Seana Barnett v. Sheriff, Seminole County Florida, No. 16-17179 (11th Cir. 2023)
Annotate this CaseThis opinion or order relates to an opinion or order originally issued on October 30, 2017.
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USCA11 Case: 21-13201 Document: 35-1 Date Filed: 07/20/2023 Page: 1 of 7 [DO NOT PUBLISH] In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit ____________________ No. 21-13201 ____________________ SEANA BARNETT, Plainti -Appellee, versus SARA MACARTHUR, individually, et al., Defendants, SHERIFF, SEMINOLE COUNTY FLORIDA, Defendant-Appellant. ____________________ USCA11 Case: 21-13201 2 Document: 35-1 Date Filed: 07/20/2023 Opinion of the Court Page: 2 of 7 21-13201 Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida D.C. Docket No. 6:15-cv-00469-GKS-DCI ____________________ Before WILSON, BRANCH, and LAGOA, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM: This Section 1983 case is before us for the third time. In Barnett v. MacArthur (“Barnett II”), 956 F.3d 1291, 1293 (11th Cir. 2020), cert. denied sub nom. Lemma v. Barnett, 141 S. Ct. 1373 (2021), we af rmed the judgment and the district court’s denial of Barnett’s motion for a new trial, but we reversed the district court’s grant of summary judgment as to Count II of the Amended Complaint— Barnett’s unconstitutional detention claim against the Sheri . Id. at 1303. We held that if, after a warrantless DUI arrest based on probable cause, “the o cers seek and obtain information which shows beyond a reasonable doubt that the arrestee is not intoxicated—in other words, that probable cause to detain no longer exists—the Fourth Amendment requires that the arrestee be released.” Id. at 1299. And we further concluded that “Barnett’s detention claim against the Sheri must be decided by a jury.” Id. This Court in Barnett II then “reverse[d] the district court’s grant of summary judgment on Barnett’s Fourth Amendment detention claim against Sheri under Monell and remand[ed] for a trial on that claim.” Id. at 1303. USCA11 Case: 21-13201 21-13201 Document: 35-1 Date Filed: 07/20/2023 Opinion of the Court Page: 3 of 7 3 On remand, Barnett moved again for summary judgment on the remaining claim. The Sheri opposed the motion both on the merits and as contrary to this Court’s mandate. The district court granted summary judgment in favor of Barnett on the remaining claim. Barnett v. MacArthur, 548 F. Supp. 3d 1203, 1212 (M.D. Fla. 2021). The district court characterized Barnett’s motion as requiring the “[i]nterpretation of a statute” and a “facial challenge” to the Sheri ’s hold policy. Id. at 1208, 1209–10. The district court then concluded that the hold policy was facially unconstitutional because “it requires that every DUI arrestee be detained for eight hours without exception even after objective breathalyzer evidence establishes beyond a reasonable doubt that the arrestee is not intoxicated and probable cause no longer exists to continue the detention.” Id. at 1211. The district court then permanently enjoined the Seminole County Sheri ’s O ce from enforcing its hold policy. Id. at 1212. The Sheri moved for relief from the district court order, arguing that they had not received notice of, or the opportunity to respond to, a potential injunction and that there were questions of fact remaining about whether the evidence showed that probable cause to detain Barnett had dissipated beyond a reasonable doubt. The district court denied the Sheri ’s motion to reconsider, and this appeal ensued. USCA11 Case: 21-13201 4 Document: 35-1 Date Filed: 07/20/2023 Opinion of the Court Page: 4 of 7 21-13201 After careful consideration and with the bene t of oral argument, we reverse both the entry of summary judgment and the entry of the permanent injunction. 1 I. We rst address the Sheri ’s argument that the district court violated this Court’s mandate by entering a summary judgment on Count II in favor of Barnett following remand for a jury trial on the remaining claim. “We review de novo the district court’s interpretation and application of this Court’s mandate in a previous appeal.” Winn-Dixie Stores, Inc., v Dolgencorp, LLC, 881 F.3d 835, 843 (11th Cir. 2018) (alteration adopted). The Sheri argues that the district court’s grant of summary judgment below was foreclosed by this Court’s mandate in Barnett II where we “reverse[d] the district court’s grant of summary judgment on Ms. Barnett’s Fourth Amendment detention claim . . . and remand[ed] for a trial on that claim.” Barnett II, 956 F.3d at 1303 (emphasis added). “The law of our circuit concerning the obligations of a district court to follow our mandates is settled.” Litman v Mass. Mut. Life Ins. Co., 825 F.2d 1506,1511 (11th Cir. 1987) (en banc) (collecting cases). “A district court when acting under an appellate court’s Because the district court entered a permanent injunction, we have jurisdiction to entertain this appeal as the permanent injunction and summary judgment orders are inextricably intertwined. See Smith v. LePage, 834 F.3d 1285, 1292 (11th Cir. 2016); see also 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a)(1). 