The district court effectively rejected the first basis for the 4 TRO when it found, at the June 21, 2012 preliminary injunction 5 hearing, that D.I.D. had failed to establish a likelihood of success on 6 the merits of the underlying contractual dispute about D.I.D.’s resale 7 of Windstream’s services. That determination, however, does not 8 establish that Windstream was wrongfully restrained for the period 9 up until June 3 when the TRO arguably functioned to enforce the 10 thirty day termination notice clause. The district court declined to 11 address D.I.D.’s contention that Windstream’s May 3 notice of 12 termination violated the termination notice clause, concluding that 13 the issue had become moot because, at the time of the hearing, thirty 14 days had passed since the notice of termination. 15 The district court’s finding that D.I.D. was unlikely to prevail 16 on the merits of its underlying contractual claim is irrelevant, 38 U.S. D.I.D. CORP. V. WINDSTREAM COMMUNICATIONS, INC. 1 however, to the validity of the TRO in enforcing the termination 2 notice provision. Such a provision provides a window of time 3 during which a business may locate a different service provider, 4 thereby preventing disruption in the business’s operations that 5 could result in “an irreparable loss of customer goodwill.” Eastman 6 Kodak Co. v. Collins Ink Corp., 821 F. Supp. 2d 582, 587 (W.D.N.Y. 7 2011) (granting preliminary injunction to enforce contractual 8 termination notice provision). Although the district court found at 9 the June 21 hearing that any remaining risk of irreparable harm 10 derived from D.I.D.’s failure to use the time the TRO afforded to 11 locate a new telecommunications service provider, the district court 12 made clear that, when the TRO was initially issued, D.I.D. had 13 established a risk of irreparable harm if Windstream’s services were 14 so abruptly cut off. 15 Although the enforcement of the thirty day termination notice 16 provision may have been an appropriate basis for the initial issuance 39 U.S. D.I.D. CORP. V. WINDSTREAM COMMUNICATIONS, INC. 1 of the TRO, whether Windstream may recover from the TRO 2 security for unpaid charges for that period requires a different 3 analysis. A wrongfully restrained defendant may recover against a 4 TRO security “to cover the costs and damages incurred as a result of 5 complying with a wrongful [TRO].” Nokia Corp., 645 F.3d at 560. The 6 Rule 65(c) security, however, “is not security for the payment of 7 damages on an ultimate judgment on the merits.” Global Naps, Inc. v. 8 Verizon New England, Inc., 489 F.3d 13, 21 (1st Cir. 2007); see also Lever 9 Bros. Co. v. Int’l Chem. Workers Union, Local 217, 554 F.2d 115, 120 (4th 10 Cir. 1976) (“[I]t is settled that the recoverable damages under such a 11 bond are those that arise from the operation of the injunction itself 12 and not from damages occasioned by the suit independently of the 13 injunction.”). Consequently, if, for a portion of the time during 14 which the TRO was in effect the TRO functioned to enforce the 15 termination notice provision, then the unpaid service charges 16 incurred during that portion of time are not damages that 40 U.S. D.I.D. CORP. V. WINDSTREAM COMMUNICATIONS, INC. 1 Windstream suffered as a result of complying with a wrongful TRO. 2 Windstream cannot claim damages based on wrongful restraint 3 when it was not entitled to take the action that was restrained. The 4 unpaid charges represent a risk that Windstream accepted when it 5 agreed to the thirty day termination notice provision. As a result, 6 even though Windstream was restrained by the TRO from 7 terminating services before June 3, the district court may conclude 8 on remand that Windstream would not be entitled to recover from 9 the TRO security for that period. 10 The distinction is significant because of the implications that 11 recovery from Rule 65(c) security has for other creditors of the 12 plaintiff. Because the security requirement enables the defendant to 13 recover costs and damages “without regard to the possible 14 insolvency of the” plaintiff, it effectively gives the defendant priority 15 over the plaintiff’s other creditors. Continuum Co. v. Incepts, Inc., 873 16 F.2d 801, 803 (5th Cir. 1989). Such priority makes sense where the 41 U.S. D.I.D. CORP. V. WINDSTREAM COMMUNICATIONS, INC. 1 costs and damages were incurred as a result of a wrongful TRO or 2 preliminary injunction, because the Rule 65(c) security functions as 3 “the moving party’s warranty that the law will uphold the issuance 4 of the injunction.” Edgar v. MITE Corp., 457 U.S. 624, 649 (1982) 5 (Stevens, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment). 6 Where the damages suffered by a defendant did not result from 7 being wrongfully restrained or enjoined, however, the defendant 8 should not enjoy priority over other creditors as a result of the Rule 9 65(c) security, even if the defendant might be able to recover for the 10 damages via an independent action against the plaintiff. 