1 USCA11 Case: 21-13201 21-13201 Document: 35-1 Date Filed: 07/20/2023 Opinion of the Court Page: 5 of 7 5 mandate cannot vary it or examine it for any other purpose than execution or give any other or further relief.” Id. at 1510–11 (internal citations omitted). The mandate rule holds that “[w]hen a case has been once decided” on appeal and remanded to an inferior court, that inferior court: must carry it into execution according to the mandate. That court cannot vary it, or examine it for any other purpose than execution; or give any other or further relief; or review it, even for apparent error, upon any matter decided on appeal; or intermeddle with it, further than to settle so much as has been remanded. In re Sanford Fork & Tool Co., 160 U.S. 247, 255 (1895). The mandate in Barnett II was clear. We expressly held that “[o]n this record, Ms. Barnett’s detention claim against the Sheri must be decided by a jury.” Barnett II, 956 F.3d at 1299. And we remanded the case back to the district court for “a trial on that claim.” Id. at 1303. Notwithstanding our mandate, upon remand, Barnett led another motion for summary judgment with the district court, arguing that no reasonable jury could nd that the Sheri did not violate her Fourth Amendment rights by detaining her. Barnett further argued that the district court was only required to hold a trial on the damages aspect of the claim. As the Sheri correctly argued to the district court, this was in direct contravention to the mandate. USCA11 Case: 21-13201 6 Document: 35-1 Date Filed: 07/20/2023 Opinion of the Court Page: 6 of 7 21-13201 “A trial court, upon receiving the mandate of an appellate court, may not alter, amend, or examine the mandate, or give any further relief or review, but must enter an order in strict compliance with the mandate.” Piambino v Bailey, 757 F.2d 1112, 1120 (11th Cir. 1985). Because the district court was not free to ignore this Court’s mandate and reexamine the issue, we reverse and once again remand for a jury trial on Count II of Barnett’s Amended Complaint. II. We now turn to the Sheri ’s second argument that the district court erred by entering a permanent injunction without notice. Due process requires, at a minimum, notice and an opportunity to be heard. Mullane v. Cent. Hanover Bank & Tr. Co., 339 U.S. 306, 313 (1950). Notice is adequate where it is “reasonably calculated, under all the circumstances, to apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action and a ord them an opportunity to present their objections.” Id. at 314 (citing Milliken v. Meyer, 311 U.S. 457 (1940)). This requirement is “ exible” and will vary depending on what “the particular situation demands.” Morrissey v. Brewer, 408 U.S. 471, 481 (1972). The Sheri argues that he lacked notice that he could be subjected to a permanent injunction because Barnett never sought a preliminary or permanent injunction in any of her pleadings before the district court. We agree and thus hold that the district court erred by entering a permanent injunction sua sponte in this case without providing the Sheri notice and an opportunity to be USCA11 Case: 21-13201 21-13201 Document: 35-1 Date Filed: 07/20/2023 Opinion of the Court Page: 7 of 7 7 heard on whether a permanent injunction should issue. Additionally, as Barnett never moved for a permanent injunction, the fourfactor test for granting a permanent injunction was neither addressed nor analyzed by the district court. See, e.g., Monsanto Co. v. Geertson Seed Farms, 561 U.S. 139, 156–57 (2010). An injunction should issue, however, only after the court determines that the traditional four-factor test is satis ed. Id. at 157. Here, that determination was not made. III. For the reasons stated, we reverse and vacate the district court’s entry of summary judgment for Barnett and remand for a jury trial on Count II of Barnett’s Amended Complaint. We also reverse and vacate the district court’s order issuing a permanent injunction. REVERSED and REMANDED for a jury trial on Count II of Barnett’s Amended Complaint; REVERSE and VACATE permanent injunction.
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