11 The district court’s award of recovery on the TRO security 12 included damages for Windstream during the thirty day notice 13 period. As a result, we also remand for the purpose of revisiting that 14 portion of the award. 42 U.S. D.I.D. CORP. V. WINDSTREAM COMMUNICATIONS, INC. 1 IV. Calculating Recovery on the Rule 65(c) Security 2 For its final argument, D.I.D. contends that it was improper 3 for the district court to calculate damages on the TRO security based 4 on the “invoiced rates and charges.” D.I.D. asserts that Windstream 5 should not be permitted to recover “a windfall profit” for services 6 that Windstream would not have provided in the absence of the 7 TRO. Under D.I.D.’s approach, the district court would base its 8 damages calculation not on the amount that Windstream charged, 9 but rather on the actual cost to Windstream of providing such 10 services. We review an award of damages on Rule 65(c) security for 11 abuse of discretion, which encompasses de novo review for legal 12 issues and clear error review for factual findings. See Nokia Corp., 645 13 F.3d at 557; Legros, 529 F.3d at 474. 14 Rule 65(c) does not define the “damages” that are recoverable 15 from Rule 65(c) security. A number of courts and commentators, 16 however, have indicated that restitution can provide an appropriate 43 U.S. D.I.D. CORP. V. WINDSTREAM COMMUNICATIONS, INC. 1 measure of damages. See Middlewest, 433 F.2d at 244 (“Restitution is 2 the proper remedy to return the parties to the position they would 3 have been in had the [defendant] . . . not been judicially 4 restrained.”); Littell v. Morton, 369 F. Supp. 411, 419 (D. Md. 1974) 5 (“[U]nder the principle of ‘restitution’ a party who obtains benefits 6 from an improperly issued injunction, that he would not have 7 received but for the injunction, has a duty to restore that benefit to 8 those who have been injured by the injunction.”), aff’d, 519 F.2d 1399 9 (4th Cir. 1975); see also 11A Wright & Miller § 2973 (noting, in the 10 context of Rule 65.1 bonds, that “the bond covers incidental and 11 consequential costs and either the losses the unjustly restrained 12 party has suffered while wrongfully being prohibited from engaging 13 in certain activities or the complainant’s unjust enrichment while his 14 adversary was improperly enjoined” (emphasis added)). An award 15 of restitution, a traditionally equitable form of relief, see Mertens v. 16 Hewett Assocs., 508 U.S. 248, 256 (1993), accords with Rule 65(c)’s 44 U.S. D.I.D. CORP. V. WINDSTREAM COMMUNICATIONS, INC. 1 “origin in early equity practice,” Nokia Corp., 645 F.3d at 557 2 (quoting Commerce Tankers Corp. v. Nat’l Mar. Union of Am., 553 F.2d 3 793, 800 (2d Cir. 1977)). 4 We agree that where a defendant is wrongfully restrained by 5 being compelled to provide services that it was not legally required 6 to provide, the district court may employ a restitutionary measure to 7 calculate damages recoverable against the Rule 65(c) security. “The 8 restitutionary goal is to prevent unjust enrichment of [one party] by 9 making him give up what he wrongfully obtained from [another 10 party].” 1 Dan B. Dobbs, Dobbs Law of Remedies § 1.1 (2d ed. 1993). 11 Accordingly, a restitutionary approach bases damages on the 12 “objective or market value” of the benefit unjustly acquired by the 13 plaintiff under the wrongful TRO, rather than the value of the loss 14 sustained by the defendant. Id. § 4.1(1). Several considerations lead 15 us to conclude that a restitutionary approach to damages calculation 16 will normally be appropriate where a plaintiff acquires a wrongful 45 U.S. D.I.D. CORP. V. WINDSTREAM COMMUNICATIONS, INC. 1 TRO that compels the defendant to provide the plaintiff with 2 services. 3 First, a restitutionary approach to damages calculation 4 prevents an inequitable benefit transfer to a party that acquires the 5 wrongful TRO. The market value of services typically exceeds the 6 cost of providing them, because the market value includes the 7 provider’s profit margin. Hence, if a defendant that is compelled to 8 provide services under a TRO could recover only the costs that it 9 incurred, the plaintiff would receive a discount not enjoyed by the 10 defendant’s other customers. A restitutionary award, therefore, 11 prevents a plaintiff from being able to use a wrongful TRO to 12 compel a defendant to provide the plaintiff with terms and prices 13 not available to other customers. Cf. Kansas ex rel. Stephan v. Adams, 14 705 F.2d 1267, 1269 (10th Cir. 1983) (observing that the “extent” of 15 damages awarded from Rule 65(c) security “is in the discretion of 46 U.S. D.I.D. CORP. V. WINDSTREAM COMMUNICATIONS, INC. 1 the district court and is based upon considerations of equity and 2 justice”). 3 Second, a restitutionary approach in these circumstances will 4 normally be more administrable than an approach based on the 5 costs to the defendant. The market value of services can usually be 6 readily determined. By contrast, to determine the cost that a 7 defendant incurs in providing services, a district court may have to 8 resolve difficult factual questions, likely necessitating extensive 9 discovery. We think it unwise to require such a burdensome inquiry 10 to resolve the collateral issue of recovery from a TRO security. 11 Finally, a restitutionary approach to damages calculations 12 accords with the function of Rule 65(c) security. Rule 65(c) security 13 can “be viewed as a contract in which the court and plaintiff ‘agree’ 14 to the [security] amount as the ‘price’ of a wrongful injunction.” 15 Continuum Co., 873 F.2d at 803 (citation omitted). In accordance with 16 this function, courts have repeatedly held that, in the absence of bad 47 U.S. D.I.D. CORP. V. WINDSTREAM COMMUNICATIONS, INC. 1 faith on the plaintiff’s part, “the [security] provides the plaintiff with 2 notice of the maximum extent of its potential liability.” Nokia Corp., 3 645 F.3d at 557; see also Blumenthal, 910 F.2d at 1054; Continuum Co., 4 873 F.2d at 803; Coyne Delany Co. v. Capital Dev. Bd. of the State of Ill., 5 717 F.2d 385, 393 (7th Cir. 1983); Int’l Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union 6 v. Donnelly Garment Co., 147 F.2d 246, 253 (8th Cir. 1945). Similarly, 7 because the market value of a given service is typically publicly 8 known, a restitutionary approach to a damages calculation will 9 usually allow the plaintiff to predict its potential liability and make 10 an informed “business judgment that it [i]s willing to incur the ‘cost’ 11 of a possibly wrongful” TRO. Global Naps, Inc., 489 F.3d at 21. Here, 12 for instance, D.I.D. could readily ascertain the market value of the 13 services it was obtaining from Windstream, and so could easily 14 predict its liability if the TRO was found to be wrongful. 15 We believe that the district court’s approach in this case, in 16 basing its damages calculation on the rates that Windstream charged 48 U.S. D.I.D. CORP. V. WINDSTREAM COMMUNICATIONS, INC. 1 for services rather than the cost of providing services, is consistent 2 with a restitutionary approach to damages calculation. We identify, 3 however, two issues that we believe must be addressed on remand 4 should the district court determine that Windstream was wrongfully 5 restrained. 6 First, the district court allowed Windstream to recover 7 damages for the period from June 1, 2012 to June 21, 2012 based on 8 the “wholesale” rates. Although Windstream described the 9 “wholesale” rates as “standard,” J.A. 86, the district court did not 10 determine that these rates reflected the market value of 11 Windstream’s services.5 And although the plaintiff bears the burden 12 of showing that a subsequently dissolved TRO was not wrongfully 13 issued, the burden of “demonstrat[ing] that the damages sought The district court required Windstream to file a supplemental declaration providing support for its claim for damages on the security. However, that declaration did not demonstrate that the indicated rates reflected their market value. 5 49 U.S. D.I.D. CORP. V. WINDSTREAM COMMUNICATIONS, INC. 1 were proximately caused by the wrongful injunction” lies on the 2 defendant seeking to recover on the security. Nokia Corp., 645 F.3d at 3 559. On remand, therefore, to recover damages from the TRO 4 security based on the wholesale rates, Windstream must establish 5 that the wholesale rates represent the market value of the services 6 Windstream was wrongfully compelled to provide to D.I.D. while it 7 was wrongfully restrained.6 8 Second, the district court must determine the amount of 9 damages that may be recovered from the TRO security. In particular, 10 the district court must determine whether the provision of services 11 by Windstream during the thirty day termination notice period may 12 result in damages recoverable from the TRO security. The district court awarded damages for services provided from May 21 to June 1 based on the “interim” rates that Windstream imposed via its March 27 letter. If the district court concludes that, notwithstanding the thirty day termination notice period provided for in the Agreement, recovery from the TRO bond is appropriate beginning May 21, it will also need to evaluate the appropriate rates for May 21 to June 1. 6 50 U.S. D.I.D. CORP. V. WINDSTREAM COMMUNICATIONS, INC. 1 CONCLUSION 2 For the foregoing reasons, we VACATE the order of the 3 district court. We REMAND the case to the district court to: 1) 4 determine whether and for which portions of the time when the 5 TRO was in effect Windstream was wrongfully restrained; 2) 6 determine what rates are justified as a measure of restitutionary 7 damages; and 3) recalculate the damages recoverable from the TRO 8 security. 51
Some case metadata and case summaries were written with the help of AI, which can produce inaccuracies. You should read the full case before relying on it for legal research purposes.
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
